Three thousand meter peaks
Three-thousand-meter peaks are mountains that are at least 3,000 but less than 4,000 meters above sea level. Accordingly, designations as z. B. two-thousanders , four-thousanders or eight-thousanders common. According to the UIAA , these must each have certain criteria such as minimum notch height or prominence . Ridge elevations that do not meet these standards are not recognized as mountains in their own right.
Climatological importance
In the temperate latitudes , the three-thousand-meter peaks play an important role, as even in summer they are only below the zero degree limit for weeks . The 3000 chains thus always form important climatic divisions and carry glaciation - in the Alps, for example, the 3000 meter height line is the general limit of the Nival level , the glacier mountains only remain below 3000 in isolated cases (the Dachstein is the most easterly glaciated mountain in the Alps not a three-thousand- meter peak at 2995 m ). In the Mediterranean area, on the other hand, the 3000 m level remains ice-free, in the tropics the brand hardly plays a role, here the snow line is around 4500 to 5000 meters, in the dry continental areas (Transhimalaya, Andes) up to 6500 meters.
Alpinism
For reasons of tourism, the term "three thousand meter" is often used where only individual peaks exceed this level - e.g. B. in the Southern Alps , in the eastern part of Austria , in the Limestone Alps or the rest of Europe. The Parseierspitze in the Lechtal Alps, at 3036 m, is the only three-thousand-meter peak in the northern Limestone Alps .
In the Alps or the Pyrenees as the ascent of this height range and its often steep requires slopes of the mountain climbers already considerable experience and weatherproof equipment, what they - as well as the suddenness of some weather changes - apart from many Zweitausender tours. They consistently represent demanding high-altitude tours .
The term `` easy three-thousanders '' or hiking three-thousanders, coined in alpinism, describes mountains above the mark that are not yet particularly demanding tours. The Piz Boè ( 3,152 m ) in South Tyrol, which can be hiked from the Pordoi cable car in an hour, or from the Umbrail pass to the 3,032 m high Piz Umbrail are considered typical “easy” three-thousand-meter peaks . The Üsser Barrhorn ( 3620 m ) in the Valais Alps and the Monte Vioz ( 3645 m , southern Ortler group) are among the highest easy three-thousand-meter peaks in the Alps . On these tours, the lack of acclimatization to the already enormous altitude represents the main risk. The highest technically developed 3000m peaks in the Alps (and thus the highest cable cars in Europe) are the Klein Matterhorn ( 3883 m ) near Zermatt and the Aiguille du Midi ( 3842 m ) on Mont Blanc. The Piz Zupò ( 3996 m ) in the Bernina group is considered the highest 3000 meter .
Alps
The easternmost three-thousand-meter peaks of the Alps are in the Hafner Group in the east of the Hohe Tauern (from west to east: Großer Hafner 3076 m , Lanischhafner 3018 m , Lanischeck 3022 m , Großer or Malteiner Sonnblick 3030 m and Mittlerer Sonnblick 3000 m ). The northernmost 3000 m are in the northern ridges of the Hohe Tauern , Zillertaler , Ötztaler and Stubai Alps (as well as the Parseierpitze of the Lechtal Alps ). The southernmost 3000 m are found in the main ridge of the Sea Alps ( Argentara group ), the Mercantour and the Pelat group with about a dozen of main peaks over 3000 meters above sea level. In the eastern Alps, the southern border lies in the Bergamasque Alps (3 main peaks), the Adamello – Presanella group (about a dozen) and the Dolomites ( 64 peaks ). The mountain area of the Alps, in which peaks exceed the 3000 m mark, covers roughly two thirds of the area, whereby this zone in the Western Alps as a whole is much closer to the edge of the Alps than in the Eastern Alps with their extensive foothills : the easternmost 3000 m is above 200 kilometers from the Pannonian edge of the Alps, the westernmost only about 60 from the Rhone Valley. A large part of this sensitive high alpine area is protected by protected areas, but it also forms the tourist core of the Alps.
| Eastern three thousand meter peaks in the Alps: | Middle sun view | 3000 m | Austria | 47 ° 03 '13 " N , 013 ° 25' 55" E |
| Western three thousand meter peaks in the Alps: | Le Rochail | 3023 m | France | 44 ° 58 ′ 51 ″ N , 006 ° 01 ′ 41 ″ E |
| Northernmost three-thousand-meter peaks in the Alps: | Farmer's quarry head | 3125 m | Austria | 47 ° 11 ′ 31 " N , 012 ° 44 ′ 58" E |
| Southernmost three-thousand-meter peaks in the Alps: | Mont Clapier | 3045 m | Italy / France | 44 ° 06'53 " N , 007 ° 25'11" E |
The Switzerland , France , Austria and Italy have many hundreds of alpine peaks over 3000 meters. Germany's Zugspitze with 2964 m just misses the round mark, Slovenia's Triglav is already well below the mark. Liechtenstein , although it is the only country that is completely in the Alps, does not have a 3000 meter on its territory.
Rest of Europe
In addition to the Alps, the dominant mountains - if one disregards the Caucasus , which forms a possible border of Europe , and with the Elbrus ( 5642 m ) constituted the highest mountain in Europe - only the following large mountain systems culminate in three-thousanders:
- Pyrenees : Pico de Aneto ( 3404 m ); more than two hundred three thousand meter peaks
- Sierra Nevada : Mulhacén ( 3482 m , highest mountain in south-western Europe), with a good dozen three-thousand-meter sticks .
This makes Spain the only other country in Europe with three thousand meter peaks alongside the four most important Alpine states - and apart from Russia and Turkey , as well as the states with non-European colonies.
Another three-thousand-meter peak is the highest volcano in Europe, the 3323 m high Etna in Sicily .
The highest mountains in Southeast Europe barely reach the 3000 mark. In Bulgaria there is the 2925 m high Musala in the Rila Mountains and the 2914 m high Wichren in the Pirin Mountains . The highest mountain in Greece , Mount Olympus with 2918 m , remains below the 3000 mark.
Dinarides , Carpathians , Scandinavia and Iberian Scheidegebirge remain below 2700 m , the other mountains in Europe below 2500 m .
Individual evidence
- ↑ cf. for example Dieter Seibert : Leichte 3,000ers. The 99 most beautiful tours with a path . Bruckmann-Verlag, ISBN 3-7654-3677-1 .
- ↑ Matthias Kehle: Collecting three thousand . In: Badisches Tagblatt . September 19, 2009 ( Webrepro , Einfach-wandern.blogspot.com [accessed April 14, 2011]).
- ↑ see compilation in Vanoise Groups and Haute Provence Groups , both summitpost.org
- ↑ See Alpi Orobie: Vette , Italian Wikipedia
- ↑ cf. Gruppo dell'Adamello: Cime principali , Italian Wikipedia
- ↑ Pyrenees , Vuelta bike and hiking tours (www.vuelta.de)
- ↑ Ski crossing Sierra Nevada National Park , Abanico Individuell Reisen (www.abanico-reisen.de)