Zillertal Alps

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Zillertal Alps
Overview map of the Zillertal Alps

Overview map of the Zillertal Alps

Highest peak Hochfeiler ( 3509  m above sea level )
location Tyrol , South Tyrol , Salzburg
Coordinates 47 ° 0 ′  N , 11 ° 48 ′  E Coordinates: 47 ° 0 ′  N , 11 ° 48 ′  E
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The Zillertal Alps are a mountain group of the Central Eastern Alps . Most of the Zillertal Alps are located in the Austrian state of Tyrol, followed by the Italian province of South Tyrol and a small part in the Austrian state of Salzburg . The Zillertal Alps reach mountain heights of over 3500 meters on their main ridge, their highest mountain is the Hochfeiler .

Neighboring mountain groups

Schlegeis reservoir

The Zillertal Alps border the following other mountain groups in the Alps:

Boundary

The border in the north runs from St. Jodok am Brenner along the Schmirntal and the Kaserer Winkl to the Tuxer Joch . From there it goes along the Tuxertal to Mayrhofen and along the Zillertal downriver to Zell am Ziller . Then the border runs along the Gerlostal over the Gerlospass and along the Salzach to the confluence of the Krimmler Ache . In the east, the Krimmler Achental forms the border from Krimml to the Birnlücke . In the southeast the border runs from the Birnlücke along the Tauferer Ahrntal to Bruneck in the Pustertal . The border in the south is formed by the Pustertal from Bruneck along the Rienz downriver to the confluence with the Eisack . In the west, the border runs along the Eisack valley from the confluence of the Rienz into the Eisack upstream to the Brenner Pass . From there it goes down through the Wipptal to the confluence of the Schmirnbach .

The Birnlücke , 2665  m , connects the Zillertal Alps with the Venediger group . The Brenner Pass , 1374  m , connects with the Stubai Alps. The Tuxer Joch , 2338  m , connects the Zillertal Alps with the Tux Alps and the Gerlos Pass , 1531  m , with the Kitzbühel Alps.

The main ridge with the highest peaks in the Zillertal Alps runs in an east-west direction. The state border between Italy and Austria has followed this course since 1919. The easternmost point of the Zillertal Alps is the Birnlücke at 2,665  m above sea level. A. Height. The westernmost point of the main ridge is the Brenner Pass .

geology

The Zillertal Alps are mainly located in the Pennine Tauern window and consist mainly of granite gneiss (central gneiss of the Zillertal core) and rocks of the upper slate shell . The high valleys, referred to as reasons , are used with reservoirs to generate electricity by hydropower . The area of ​​the Zillertal Alps is placed under protection as a nature park , since endangered animal and plant species are still native here.

glacier

Numerous glaciers cover from a height of about 2500  m above sea level. A. especially the northern areas, but are on the decline due to global warming . In the South Tyrolean part of the Zillertal Alps, the glaciers are higher and smaller. Some of the highest three-thousanders in the main ridge can therefore be climbed "ice-free" from the south.

The following glacier areas are specified for the Zillertal Alps according to different survey methods:

  • Austrian share: 116.6 km² for 1850 and 61.2 km² for 1969 and 66 km² for 1969 and 51 km² for 1999
  • Italian share: 37.2 km² for 1850 and 14.6 km² for 1997
year Austrian share [km²] Italian share [km²] Zillertal Alps total [km²]
1850 116.6 37.2 153.8
1999 (A) or 1997 (I) 51.0 14.6 65.6

In the 150-year observation period between 1850 and 2000, the glacier area in the Zillertal Alps has decreased by around 60%.

The table shows the largest glaciers north of the main Alpine ridge:

Surname Area 1999 [km²] Area 1969 [km²] Area 1850 [km²]
Schlegeiskees 4.61 5.29 6.64
Floitenkees 4.24 4.88 6.82
Schwarzensteinkees 4.17 4.69 7.95
Frozen-Wand-Kees ( Tuxer Ferner ) 3.84 4.17 6.63
Waxeggkees 3.39 3.90 5.05
Hornkees 2.69 3.06 5.69
Wild gerloskees 1.98 2.10 3.96
Stampflkees 1.60 1.74 3.10
Big Riepenkees 1.01 1.22 2.02
Furtschaglkees 0.99 1.14 1.84
Schönachkees 0.99 1.08 2.86
Löfflerkees 0.86 1.14 1.64
Feather bed kees 0.66 1.00 2.13

Subgroups

The Zillertal Alps are divided into the following subgroups:

  • Tux main ridge
  • Zillertal main ridge and side ridges
    Another subdivision is made into: main ridge, Hochstellerkamm, Greiner ridge, Mörchen and Igent ridge, Floit ridge, maple ridge, Riblerkamm, Magner ridge
  • Reichenspitzgruppe and eastern Zillerkämme
    Another subdivision is made into: Reichenspitzkamm, Gerloskamm, Schönachkamm, Wimmerkamm, Schwarzachkamm, Zillerkamm, Klockerkarstock.
  • Fundres Mountains
    Another division is made into: Kreuzspitzkamm, Plattspitzkamm, Wurmaulkamm, Grubbachkamm, Mühlwalderkamm.

Major peaks

The Großer Löffler ( 3376  m ) seen from the Gigalitz
Historical map of the central Zillertal Alps with climbing routes, 1880s
and display information about the image
Mountain panorama from the viewing platform on the Zugspitzplatt in southeast direction of the Zillertal Alps in winter

history

prehistory

Even hunters, gatherers and shepherds from the Stone Age used the high alpine area of ​​the Zillertal Alps for summer hunting, but also as a mining area for rock crystal, which was traded as a high-quality barter. However, only a few traces and artifacts of prehistoric cultures are known for the North Tyrolean part of the Zillertal Alps:

Finds of chert and flint at the Tuxer Joch, 2338 m, date from the Mesolithic period. In the Pfitscherjoch area, 2270 m, several sites with traces (rock crystal and flint, but later also soapstone ) were discovered by hunters and shepherds. These document the inspection of this high alpine transition by humans in the Mesolithic, the Neolithic and the Iron Age. A Bronze Age object was discovered at the Tuxer Joch, in the Zemmgrund a Bronze Age fireplace with rock crystal objects in the area of ​​the Schwarzensteinalm at 2185 m. This fireplace confirms the massive human intervention in the subalpine forest level of the upper Zemmgrund during the Bronze Age, as determined by pollen analysis.

Copper mining has been proven on the Kelchalm in the Kitzbühel Alps . So far, only considerably later artifacts have been found in the lower Zillertal. They belong to the urn field culture and date from between 1200 and 800 BC. BC, thus from the late Bronze Age . A bronze sword and a fishhook were found near Strass on the steep slope below the pilgrimage church of Maria Brettfall and north of the meadow. In the Iron Age , the area of ​​the Fritzens-Sanzeno culture , which is associated with the Rätians , extended over North Tyrol on the one hand. This culture dissolved around 600 BC. Inntalkultur there from. On the other hand, it can be proven for South Tyrol, where it followed the Laugen-Melaun culture .

Romans, Bavarians

The kingdom of Norikum reached as far as the Danube in the north and the Zillertal in the west . Drusus drew 15 BC. BC with an army over the Brenner Pass into the area north of the Alps. With the conquest of the area south of the Danube, the Romans established provinces there. The Zillertal formed the border between Raetia and Noricum .

Around 560, when the Eastern Roman general Narses recaptured Italy, Bavarians lived in the valley .

Christianization, dioceses of Säben and Salzburg, mining

The border between the dioceses of Säben-Brixen (today Innsbruck ) in the west and Salzburg in the east ran through the Zillertal. Iron deposits in the area of ​​the Zillertal were indeed workable, but the inner Zillertal remained uninhabited.

Charlemagne's privileges for the Archbishopric of Salzburg were also used in the Zillertal. The Zillertal (" pagus qui dicitur Cilarestale ") received the Salzburg 889 by donation. One of the governors of these possessions was Hugo von Taufers , who renounced the bailiwick in 1232 in favor of the archbishopric. In the late Middle Ages, silver and copper mining changed the regional living conditions in the Schwaz mining area. Schwaz, which had perhaps 200 inhabitants in 1312, had 15,000 to 20,000 inhabitants towards the end of the 15th century. Mining began in 1435 in the Ringenwechsel mountain area, with partial areas such as Burgstall, Rotenstein or Trogbach, which stretched from the Bucherbach to the Zillertal. In 1526 there were 26 tunnels with a workforce of around 1900 men. Nevertheless, the Falkensteiner Revier was the most important in the Alps.

Plague (1611/12), decline of mining, impoverishment

But from 1611 to 1612 the plague struck Tyrol . In June 1611 Archduke Maximilian III reached. a letter in which the demand was made that a guard should be set up at the Ziller Bridge so that no one could get out of the Zillertal. Jakob Wippershauser, the Salzburg provost in the Zillertal, should be advised to forbid his subjects to leave the valley, which was cordoned off anyway. However, many of the workers in the Zillertal worked in the Schwaz mining industry, so that it was difficult for them to recover from this setback. The region as a whole suffered from the decline in mining. In 1645 there was an uprising by the Zillertal farmers against excessive taxes, four years later there was a great miners' uprising in the Schwazer Revier.

In the 17th century at the latest, traders known as "oil carriers" began to export herbs and ointments to neighboring areas. Around 1700 the Theriac of Bartholomäus Hauser from Stumm was famous as a universal remedy.

The division between the dioceses meant that the roofs were covered in the west by red tiles, in the east by copper, which turned green. The Archdiocese of Salzburg had significantly greater material resources than its neighbor.

Counter-Reformation, expulsion of the Protestants (1731, 1837)

In 1674 the parish vicar from Mayrhofen reported to Salzburg that “almost all but a few were tainted with Luther's teaching”. This despite the fact that the Salzburg archbishops pushed the Counter-Reformation and made a first attempt in 1588 to drive the Protestants out of their sphere of influence. But they succeeded almost only in Salzburg. But in the 17th century the conflict came to a head. In 1684/85 around 800 Protestants from the Salzburg Defereggental in East Tyrol had to leave their homeland, in 1731 the 10 to 20,000 Protestants were expelled from the Archbishopric of Salzburg . In 1781, however, an edict of tolerance was issued so that the Zillertal Protestants were tolerated.

A large part of the Zillertal belonged to the Hochstift Salzburg; they were administered by the two nursing courts, Zell and Fügen . At the entrance to the valley, however, Bruck (district court Rattenberg ), Strass and Schlitters (district court Rottenburg ) belonged to the county of Tyrol, which also included two small enclaves in the middle section of the valley, namely the Hofmark Stumm (Stumm, Stummerberg ) and the areas around it Uderns and Ried , which were subordinate to the Tyrolean district court Rottenburg. In 1780 the Zillertal had about 17,000 inhabitants, of which 3,000 were Tyroleans and 14,000 were Salzburgers. Around 1830 the Archdiocese of Salzburg had 8,114 members there and the Diocese of Bressanone 8,985.

Especially in the parish Zell, Mayrhofen, the Kuratie Hippach and in Taxenbach , cells were Protestant groups. Its leading figures were Johann Fleidl, Christian Brugger, Bartlmä Heim, Andrä and Adam Egger, Matthias and Josef Kreidl, Josef Gruber, Jakob Hanser, Josef Kröll and Matth. Schiestl. In 1829 six of the eleven Protestants left the Catholic Church. However, 10 to 12 “apostates” were already registered in Hippach, around 20 in Zell and 6 in Mayrhofen. In 1832 and 1835 some of them tried in vain to get their community recognized by the emperor and archduke. In 1837 these Zillertal inclinants , which had escaped the expulsion of 1731, were expelled. Between August 31 and September 4, 1837, 427 Zillertaler left the region, of which 416 went to the Lower Silesian Erdmannsdorf (later Zillerthal-Erdmannsdorf, today Mysłakowice ), the rest to Carinthia and Styria. On August 31, 1837 the Protestants moved from Zell, on September 1 from Brandberg, on September 3 from Finkenberg and on September 4 from Hippach.

The War of the Spanish Succession from 1701 to 1714 also hit the Zillertal, because mining was hit hard again. The trades in the Zillertal made claims for compensation. Although the annual iron front was reduced, and they were awarded the Klemm and Pillersee trades, they too had also suffered partial damage.

Modernization of the administration, Salzburger Zillertal an Tirol (1816)

According to the tax register of 1779, Finkenberg and Brandberg used to be a separate main team or municipality as Mayrhofen, which only achieved this status in 1801. On August 2, 1809, Bavarian troops invaded the Zillertal for the second time. In 1816 the Zillertal in Salzburg came to Tyrol and thus to Austria.

Research and development history

The first scientific and geographical representation of the Zillertal Alps that has been preserved appeared in the Atlas Tyrolensis by Peter Anich and Blasius Hueber from 1774. There, the names of several high mountains appeared, but they were not climbed and measured until the middle of the 19th century. The first description of the Zemmgrund glacier , the Waxegg , Horn and Schwarzensteinkees , comes from Franz von Paula Wardrobe and Karl von Moll , who undertook an excursion into the high alpine area of ​​the Zillertal Alps in 1783 and found their findings in the natural history letters (s) published about Oestreich, Salzburg, Passau and Berchtesgaden in 1785. At the suggestion of Archduke Johann , the mineralogist Gebhard traveled around 1800 to the area around the Great Greiner , a mountain ridge up to 3200 meters high between Schlegeis and Zemmgrund, which has long been known for its mineral deposits . However, none of these and other scientific excursions ostensibly aimed at climbing the summit.

It was not until September 1, 1840 that the epoch that was later referred to as classic alpinism began . On this day, Peter Carl Thurwieser climbed the 2973 meter high Ahornspitze near Mayrhofen . In 1843 the ascent of the Großer Löffler and the 2,767 meter high Dristner , above Ginzling, through the Markus Vincent Lipold ridge followed . As a result, numerous other inspections were undertaken, and tourist interest was aroused. Between 1852 and 1854 the military recognized the need for accurate maps and began a large-scale survey, also known as triangulation . Numerous two and three thousand meter peaks of the Zillertal main ridge were provided with surveying poles.

The next period, which was again shaped by tourism and lasted until around 1866, was initiated in 1858 by the alpinists Paul Grohmann and Anton von Ruthner . Before that, in 1856, there was only one significant first ascent to the Reichenspitze by a farmer from Prettau who remained anonymous . In the summers between 1865 and 67, Paul Grohmann climbed the Hochfeiler and the Olperer , Ruthner was only successful in the Zillertal Alps on the Schwarzenstein , but his merit lies primarily in his cartographic work and, together with Grohmann, in founding the Austrian Alpine Association on November 19, 1862.

In 1865 the English alpinists GH Fox, Douglas William Freshfield and Francis Fox Tuckett appeared with their mountain guides François Devouassoud and Peter Michel in the Zillertal Alps and climbed the Großer Möseler for the first time . A second English venture in 1872 with WH Hudson, C. Taylor and R. Pendlebury led to the first ascent of the Turnerkamp recognized in literature . In 1867, Carl Sonklar carried out extensive surveying work in the area.

In 1879 the brothers Otto and Emil Zsigmondy from Vienna managed the first ascent of the Feldkopf ( Zsigmondyspitze ), which had been considered “invincible” until then .

After the founding of the Alpine Club, the Zillertal Alps were increasingly developed for tourism with the creation of paths and the construction of shelters . First, the Berlin section began building the Berliner Hütte in 1879 , followed by the Prague section in 1881 with the Olpererhütte .

With the completion of the Zillertal Railway in the summer of 1902, the Zillertal Alps were easily accessible for travelers. Only with the Friesenberghaus , which was completed in 1930 , which was the result of an initiative by members of the Alpine Club who had been excluded, did the construction of new huts end. After the Austria section of the DuÖAV had included an " Aryan paragraph " in its statutes in 1921, the new section Donauland was created in protest against the exclusion of Jewish members , which developed into the third largest Austrian Alpine Club section. To support them, 600 Berlin mountaineers founded a new association ( Deutscher Alpenverein Berlin ), which planned the Friesenberghaus together with Donauland and opened it on July 3, 1932.

Nature parks (since 2006)

The core area of ​​the mountain range has been protected on the Austrian side as the Zillertal Alps Nature Park since 2006 , while a small part on the Italian side is in the Rieserferner-Ahrn Nature Park .

Refuges

Long-distance / long-distance hiking trails

The tourist development of the Zillertal Alps did not begin until the second half of the 19th century, when the mountain huts and paths were built by the Alpine Association. Before that, the long ascent routes meant that there were certain limits to first ascents. Today the Zillertal Alps are fully developed. Most of the population lives from tourism. The whole area is criss-crossed by a large number of hiking trails. International and Austrian long-distance hiking trails lead through the Zillertal Alps.

A selection of the ways:

High alpine trails:

literature

historical (chronological):

  • Peter Anich , Blasius Hueber : Atlas Tyrolensis . Vienna 1774.
  • F. von Paula closet, K. von Moll: Natural history letters about Austria, Salzburg, Passau and Berchtesgaden . I. Volume. Salzburg 1785, p. 75-134 .
  • Gustav von Gasteiger: The Zillertal Protestants and their expulsion from Tyrol. An episode from the patriotic history , Merano 1892.
  • Carl Diener : The Zillerthaler Group . In: Eduard Richter [editors] (ed.): The development of the Eastern Alps . III. Tape. Berlin 1894, p. 3 ff .
  • Otto Stolz: History of the Zillertal (= Schlern-Schriften, 63), Wagner, Innsbruck 1949.
  • Wilfried Beimrohr: The Zillertal Protestants or inclinants and their expulsion in 1837 (PDF) Tyrolean State Archive 2007.

Maps:

  • Alpine club cards 1: 25,000, sheets 35/1, 35/2 and 35/3 for the central part of the Zillertal Alps
  • Freytag & Berndt hiking map 1: 50,000, sheet 151, Zillertal – Tux Alps – Jenbach – Schwaz
  • Compass maps 1: 50,000, sheet 37, Zillertal Alps – Tux Alps
  • Casa Editrice Tabacco , Tavagnacco, hiking maps 1: 25,000, sheets 035, 036, 037 (for the southern part of the area)
  • Of historical interest: Tourist map 1: 100,000, sheet 15, Zillertal Alps

Web links

Commons : Zillertal Alps  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikivoyage: Zillertal Alps  - Travel Guide

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ G. Groß: The loss of area of ​​the glaciers in Austria 1850-1920-1969. In: Journal of Glacier Science and Glacial Geology. 23, 2, 1987, pp. 131-141.
  2. ↑ M. Kuhn, A. Lambrecht, J. Abermann, G. Patzelt, G. Groß: The Austrian glaciers 1998 and 1969. Area and volume changes. Publishing house of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2008.
  3. ^ C. Knoll, H. Kerschner, J. Abermann: Development of South Tyrolean glaciers since the Little Ice Age maximum. In: Journal for Glacier Science and Glacial Geology. 42/1, 2009, 19-36.
  4. ^ Kuhn Michael, Lambrecht Astrid, Abermann Jakob: Austrian glacier inventory 1998 (GI II) . March 21, 2013, doi : 10.1594 / PANGEA.809196 .
  5. ↑ Groß Günter, Patzelt Gernot (2015): The Austrian Glacier Inventory for the Little Ice Age Maximum (GI LIA) in ArcGIS (shapefile) format. doi : 10.1594 / PANGEA.844987 .
  6. ↑ Bundesdenkmalamt (Ed.): Find reports from Austria, 17 (1988). Vienna 1989.
  7. ↑ Thomas Bachnetzer, Walter Leitner: On the trail of the past. Archaeological research on the Pfitscherjoch. Pfitscherjoch Unlimited . In: The book of millennia-old paths and encounters on the main Alpine ridge . Ginzling, Pfitsch / Val di Vizze, Vals 2014, pp. 46–59 ( ginzling.net , PDF).
  8. ↑ O. Stolz: The Zillertal reasons, viewed historically. In: Journal of the DAV. 72, 1941, pp. 106-115.
  9. ↑ Pindur P., Schäfer D. & Luzian R. (2007): Evidence of a Bronze Age fireplace at the Schwarzensteinalm in the Upper Zemmgrund, Zillertal Alps. Announcements of the Austrian Geographical Society, pp. 181–198.
  10. ↑ Hans Appler: A late Bronze Age depot with sword and fishhook from Strass in the Zillertal. in: Archeology in Austria 15 (2004) 29–33.
  11. ^ Paul Gleirscher: The Raetians. Chur 1991, pp. 12-15.
  12. ^ Maximilian Ciresa: Raetia Romanica. The alpine East Tyrol - Old Tyrol - in the first millennium AD Norderstedt 2010, p. 16.
  13. ^ Maximilian Ciresa: Raetia Romanica. The alpine Eastern part of the Alto Adige - in the first millennium AD Norderstedt 2010, p. 42.
  14. ^ Max Spindler : Handbuch der Bavarian Geschichte , Vol. 1, CH Beck, 1981, p. 443.
  15. ↑ Martin Bitschnau , Hannes Obermair : Tiroler Urkundenbuch, II. Department: The documents on the history of the Inn, Eisack and Pustertal valleys. 1: By 1140 . Universitätsverlag Wagner, Innsbruck 2009, ISBN 978-3-7030-0469-8 , p. 80-81, No. 111 .
  16. ^ Eduard Widmoser: Tirol A to Z. Südtirol-Verlag, 1970, p. 1112.
  17. ↑ Thomas Sokoll: Mining in transition to modern times. Idstein 1994, p. 35.
  18. ^ Bernhard Schretter: The plague in Tirol 1611-1612. Innsbruck 1982, p. 432.
  19. ^ Christian Probst: Traveling healers and drug dealers. Rosenheimer Verlagshaus, 1992, p. 82.
  20. ↑ Quoted from Hans Krawarik: Exul Austriacus. Confessional Migrations from Austria in the Early Modern Era. LIT Verlag Münster, 2010, p. 97, note 223.
  21. ^ Gert Ammann: Mathias Schmid: Expulsion of the Zillerthal Protestants in 1837. Last look at home. For history and interpretation. In: Publications of the Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum. Year 70, 1990, p. 12 ( PDF on ZOBODAT ; review).
  22. ^ List of names of the Zillertal Protestants who emigrated to Silesia in 1837 , PDF, Tirolean government website
  23. ^ Gert Ammann: Mathias Schmid: Expulsion of the Zillerthal Protestants in 1837. Last look at home. For history and interpretation. In: Publications of the Tiroler Landesmuseum Ferdinandeum. Year 70, 1990, pp. 12-14 ( PDF on ZOBODAT ; review).
  24. ^ Franz Mathis: The effects of the Bavarian-French invasion of 1703 on the population and economy of North Tyrol , Institute for Linguistics of the University of Innsbruck, 1975, p. 82.
  25. ^ Ernst Steinicke: Europaregion Tirol, Südtirol, Trentino: geographical excursion guide , vol. 2, Innsbruck 2002, p. 64.
  26. ^ Franz von Paula cabinet, Karl Maria Ehrenbert von Moll: Natural history letters about Austria, Salzburg, Passau and Berchtesgaden , Mayers, Salzburg 1785 ( digitized version )
  27. ↑ Otto Häusler, Richard Teller, Eugen Böckl (among others):  The opening of the Friesenberghaus. In:  News from the “Donauland” section of the German and Austrian Alpine Association / “Donauland News” / news from the Donauland Alpine Association and the German Alpine Association Berlin , born in 1932, no. 133/1932, pp. 90–93. (Online at ANNO ). Template: ANNO / Maintenance / nsd.