Flensburg city fortifications

On the city view of Flensburg von Braun and Hogenberg , which was made between 1572 and 1618, some of the old city gates can be seen.

The Flensburg city fortifications were the city fortifications of Flensburg . Only a few parts are left today. It consisted of a city ​​wall , city ​​gates and gates as well as a few small castle complexes that were integrated into this defense system.

City defense situation of Flensburg at the beginning

Flensburg around the end of the Middle Ages (15th century)

The fishing peninsula had been gradually protected from about 500 AD by the expansion of the Danes to the south. The aforementioned wall system had the task of protecting the entire northern part of the Cimbrian Peninsula .

At a greater distance from the Flensburg Fjord , on the fishing peninsula, the first step was to create the Adelby settlement , the lesser-known, original nucleus of Flensburg. Around 1120, after the risk of attack from the lake had decreased, a settlement also formed directly on the fjord, namely the parish of St. Johannis . From this time the legend tells of the knight Fleno, who received the order from the sovereign to move to Flensburg in order to build a castle there to defend the small settlement. However, the legend cannot be proven historically. A castle in said area is said to have stood at least in the Dammhof area, but it was probably destroyed as early as the 13th century. Is proven archaeologically also a Seesperre in Flensburg Harbor , probably in 1150 under King I. Waldemar to ward off the military , contact was established. The lake barrier consisted of a kind of protective wall made of piles, which lay below the surface of the water and should keep attacking ships away. In 1170 the parish of St. Marien was added to the settlement. The parish of St. Nikolai followed around 1200 . Another legend reports from this time again about castles, which, however, were directed against the Flensburgers. According to the legend, five robber barons, the most vicious of which is said to have been from the Eddeboe , lived in their castles around Flensburg and harmed the people of Flensburg for a while. In 1285 the parish of St. Gertrud came to the city. In the previous year (1284) the Flensburg citizens received town charter. Only later did Flensburg's citizens start building the city wall and city gates.

Construction of the city fortifications

In the middle of the 14th century, the Counts of Schauenburg ruled the Duchy of Schleswig . In order to secure their rule, the brothers Heinrich von Holstein and Nikolaus von Holstein had the city fortified around 1345. Walls, gates and towers were built. The people of Flensburg were allowed or had to build the wall after Count Nikolaus allowed them to build the curtain wall. At the same time as the city wall, Niehuus Castle was built to protect the city to the north. The Glücksburg Castle , which was first erected in the late 16th century, was well isolated from the city of Flensburg and therefore took no defense for this function. Glücksburg itself was not protected by a city wall, but only by a wild fence that was created with the castle (see Blocksberg (Flensburg) ).

City wall, ditches and ramparts

The city wall, built since 1345, enclosed the parishes of St. Nikolai and St. Marien. It is not entirely certain whether the city wall ran along the west bank of the port. It is certain that the area below the spar was secured with a city wall. At that time the parish of St. Nikolai was on a kind of island. Below the spar was the fjord. The mill stream and the mill pond were to be found in the south and the broad moat in front of the city wall in the west. At the northern end of the spar was the Thingplatz , where the Rutebek flowed down from the city moat to the harbor. A long way further on the northern side of Neue Straße, the Glimbek flowed down to the harbor and formed a kind of moat. The aforementioned Neue Straße, which ran along the city wall, has been occupied since 1621. There could have been an unpaved gap in the port area of ​​St. Marien below Große Straße. In Süderhofenden (this name, which has been used since the beginning of the 17th century, comes from the fact that the merchants' courtyards on the way there ended by the water) there is said to have been a city wall. In the Norderhofenden area it is a matter of dispute whether there was a correct attachment there, similarly in the ship bridge area . The Johannisviertel and the Gertrudenviertel were only surrounded by planks for defense . In the south, the city wall was additionally reinforced by the monastery wall of the Franciscan monastery of St. Katharinen .

On the west side of the city wall there were two trenches, the Südergraben and the Nordergraben. Since the city wall with its trenches ran below the slopes in this area, it was less easy to defend there. Therefore, the Holstein counts had this area reinforced later by placing a landwehr in front of the city wall , consisting of ramparts and ditches, which was built on the hills above.

The city wall stood on a foundation of uncut field stones. It basically consisted of two walls with a thick layer of rubble between them. It was almost three feet wide and up to four feet high.

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  Remnants of the city wall at the Nikolaikirche

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  The remains of the city wall near the Nikolaikirche

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  The almost completely overgrown city wall in autumn, with its field stones and bricks above it.

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  Remnants of the city wall or the remains of the monastery wall under the glass roof at Rote Straße

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  Street where the so-called Nordergraben was

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  Street signs from Nordergraben, Südergraben and Rathausstrasse

Gates and city gates

In the city wall there were gates and gates, some of which are known by name today. In addition to the two gates that have stood the test of time, Nordertor and Kompagnietor , the former locations of the others are mostly only roughly known. The Angelburgerpforte (or the Mühlentor ), the Red Gate , the Frisian Gate , the Marientor (or Kuhgangpforte ) and the New Gate , which were built directly into the actual city wall, were of great importance . In the protected area of Plank work of the city wall were at St. John's in the east of the Johannistor and installed the Nordertor in the north of Gertrud district. These gates were all on major main roads leading out of the city. Most of them were demolished in the 19th century.

Surname	description	location	image
Angelburgerpforte (later also: Mühlentor )	It existed in the 15th century. Their appearance is roughly known. The gate was demolished in 1843.	At the intersection below Angelburger Straße 33.
Dammhofpforte	It existed in the 16th century.	In the street Am Dammhof , which is located near the St. Johanniskirche .
Fisherman's gate	It existed in the 16th century.	Approximately in the middle of the Süderfischerstraße, below and at the end of the Fleno-Park .
Frisian gate	It existed in the 15th century. The appearance of the gate is roughly known. It was probably pulled down together with the Johannistor in 1840.	It was at number 4 Friesische Strasse, at the bottom of Friesische Strasse, above Südermarkt .
Holy Spirit Gate	It existed in the 16th century.	At the upper end of the Heiligengeistgang towards the Nordergraben .
Johannistor (sometimes also: Angelburger Tor )	It existed in the 15th century. The appearance of the gate is roughly known. It was canceled in 1840.	It was located in the uppermost area of ​​the eastern part of Angelburger Straße , which in the eastern area there used to be called Große Johannisstraße or Große St.-Johannis-Straße .
Cloister gate	Monastery gates were called the gates through which one entered the monastery area . There were probably three of these. The first already existed in the 15th century, the others probably not until the 16th century. The first of the gates led from the monastery to the Südermarkt . A second gate led to an alley that nowadays roughly corresponds to the course of Dr.-Todsen-Straße and through which one also reached the Südermarkt . The third gate led to Rote Strasse .	Coming from the monastery somewhere along the cloister corridor leading to Südermarkt (the first gate), near Dr.-Todsen-Straße (the second gate) and probably roughly where the cloister corridor joins the Rote Straße (the third gate).
Bonehusk Gate	It existed in the 15th and 16th centuries.	Approximately below today's Rathausstrasse .
Kompagnietor ( old company gate )	It existed in the 15th century. One knows roughly what this gate looked like. The old company gate was replaced by the new company gate in 1604 .	It stood at the point where today's company gate stands.
Kompagnietor ( New Compagnie )	The new company gate was built in 1602 and replaces the old company gate. Since there is in the port area of ​​St. Marien, i.e. the area below the Große Straße, where there could have been an unpaved gap in the city wall, it is apparently partly not seen as a full-fledged city gate.	At the end of Kompagniestrasse , towards the harbor.
Marienpforte (also: Kuhgangpforte )	The gate existed in the 15th and 16th centuries. It was apparently demolished at the beginning of the 17th century and replaced by a new gate between 1609 and 1610.	It was located at the beginning of the Norderkuhgang or Marienstraße, probably pretty much where the new building later stood.
Marientor	The gate was built in 1609/1610. It replaced the previous gate. It was canceled in 1837.	It was roughly on the way at Marienstraße 23.
New gate (also: Molendam (m) -P (f) orte )	It existed in the 16th century. It was sometimes called Molendam-Porte or Molendamm-Gate. This mill pond was near the dammed mill pond in the north . This drove the castle mill belonging to Duburg to the west of the street. The pond was fed by the Glimbek.	It was roughly on the way on Norderstrasse at number 27 or 16, near Neue Strasse .
Norderpforte ( Norderporte )	Predecessor building of the Nordertor whose appearance is roughly known. The gate was replaced at the end of the 16th century by the construction of the north gate; for more see there .	It was at the address Norderstraße 122.
Nordertor	The gate was built around 1595 and is still standing today.	The gate now has the address Am Nordertor 1.
Potterporte (also: Waterporte )	Built in 1589 by the Franciscan monastery. The gate used to be on the mill pond and was therefore also called Waterporte . The gate is not to be confused with the water gate at the boat harbor of the Naval School Mürwik in Flensburg- Mürwik .	At the end of the Töpferstrasse , which no longer exists today , at the Franciscan monastery .
Town hall gate	It existed in the 15th and 16th centuries.	About above the Thingplatz .
Red gate	Predecessor construction of the Red Gate from 1350; for more see there	The little gate was roughly at number 12-14 on Rote Straße .
Red Gate	It was built in 1606 and replaced the Red Gate . It was canceled in 1874.	It was built on the property at Rote Straße 23.
Ship bridge pforfte	It existed in the 15th and 16th centuries. In the old city view of Flensburg von Braun and Hogenberg , there is a portrayal of a gate at the relevant point, presumably the ship's bridge gate.	Approximately at the end of Schiffbrückstrasse at Schiffbrückplatz.

Castle complexes

In addition to Niehuus Castle, there were other castle complexes to protect Flensburg. A small castle complex was integrated directly into the city wall, which was 100 meters west of the Marienkirche. The aforementioned tower castle in Norderkuhgang (cf. Burghof (Flensburg) ) was within sight of the Marienberg, where the Flenstoft court was located and in its place the Duburg was built around 1411 , which also took on an important defensive task in the following period. Duburg stables were also located at the harbor ( Herrenstall street ). A corridor equipped with palisades (called “beard”) led from the Duburg to the harbor. In addition to some corner towers of the city wall, there was still the Flake Tower ( Flake Torm ), also a corner tower of the city wall, in today's area, below Neue Straße . This tower, which initially had the almost round shape of a moth with a diameter of 10 meters, is considered a possible model of the tower shown on the Flensburg city arms . In later times, however, the tower apparently had fewer corners and a more rectangular shape and a “flat” roof, which the Low German word “flake” also suggests. In addition, it is sometimes assumed that there may have been a customs post near the Angelburgerpforte at times. The only way to get from St. Johannis to St. Nikolai was via the bridge located there, over the Mühlenstrom , so that this point was well suited for monitoring trade flows. The town hall of armaments was located in the town hall , which was built between 1443 and 1445 . Weapons, armor , drums and flags were stored in it.

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  The oldest representation of the Flensburg coat of arms , possibly with the original shape of the flake tower.

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  Approximate position where the flake tower was

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  At times used variant with a second tower, which most closely resembles the Duburg .

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  Today's coat of arms with the tower

Function of the city fortifications

The city wall, which was rather modest in its dimensions, was less suitable for protecting the city in the event of war; it primarily served to keep “light-shy rabble” outside the city. The city gates could be used to control who came into the city and could thus try to prevent the outbreak of epidemics . The gates were closed at night and on Sundays. However, by paying a “gate and locking fee”, a gate could still be opened. Niehuus Castle, which was built at Ochsenweg , served not only for military purposes but also as a customs post.

Despite the city fortifications, the city was conquered several times. In 1358 it was conquered by Waldemar IV. Atterdag . In 1406 the city was occupied by Queen Margarethe . In 1412 the city was conquered under the leadership of Schleswiger Drost Erich Krummendiek (owner of the round courtyard ). However, he did not conquer the Duburg. In 1431 the city and the Duburg were conquered by Duke Adolf VIII .

Dismantling of the fortifications

Over time, the city wall began to lose its importance and fell into disrepair and was demolished. As early as 1590, the district of St. Jürgen had formed on the monastery grounds, outside the city wall, in front of the Johannistor , so that parts of the city were no longer enclosed by the city wall. Nevertheless, in 1684 the city wall at the Nikolaikirchhof was repaired again. a stone plate with the year indicates it there. The Neue Straße, which began roughly at the Flake Tower and passed behind the city wall, i.e. on its south side, was rebuilt on the north side in the 17th century. Before that, however, the city wall there was almost completely removed. The south facades of the new houses were built in their place. The importance of the city gates declined and they were used for other purposes. For example, the physicist Dr. Bössel built the hall in the Angelburgerpforte in 1749 as an anatomy chamber for the training of bathers. In 1796 the no longer tenable building ban on the city field outside the walls was lifted and as a result, the new town was built in the north of the city . The city gates were gradually demolished, especially because they stood in the way of traffic planning.

At the beginning of the 20th century, the Mürwik Naval School was built in the form of a castle, for which the Marienburg Order Castle served as a model. Flensburg, especially Mürwik , turned into a military town . The naval school's castle, which was built very late and is also known as the “Navy Castle” or “Red Castle”, is still used for military purposes today, but was not part of the medieval city ​​fortifications. Only anti-aircraft guns and bunkers helped against the air raids on Flensburg during the Second World War . However, the city only survived the attacks by chance and luck. With the end of the Cold War , the presence of the military decreased sharply. Yet the military is still present.

Remains of the city fortifications

In addition to the two well-known places where parts of the city wall can still be visited today (at the Nikolaikirche and the Franciscan monastery), the city wall rising up the mountain and the city wall at the Heiligengeistgang have been archaeologically proven by excavations, at the Flake tower. The aforementioned excavation in Neue Straße took place in 1951. There it was still 0.80 meters wide and one meter high. The later discovered city wall in the Heiligengeistgang had a similar shape to the other remains of the city wall. During the excavations, the Flkake tower was archaeologically proven.

Of the gates only the Nordertor and the Kompagnietor are left.

In 2007, some piles were recovered from the lake barrier from Flensburg's founding days, which has been known since the 1920s. The position of the piles at a depth of almost 10 meters was measured. The lake barrier was primarily made of beech wood, with the remaining piles that are still under water, the problem is that they are decomposed by the ship's drilling shell.

Nothing of the aforementioned Landwehr has survived. The remains disappeared in 1813 due to backfill work as part of the construction of the old cemetery . The slopes mentioned in this context can be seen particularly well below the Museum Mountain , in the area of ​​the Nordergraben.

The wall at the Nordertor does not belong to the city wall. It was built later with the iron arcades and is not based on the historical city wall. The embankment of the port railway , which leaves the impression of a high city wall, was not part of the city fortifications. The present-day, clearly visible walls of the monastery on Dr.-Todsen-Straße are also more recent.

In 2005, archaeologists found remains of the city wall when the Flensburg Gallery was being built .

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  The wall of the railway embankment, which reminds some of a city wall, was also not part of the city fortifications.

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  Today's monastery wall that was not part of the city fortifications.

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  Another wall that now delimits the monastery and did not belong to the city fortifications.

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  The completely unhistorical wall at the Nordertor.

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  Gate access to the castle building of the Naval School Mürwik with the wall that does not belong to the city wall.

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  Troll Tower South in the Trollseeweg; a so-called Zombeck Tower , one of the city's bunkers, which was built during the Second World War .

Say of the dog haunted in the moat

Legend has it that a large, black, shaggy poodle with glowing eyes would walk around the city moat at dusk. A ghost that is supposed to be the former Mayor of Flensburg, Peter Pomerering, who was buried not far from the ditch after his death and who has not found peace for centuries due to wrongful acts. Why the youngsters would yell at Nordergraben before dusk: “Come out, Peter Pomerering!” And “Peter Pomerering, are you troubled by excitement?”. But as soon as the black dog appeared in the dark, they would flee. - See: Sage of the growing stake

According to a legend, next to the mayor Peter Pomerering the eternal hunter , who is said to be King Waldemar , can be heard on autumn nights in the area of ​​the city moat . So it is said: "Then the king Waldemar moves!" (Cf. Oldemorstoft (also: Waldemarstoft called))

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Cf. Broder Schwensen : Flensburg - emerged from a few mud huts , in: Flensburger Tageblatt , February 13, 2009; Retrieved on: June 17, 2014 as well as publications of the Society for Flensburg City History (Hrsg.): Flensburg in Geschichte und Gegenwart . Flensburg 1972, page 279
2. ↑ Flensburger Tageblatt : Divers examine medieval lake barrier , September 1, 2011; Retrieved on: June 16, 2014
3. ↑ ^{a b} Broder Schwensen : Flensburg - emerged from a few mud huts , in: Flensburger Tageblatt , February 13, 2009; Retrieved on: June 17, 2014
4. ^ Supplement to the Flensburg Atlas, Flensburg 1986, page 17
5. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Writings of the Society for Flensburg City History (Hrsg.): Flensburg in history and present . Flensburg 1972, page 22
6. ↑ ^{a b c d} Andreas Oeding, Broder Schwensen, Michael Sturm: Flexikon. 725 aha experiences from Flensburg! , Flensburg 2009, article: Niehuus
7. ^ Flensburg - history of a border town. Edited by the Society for Flensburg City History. Flensburg 1966, page 32
8. ^ ^{A b c} Writings of the Society for Flensburg City History (Hrsg.): Flensburg in history and present . Flensburg 1972, page 386
9. ↑ See map: Flensburg in the middle of the 15th century in: Flensburg - History of a border town. Edited by the Society for Flensburg City History. Flensburg 1966
10. ^ ^{A b c} Writings of the Society for Flensburg City History (Hrsg.): Flensburg in history and present . Flensburg 1972, page 48
11. ↑ Flensburg street names . Society for Flensburg City History, Flensburg 2005, ISBN 3-925856-50-1 , article: Neue Straße
12. ↑ See for example; Map: Flensburg in the middle of the 15th century in: Flensburg - History of a border town. Edited by the Society for Flensburg City History. Flensburg 1966, as well as: City view of Flensburg by Braun and Hogenberg
13. ↑ See Flensburg street names . Society for Flensburg City History, Flensburg 2005, ISBN 3-925856-50-1 , article: Süderhofenden and Norderhofenden
14. ↑ See the name of the monastery: Andreas Oeding, Broder Schwensen, Michael Sturm: Flexikon. 725 aha experiences from Flensburg! , Flensburg 2009, article: Katharinenkirche
15. ^ ^{A b} Andreas Oeding, Broder Schwensen, Michael Sturm: Flexikon. 725 aha experiences from Flensburg! , Flensburg 2009, article: City fortifications
16. ↑ ^{a b c d} Writings of the Society for Flensburg City History (Hrsg.): Flensburg in history and present . Flensburg 1972, page 23
17. ↑ The Landwehr was roughly between Friesische Strasse and Selkstrasse, where the upper part of the Nordergraben road is located. (According to: Andreas Oeding, Broder Schwensen, Michael Sturm: Flexikon. 725 Aha experiences from Flensburg!, Flensburg 2009, article: Stadtbefestigung as well as writings of the Society for Flensburg City History (ed.): Flensburg in Geschichte und Gegenwart . Flensburg 1972, page 23)
18. ↑ Jakob Röschmann casually mentions in his book that there is or has been a city boundary wall to the west of the Marienhölzung , near the military training area formerly located there (see: Stiftungsland Schäferhaus ). Compare Jakob Röschmann : Prehistory of the Flensburg district . The prehistoric and early historical monuments and finds in Schleswig-Holstein, Volume 6. Neumünster 1963, page 185; Röschmann does not mention when this city border wall was or should have been.
19. ↑ ^{a b c} cf. Hans-Friedrich Schütt: Everyday life in the Middle Ages , 1996 In: Flensburg in Bild und Wort, From the beginnings to the 20th century , 2003, page index 8.5
20. ↑ ^{a b} City wall and city gates. Reading and workbook on the history of Flensburg for home and general education .. from the University of Flensburg ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.8 MB), page 6  
21. ↑ ^{a b} The street there was formerly called Norderkuhgang and was later renamed Marienstraße. The Henry Street in Hafermarkt formerly known Süderkuhgang . See Flensburg street names . Society for Flensburg City History, Flensburg 2005, ISBN 3-925856-50-1 , article: Marienstraße
22. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i} Flensburg Atlas, Flensburg 1978, map 6
23. ^ ^{A b} Writings of the Society for Flensburg City History (Hrsg.): Flensburg in history and present . Flensburg 1972, page 401
24. ↑ Cf. Writings of the Society for Flensburg City History (Hrsg.): Flensburg in history and present . Flensburg 1972, page 22 and Flensburg Atlas, Flensburg 1978, map no. 6 and 8 and: City view of Flensburg von Braun and Hogenberg
25. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Flensburg Atlas, Flensburg 1978, map 8
26. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h} cf. Flensburg Atlas , Flensburg 1978, map 8
27. ↑ Writings of the Society for Flensburg City History (ed.): Hospital and Monastery to the Holy Spirit . Flensburg 1995, page 334
28. ↑ See Andreas Oeding, Broder Schwensen, Michael Sturm: Flexikon. 725 aha experiences from Flensburg! , Flensburg 2009, article: Rotes Tor
29. ↑ In the literature the address Angelburger Straße 81 is given. However, this address currently no longer exists. The address is likely to have been the last house on Angelburger Strasse, so that the address can still be identified without any problems.
30. ^ Writings of the Society for Flensburg City History (ed.): Flensburg in history and present . Flensburg 1972, page 434
31. ↑ ^{a b} The Töpferstrasse marked in some city maps today is actually part of the cloister walk . There was, however, another street in this area, namely the actual Töpferstraße , which ended approximately there in Rote Straße , where the abovementioned cloister walkway ends. See writings of the Society for Flensburg City History (ed.): Hospital and Monastery of the Holy Spirit . Flensburg 1995, page 101 and 297 as well as the current Falk city map of Flensburg.
32. ↑ ^{a b c} Flensburg street names . Society for Flensburg City History, Flensburg 2005, ISBN 3-925856-50-1 , article: Kompagniestraße
33. ↑ See city ​​wall and city gates. Reading and workbook on the history of Flensburg for home and general education .. from the University of Flensburg ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.8 MB), page 15 
34. ↑ ^{a b} Dansk Center for Byhistorie, Kogangsport, Flensborg ( Memento of the original dated December 23, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. ; Retrieved on: June 19, 2014  
35. ^ Writings of the Society for Flensburg City History (ed.): Flensburg in history and present . Flensburg 1972, page 400
36. ↑ Broder Schwensen (Ed.): Flensburg around 1600: Selected contributions. Flensburg 2006, page 228
37. ↑ In the East Frisian city ​​of Emden there was apparently also a gate of the same name. The name was therefore not unique, it may also have occurred in other cities; see. Emder mill history , from: November 19, 2006; Retrieved on: April 14, 2017
38. ↑ City wall and city gates. Reading and workbook on the history of Flensburg for home and general education .. from the University of Flensburg ( Memento of the original from March 4, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF; 1.8 MB), page 13  
39. ↑ Red Gate, Flensburg ; accessed on: June 15, 2014
40. ↑ Cf. Flensburg city view of Braun and Hogenberg
41. ^ Entry on Flensburg Castle (St. Marien) in the private database "Alle Burgen". Retrieved September 15, 2015.
42. ^ Writings of the Society for Flensburg City History (ed.): Flensburg in history and present . Flensburg 1972, page 50
43. ↑ Cf. Die Fördestadt Flensburg, Der Stadtname Flensburg ; Retrieved on: May 13, 2014
44. ↑ Flensburg's beginnings , page 12
45. ↑ The construction of a tower based on the model of the city arms is discussed again and again today. The most recent proposal was in May 2016 to erect such a city coat of arms tower on the small Harniskaispitze peninsula in combination with a possible campsite. Source: Flensburger Tageblatt : Top ideas for the Harniskai, suggestions, p. 9
46. ↑ City history - Flensburg across the centuries, castles in the city area ; Retrieved on: May 22, 2014
47. ↑ See Ritter Fleno ; Retrieved on: May 22, 2014
48. ^ Writings of the Society for Flensburg City History (ed.): Flensburg in history and present . Flensburg 1972, page 387
49. ^ Writings of the Society for Flensburg City History (ed.): Flensburg in history and present . Flensburg 1972, page 31
50. ^ Writings of the Society for Flensburg City History (ed.): Flensburg in history and present . Flensburg 1972, page 21
51. ↑ Supplement to the Flensburg Atlas, Flensburg 1986, page 16
52. ↑ ^{a b c} Andreas Oeding, Broder Schwensen, Michael Sturm: Flexikon. 725 aha experiences from Flensburg! , Flensburg 2009, article: Rotes Tor
53. ^ ^{A b} Writings of the Society for Flensburg City History (Hrsg.): Flensburg in history and present . Flensburg 1972, pages 297 and 387
54. ^ Writings of the Society for Flensburg City History (ed.): Flensburg in history and present . Flensburg 1972, page 393
55. ^ Writings of the Society for Flensburg City History (ed.): Flensburg in history and present . Flensburg 1972, page 398
56. ↑ Flensburger Tageblatt : Engelsby, Mürwik, Jürgensby - city history on the doorstep , February 5, 2009; Retrieved on: February 25, 2018
57. ↑ ^{a b} See map: Flensburg in the middle of the 15th century in: Flensburg - history of a border town. Edited by the Society for Flensburg City History. Flensburg 1966.
58. ↑ Flensburger Tageblatt : Divers examine medieval lake barrier , September 1, 2011; Retrieved on: June 16, 2014
59. ↑ See also with the reference to the bar lock in: The Duburg, fortress and castle on the western height ( memento of the original from June 21, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. , Page 14; Retrieved on: September 20, 2014 as well as the note with the harbor lock in: Writings of the Society for Flensburger Stadtgeschichte (Hrsg.): Flensburg in Geschichte und Gegenwart . Flensburg 1972, page 408 
60. ↑ as well as: Gundula Hubrich-Messow: Sagen und Märchen aus Flensburg , Husum 1992, page 48
61. ↑ Flensburger Tageblatt : 150 Years of City History from the Newspaper Perspective Kiel / Hamburg 2016, page 201
62. ^ German dictionary by Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm , article: Rühr
63. ↑ Cf. Writings of the Society for Flensburg City History (Hrsg.): Flensburg in history and present . Flensburg 1972, page 286
64. ↑ Cf. Gundula Hubrich-Messow: Sagen und Märchen aus Flensburg , Husum 1992, pages 14 to 16

Web links

Commons : Flensburg city walls  - collection of pictures

• History of Schleswig-Holstein, city fortifications