Spring pasque flower

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Spring pasque flower
Spring Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla vernalis)

Spring Pasque Flower ( Pulsatilla vernalis )

Systematics
Order : Buttercups (Ranunculales)
Family : Buttercup Family (Ranunculaceae)
Subfamily : Ranunculoideae
Tribe : Anemoneae
Genre : Pasque Flower ( Pulsatilla )
Type : Spring pasque flower
Scientific name
Pulsatilla vernalis
( L. ) Mill.

The Spring Kuhschelle ( Pulsatilla vernalis ), also Spring Küchenschelle or Spring Anemone called, is a plant from the genus of Kuhschellen ( Pulsatilla ) within the family of Ranunculaceae (Ranunculaceae).

description

Vegetative characteristics

Illustration from KW v. Dalla Torre: Atlas of the Alpine flora , publishing house of the German and Austrian Alpine Association, Vienna 1882
Habit with leaves and flowers in the habitat
Habit and flowers with many stamens in the habitat
Hairiness ( indument ) of the flower at the beginning of the anthesis
Habitus with elongated stems under the infructescence in the habitat

The spring pasque flower is a perennial herbaceous plant that reaches heights of 5 to 15 centimeters, but fruiting 10 to 23, rarely up to 35 centimeters. The descending rhizome is very strong, dark brown and head-shaped. The above-ground parts of the plant are hairy. This shaggy fur, which protects the plant from the extremes of mountain spring, also gave this species the common names Wolfs-Blueme (Switzerland), Ganslan (Carinthia) and Pelz-Anemone. The stem is usually ascending to upright or slightly overhanging.

The foliage leaves are also present in winter, but only appear after the flowering period. The basal leaves are divided into short petioles and leaf blades. The light green, leathery, slightly hairy to almost bare leaf blade is simple (or rarely twice) pinnate, with three or five leaf segments. The leaf segments are obovate with a wedge-shaped base and they are two or three columns.

Generative characteristics

The flowering period extends from April to July, depending on the location. The shaggy, hairy bract is covered with bronze-gold and silky hair, its leaves are fused together and the many leaf segments are narrow-linear. On a short, shaggy, hairy flower stalk are the first upright, later nodding flowers individually per stem.

The hermaphrodite flowers have a diameter of 4 to 6 centimeters and in appearance. The six bloom tend initially bell-together and later spread somewhat and the crown will appear bowl-shaped. The inside yellowish-white, outside pink and violet to blue overflowing bracts are covered with dense bronze-golden hairs on the outside. The bracts are 15 to 32 millimeters long, narrow-egg-shaped with a pointed upper end. The bracts are partially preserved when the fruit is ripe. The many stamens are green-yellow. Nectar is usually secreted at staminodes . There are many free carpels .

The stems elongate until the fruit is ripe. Many, relatively small nuts ("achenes") stand together in a spherical fruit stand . The elongated fruits are shaggy and hairy with yellowish trichomes 3 to 5 millimeters long . The style elongates like a feather until the fruit is ripe and is then 3 to 4 centimeters long.

Chromosome set

The basic chromosome number is x = 8, there is diploidy with a chromosome number of 2n = 16.

ecology

The spring pasque flower is a scleromorphic to mesomorphic, plurienn-pollakanthic hemicryptophyte .

From an ecological point of view, these are flowers with completely hidden nectar and sticky pollen . Typical pollinators are bees , bumblebees , wasps , wool swimmers (Bombyliidae) and syrphids . It also occurs self-pollination on.

Occurrence

There are localities for mainland Spain , Andorra , mainland France , mainland Italy , Switzerland , Liechtenstein , Austria , Germany , Denmark , Norway , Sweden , Finland , the north-western European part of Russia , Poland , the Czech Republic , Slovenia , Serbia , Slovakia , the former Yugoslavia , Montenegro , Bulgaria , Albania and Macedonia .

The very patchy distribution area of the spring pasque flower extends from the north coast of the Gulf of Finland to the Pyrenees . On the Balkan Peninsula , it can only be found in the Dinarides in Prokletije and Komovi , and south of it in the Šar Planina and Jablanica . In the north, the spring pasque flower occurs mainly in the lowlands , in the south it is restricted to mountainous areas. In the Alps and other mountains (Pyrenees, Carpathians , Sudetes , Balkan Mountains, Scandinavian mountain range) of Europe, the spring pasque flower reaches altitudes of 3600 meters. It thrives in Switzerland on pastures and dwarf shrub heaths in rarely montane or mostly subalpine to alpine altitudes . Overall, the distribution is very patchy and the spring pasque flower has become extinct in large areas, especially in the lowlands. The spring pasque flower occurs extra-zonally in mountain depressions, in which cold air collects and is also preserved during the day as a cold air lake due to an inversion position, so that a cooler microclimate prevails here than would otherwise be expected. Such cold-air lake occurrences are described, for example, from the Julian Alps in Slovenia , where the cold-loving ( psychrophilic ) pasque flower is associated with the glacial relic of the silver arum.

The preferred locations of the spring pasque flower are pine forests (in lower elevations) and silicate grasslands . It thrives best on acidic and low-nitrogen soils with a medium to good base of bases . She is very light in need. In the Alps it is a character species of the class Krummseggenrasen (Juncetea trifidi). At lower altitudes is a characteristic species of the association Pyrolo-Pinetum.

Hazard and protection

In the Red List of endangered species of the IUCN was Pulsatilla vernalis "not at risk" in 2014 as "Least Concern" = rated. This overall assessment was based on the overall widespread distribution of this species, although it is more or less endangered in individual areas and in some areas threatened with extinction. Some populations in Central Europe are extinct. In Sweden, Denmark and Poland, stocks are falling.

With the exception of a few small remnants in Bavaria, all occurrences outside the Alps in Germany have disappeared. This is why the spring pasque flower belongs to category 1 in the 1996 Red List of Fern and Flowering Plants in Germany: Critically Endangered . Since 1980 it has been "strictly and particularly protected" according to the Federal Nature Conservation Act (BNatSchG).

In Austria the spring pasque flower is common in the Central Eastern Alps , otherwise rare. It is absent in Burgenland, Vienna and Upper Austria, in Lower Austria this species is extinct. Presumably it also died out in the Bohemian Massif area.

In the 2006 Red List of Endangered and Rare Vascular Plants of the Principality of Liechtenstein , the spring pasque flower is rated as EN = "endangered" = "highly endangered".

In Switzerland, Pulsatilla vernalis is listed in the 2016 Red List of Switzerland's vascular plants as “Least Concern” = “not endangered”.

Pulsatilla vernalis is also on the red lists of endangered species in other countries, for example Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Denmark and Poland .

Systematics

The first publication was made of this kind in 1753 under the name Anemone vernalis by Linnaeus in Species Plantarum , 1, page 538. The new combination to Pulsatilla vernalis was made in 1768 by Philip Miller in Gardeners Dictionary. 8th edition. Number 3. The specific epithet vernalis means "spring" and refers to the early flowering period. Further synonyms for Pulsatilla vernalis Mill. Are: Anemone sulphurea L. , Pulsatilla vernalis var. Alpestris Aichele & Schwegler , Pulsatilla vernalis var. Bidgostiana Zapal. There are no more subtaxas .

Common names

For the spring pasque flower are or were, sometimes only regionally, the names Blutströpfli ( Appenzell ), Brüntströpfli (Appenzell), wild crocus ( Pomerania ), Schlaapblaum (Pomerania), wild tulip, forest tulip ( Silesia ) and wolf flower ( Graubünden ) common.

Toxicity

Like all buttercups, the pasque flower is poisonous.

use

Plant parts of Pulsatilla vernalis were previously used in folk medicine.

swell

literature

  • Manfred A. Fischer , Wolfgang Adler, Karl Oswald: Excursion flora for Austria, Liechtenstein and South Tyrol. 2nd, improved and enlarged edition. State of Upper Austria, Biology Center of the Upper Austrian State Museums, Linz 2005, ISBN 3-85474-140-5 .
  • Oskar Angerer, Thomas Muer: Ulmer nature guide alpine plants. Eugen Ulmer Verlag, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2004, ISBN 3-8001-3374-1 .
  • Karl Heinz Rechinger, Jürgen Damboldt (Hrsg.): Illustrated flora of Central Europe. Pteridophyta, Spermatophyta. Founded by Gustav Hegi. 2nd, completely revised edition. Volume III. Part 3: Angiospermae: Dicotyledones 1 (Nymphaeaceen, Ceratophyllaceen, Magnoliaceae, Paeoniaceen, Ranunculaceae). Carl Hanser and Paul Parey, Munich and Berlin / Hamburg 1974, ISBN 3-446-10432-1 .
  • Thomas Gaskell Tutin , JR Akeroyd: Pulsatilla. In: TG Tutin, NA Burges, AO Chater, JR Edmondson, VH Heywood, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . 2nd, revised edition. Volume 1: Psilotaceae to Platanaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / New York / Melbourne 1993, ISBN 0-521-41007-X , pp. 265 (English, limited preview in Google Book search).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k Pulsatilla vernalis (L.) Mill., Spring pasque flower. In: FloraWeb.de.
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i Pulsatilla vernalis (L.) Mill. In: Info Flora , the national data and information center for Swiss flora . Retrieved October 19, 2015.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n Gustav Hegi: Illustrierte Flora von Mitteleuropa. Volume 3, 1919: Pulsatilla vernalis. Pp. 530-531 - scanned.
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g Thomas Gaskell Tutin , JR Akeroyd: Pulsatilla. In: TG Tutin, NA Burges, AO Chater, JR Edmondson, VH Heywood, DM Moore, DH Valentine, SM Walters, DA Webb (eds.): Flora Europaea . 2nd, revised edition. Volume 1: Psilotaceae to Platanaceae . Cambridge University Press, Cambridge / New York / Melbourne 1993, ISBN 0-521-41007-X , pp.  265 (English, limited preview in Google Book search).
  5. ↑ a b c d Spring Pasque Flower . In: BiolFlor, the database of biological-ecological characteristics of the flora of Germany.
  6. ↑ a b c Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas. 8th edition. Verlag Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , p. 404.
  7. ↑ Pulsatilla vernalis at Tropicos.org. In: IPCN Chromosome Reports . Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  8. ↑ a b c d Pulsatilla vernalis in the Red List of Threatened Species of the IUCN 2019.1. Listed by: E. Chappuis, 2014. Retrieved July 4, 2019.
  9. ↑ a b Igor Dakskobler, Iztok Sinjur, Ivan Veber, Branko Zupan: Localities and sites of Pulsatilla veralis in the Julian Alps. In: Hacquetia . Volume 7, Issue 1, 2008, pp. 47-69. PDF.
  10. ↑ WISIA .
  11. ↑ Mario F. Broggi, Edith Waldburger, Rudolf Staub: Red List of Endangered and Rare Vascular Plants of the Principality of Liechtenstein 2006. In: Report Botanical-Zoological Society Liechtenstein-Sargans-Werdenberg. Volume 32, Schaan 2006, p. 63. Full text PDF.
  12. ↑ Red List 2016 of Vascular Plants in Switzerland , published by the Federal Office for the Environment FOEN and Info Flora - National Data and Information Center of the Swiss Flora, Bern. Full text PDF. Pulsatilla vernalis on p. 147.
  13. ↑ Pulsatilla vernalis at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed July 4, 2019.
  14. ↑ E. von Raab-Straube, R. Hand, E. Hörandl, E. Nardi, 2014+: Ranunculaceae. In: Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity .
  15. ↑ Michał Ronikier, Andrea Costa, Javier Fuertes-Aguilar, Gonzalo Nieto-Feliner, Philippe Küpfer, Zbigniew Mirek: Phylogeography of Pulsatilla vernalis (L.) Mill. (Ranunculaceae): chloroplast DNA reveals two evolutionary lineages across central Europe and Scandinavia. In: Journal of Biogeography. Volume 35, 2008, pp. 1650-1664. doi: 10.1111 / j.1365-2699.2008.01907.x
  16. ↑ Andrzej Grzyl, Marcin Kiedrzyński, Katarzyna M. Zielińska, Agnieszka Rewicz: The relationship between climatic conditions and generative reproduction of a lowland population of Pulsatilla vernalis: the last breath of a relict plant or a fluctuating cycle of regeneration? In: Plant Ecology. Volume 215, Issue 4, April 2014, pp. 457-466. doi: 10.1007 / s11258-014-0316-0
  17. ↑ Gábor Sramkó, Levente Laczkó, Polina A. Volkova, Richard M. Bateman, Jelena Mlinarec: Evolutionary history of the Pasque-flowers (Pulsatilla, Ranunculaceae): Molecular phylogenetics, systematics and rDNA evolution. In: Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. Volume 135, June 2019, pp. 45–61. doi: 10.1016 / j.ympev.2019.02.015
  18. ^ Georg August Pritzel , Carl Jessen : The German folk names of plants. New contribution to the German linguistic treasure. Philipp Cohen, Hanover 1882, p. 30, scanned.

Web links

Commons : Spring Pasque Flower ( Pulsatilla vernalis )  - Album with pictures, videos and audio files