Foot sheets
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Leaves and flowers of Podophyllum hexandrum . |
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| L. |
The podophyllum ( Podophyllum ), sometimes Maiäpfel (although in no way the fruits are ripe in May, but mostly in the summer or fall), are a genus in the family of Barberry (Berberidaceae). The botanical genus name Podophyllum is derived from the Greek words πούς , ποδός for foot and phyllon (φύλλον) for leaf. The medicinal drug from the "rhizome" is called Rhizoma Podophylli .
description
The Podophyllum grow as deciduous, perennial herbaceous plants that reach heights of 20 to 60 cm. All vegetative parts of the plant: stems, leaves and rhizomes are poisonous. All parts of the plant are usually smooth or at most sparsely hairy. The roots are thick and fibrous. Depending on the species, short to long, branched, creeping rhizomes are formed as persistence organs, they appear pitted due to their annual growth and form a sterile (flowerless) or fertile (flowering and fruiting) stem every year . The sterile stems have only one leaf and the fertile mostly two (zero to three) alternate to almost opposite leaves. The large, stalked leaves are simple or divided. The more or less upright leaf stalks appear stem-like. The kidney, circular or shield-shaped leaf blades are 10 to 38 cm in size. If the leaf blades are not simple then they can have up to seven lobes. The leaf margin is smooth, serrated or serrated. Sometimes the leaf lobes hang down at first and the leaves then act like umbrellas.
On each fertile stem there are usually only one, rarely two, stalked, large flowers at the end. There are no bracts . The hermaphrodite, radial symmetry and threefold flowers have a diameter of about 3 to 5 cm. There are six white to light green sepals . The six to nine showy petals are white or pink. There are the same or twice as many stamens as petals. In each flower there is only one carpel with many ovules . The large scar is shield-shaped.
The berries are maroon at maturity yellow to orange to red or and contain 20 to 50 seeds. The yellow to orange to red or chestnut-colored, obovate seeds are covered by a fleshy, yellow or rarely chestnut-colored aril (or by the pulp).
Usage, important ingredients and effects
Few species are used as an ornamental plant. Several species have reported that the ripe fruit is eaten raw.
Both the American species and some Asian species are used as medicinal plants. Except for the ripe berry, all other parts of the plant are poisonous. The dried, "rhizome", ie the subterranean parts of the plant (rhizome and roots) contain lignans with podophyllotoxin , foot resin ( podophyllin ), flavonoids and vegetable gum . The most important component is the resin (podophyllin, pure substance podophyllotoxin), which forms after drying. The medicinal drug has cytostatic , antimicotic and virus static effects. Podophyllin is effective in removing condylomas . Due to the risk of poisoning (e.g. the treated skin area must not be larger than 25 cm², etc.), treatment should only be carried out under medical supervision. Caution should also be exercised when prescribing podophyllin resins, as they are obtained from different species with different concentrations of the ingredients.
Systematics and distribution
The Fußblatt-kinds come mainly from the eastern Asia ; only one species comes from eastern (Atlantic) North America . They mainly thrive in shady forests.
The genus name Podophyllum was published by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum , 505 in 1753 . Podophyllum belongs to the subtribe Epimediinae from the tribe Berberideae in the subfamily of the Berberidoideae within the family of the barberry family (Berberidaceae). Synonyms for Podophyllum L. are: Dysosma Woodson , Sinopodophyllum TSYing .
Some authors use Podophyllum hexandrum Royle as Sinopodophyllum hexandrum (Royle) Ying or Sinopodophyllum emodi (Wall. Ex Honigberger) TSYing in its own monotypical genus Sinopodophyllum T.S.Ying in Acta Phytotax. Sin. , 17 (1), 1979, p. 15. It is largely agreed that the former Dysosma species belonged to the genus Podophyllum . ( Advisory Committee on Nomenclature & Taxonomy on February 24, 2009 at RHS Garden Wisley.)
The genus Podophyllum is divided into four sections. There are around (six - only if the Dysosma species are not included) twelve Podophyllum species (complete list of species from GRIN):
- Section Dysosma (Woodson) JMHShaw : With about ten species (some with some subspecies and varieties): These species occur only in China , Taiwan and Vietnam :
- Podophyllum delavayi Franch. : Native to China only in Guizhou , southern Shaanxi , Sichuan, and Yunnan provinces.
- Podophyllum difforme Hemsl. & EHWilson : Located in China only in Guangxi , Guizhou, Hubei , Hunan, and Sichuanprovinces. It is used as an ornamental plant.
- Podophyllum glaucescens J.MHShaw : It is endemic to the Chinese Guangxi Autonomous Region.
- Podophyllum guangxiensis (YSWang) JMHShaw : It is endemic to the Guangxi Autonomous Region of China.
- Podophyllum hemsleyi J.MHShaw & Stearn : It is endemic to southern Hubei .
- Podophyllum mairei Gagnep. : Well known only from Yunnan .
- Podophyllum majoense Gagnep. : Native to China only in Guangxi, Guizhou, Hubei, and Sichuan provinces.
- Podophyllum pleianthum Hance (Syn .: Dysosma pleiantha (Hance) Woodson ): The home is the Chinese provinces of Anhui , Fujian , Guangxi, Jiangxi , Zhejiang ; and Taiwan. It is used as an ornamental plant.
- Podophyllum trilobulus J.MHShaw : It is endemic to the Chinese province of Sichuan.
- Podophyllum versipelle Hance : The home is the Chinese provinces of Guangdong , Guangxi, Guizhou, Henan , Hubei, Jiangxi, Sichuan, Yunnan; and Vietnam .
- Section Hexandra Selivanova-Gorodkova : With the only species:
- Section Paradysosma J.MHShaw : With the only kind:
- Section Podophyllum : With the only species:
- Shield-shaped foot leaf or shield-shaped May apple ( Podophyllum peltatum L. ), other common names: American May apple, American foot leaf, common May apple, bush poplar, duck foot, tortoiseshell, wild lime: Home is eastern North America. It is used as an ornamental plant.
photos
Shield-shaped foot leaf ( Podophyllum peltatum ):
The name-giving shield-shaped (peltate), lobed foliage leaf of the shield-shaped foot leaf ( Podophyllum peltatum )
Habit and flower
The solitary flower
An unripe fruit
swell
The information in this article was obtained from the following sources:
- Lisa O'Rourke George: Berberidaceae at the Flora of North America , Volume 3: Podophyllum - Online.
- SMH Jafri: Podophyllaceae at the Flora of Pakistan : Podophyllum - Online.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Entry in Plants for a Future. (engl.)
- ↑ Willibald Pschyrembel: Pschyrembel naturopathy and alternative healing methods . 3. Edition. Berlin, New York: de Gruyter, 2006. ISBN 3-11-018524-5
- ↑ Be careful when prescribing podophylline resins.
- ^ A b Podophyllum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
