Yellow-red daylily

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Yellow-red daylily
Yellow-red daylily (Hemerocallis fulva var.europaea)

Hemerocallis fulva ( Hemerocallis fulva var. Europaea )

Systematics
Monocots
Order : Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family : Grass trees (Xanthorrhoeaceae)
Subfamily : Daylily family (Hemerocallidoideae)
Genre : Daylilies ( Hemerocallis )
Type : Yellow-red daylily
Scientific name
Hemerocallis fulva
(L.) L.

The yellow- red daylily ( Hemerocallis fulva ), also called brown-red daylily or railroad keeper's daylily , is a species of the daylily ( Hemerocallis ) genus . It is originally from East Asia and is a neophyte in Europe and North America .

description

Vegetative characteristics

The yellow-red daylily is a perennial herbaceous plant that can reach heights of up to 150 cm. It has rhizomes as survival organs . Their main roots are shaped like fingers and swollen fleshy.

The sword-shaped, parallel- veined basal leaves are 30 to 150 cm long, 1 to 3 cm wide and have a yellowish-green color, a pointed leaf tip and hang back in an arched manner to the ground.

H. fulva var. Fulva (right)

Generative characteristics

The upright shaft of the inflorescence is round and hollow, leafless and branches upwards. There are up to 20 or more flowers in the zymous inflorescence , the flowering period of which can last up to six weeks in total.

The hermaphroditic, threefold bloom appears in the mornings of July and August and closes on the same evening; it is odorless and not self-pollinating. Double flowers are only found in the 'Kwanso' (incorrectly 'Flore Pleno') variety.

The bloom are orange yellow, depending on the variety, to orange, partially strip-shaped with different colored zones around the center ( "eye") or at the edges. The perianth begins as a tube 2 to 3 centimeters in diameter. The outer bracts are 7 to 8 cm long and 2 cm wide. The inner bracts are 7.5 to 8.5 cm long and 3 cm wide and have wavy curly edges. There are six stamens , the stamens are 4.5 to 6.5 cm long, the anthers 5 to 7 mm long and purple-black. The ovary has a diameter of 8 to 10 mm and is formed from three centrally fused carpels . The white to pale orange stylus is 9 to 10 cm long.

The fruit is a three-chamber capsule fruit .

The color of the flowers is caused by the presence of anthocyanin plant pigments in the epidermis , through which the underlying chromoplasts , colored by zeaxanthin light orange to yellow , can be seen. An exception is the H. fulva var. Aurantiaca variety , which has no anthocyanins and is therefore pure light orange in color.

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 2x = 22 ( diploidy ) or 2n = 3x = 33 ( triploidy ).

Multiplication

All variants of the yellow-red daylily are able to spread widely over the rhizomes. Occasionally, the stem to form Kindeln , syngeneic daughter plants ( clones ) that slope, roots after some time and continue to grow as a separate plants. Diploid variants can be pollinated by insects, the seeds formed are then spread by animals, which excrete them after digestion ( endozoochory ).

Many cultivars are triploid and very rarely seed, but have fertile pollen. In this case the plant only reproduces vegetatively. By applying colchicine to cell cultures , tetraploid variants could be obtained from triploid and thus the ability to reproduce generatively could be restored.

Distribution and description of the location

The natural range of most wild varieties of the yellow-red daylily are the temperate and tropical regions of Korea , China and Japan . The angustifolia variety grows in India .

In 1561 Conrad Gessner named the species under the name "Lilium rubens arundiarium" for the first time in Europe. In the 17th century the cultivar 'Europe' poached in England, spread to the rest of Europe and, after its importation there at the end of the 19th century, also to North America . In all of Germany with the exception of locations close to the coast, as well as in Austria, it can be found sporadically growing in the wild.

The plant is robust, but does not tolerate waterlogging. It needs a soil pH of around 6-8. The yellow-red daylily grows at altitudes between 0 and 1000 meters in meadows, in open forests and in ruderal locations such as roadsides or even garbage dumps. The Chinese variety Hemerocallis fulva var. Fulva can occur at altitudes of up to 2500 meters.

ecology

Yellow-red daylilies provide habitat and a. for aphids of the species Myzus hemerocallis and caterpillars of the species Lycorea cleobaea .

Surname

The generic name Hemerocallis is derived from the Greek words 'ἡμέρα' ('hemera' = 'day') and 'κάλλος' ('kallos' = 'beauty'), which translates directly into daytime beauty, and depends on the short lifespan of the individual Bloom together. The type epithet fulva describes the brownish-orange flower color. The name Bahnwärter daylily indicates a possible location of the plant species.

Varieties and cultivars

H. fulva var. Fulva
H. fulva var. Kwanso
Hemerocallis fulva

Several varieties of the yellow-red daylily are described in the literature:

  • Naturally occurring varieties:
    • Hemerocallis fulva var. Angustifolia Baker: The calyx tube can be up to 4 cm long, the inner segments 1 to 2.5 cm. Chromosome number 2n = 22. Occurring in Japan and Korea , cultivated in China and India .
    • Hemerocallis fulva var. Aurantiaca (Baker) M.Hotta: This variety is evergreen, has pure light orange flowers, 2n = 22 or 2n = 3x = 33 chromosomes and grows at altitudes of 300 to 1000 meters in China, Taiwan , Japan and Korea. Flowering period April to November.
    • Hemerocallis fulva var. Europaea Stout: All wild plants found in Europe and America developed from it. They are triploid and propagation through root or rhizome growth is very effective. The flower color is orange on the outside with an arched reddish-orange "eye" further inside, as well as a clear, light central line, especially on the inner bracts.
    • Hemerocallis fulva L. var. Fulva : Here the calyx tube is less than 3 centimeters short and the inner segments 2 to 3.5 cm wide. The number of chromosomes is 2n = 3x = 33. The plant becomes up to 140 cm high and grows at altitudes of 300 to 2500 meters in China and the Korean peninsula.
    • Hemerocallis fulva var. Longituba Maximowicz: yellow-orange with very long genital organs. In Korea, China and Japan even above 1500 meters.
    • Hemerocallis fulva var. Littorea Matsuoka & Hotta: On the coast of Japan. Flowers yellow-orange to red-orange with a brown eye and a light center line.
    • Hemerocallis fulva var. Pauciflora : Japan.
    • Hemerocallis fulva var. Sempervirens : In southern Japan. Blooms very late.
  • Cultures :
    • Hemerocallis fulva 'Kwanso' Rule 1866 (also 'Kwanzo'): This cultivar has double flowers with an orange base and has been cultivated in East Asia for a long time. The flowers and their genital organs can be partially deformed. It occurs diploid and triploid and forms the basis for tetraploid cultivars.
    • Hemerocallis fulva var. Maculata Baroni 1897: Robust. The stem, up to 120 cm high, bears up to 12 flowers with a purple “eye” and a diameter of 15 cm. Chromosome number 2n = 3x = 33.
    • Hemerocallis fulva var. Rosea Stout 1930: Rose Red. Basis for the cultivars 'Rosalind' and 'Pastel Rose'.
    • Hemerocallis fulva 'Flore Peno' Sienicka 1929: In this double-flowered cultivar from China, the flower is orange on the outside and dark red in the middle. 2n = 3x = 33. Differs from 'Kwanso' in that the flower is shorter and more regular.

Ingredients and pharmacology

Antioxidants in H. fulva : left phlomuroside, right roseoside, below lariciresinol
Saponins in H. fulva : Hemeroside A and B

The leaves of the yellow-red daylily contain strong antioxidants , namely roseoside, phlomuroside, lariciresinol, quercetin and isorhamnetin glycosides, as well as pinnatannin derivatives and choline . Other ingredients in the above-ground part of the plant are the saponins hemeroside A and B. Cell extracts from the roots of the kwanzo variety , which contain anthraquinone derivatives, have an inhibitory effect on the reproduction of human cancer cells in the laboratory. The flowers also appear to have effects on the sleeping behavior of mice.

A 1929 source reported finding colchicine in a Hemerocallis species. At that time it was very difficult to carry out such analyzes. New results show no content of any alkaloids in Hemerocallis fulva .

In domestic cats , the yellow-red tag line has a high level of kidney toxicity and can cause kidney failure .

use

This type of plant is used in East Asia as food, medicinal plant and for the manufacture of everyday objects.

Ornamental plant

As an ornamental plant , it is particularly suitable due to its large flowers, whose easily accessible genital organs make crossing easy, even for amateurs. Daylilies are very popular as ornamental plants because of their large flowers. In many dozen countries, lovers of this genus of plants have organized themselves into associations. The 'Kwanso' variety comes from China and was mentioned by Engelbert Kaempfer in 1712 as "Ken, vulgo Quanso & Wasrigusa" and was the first to be introduced to Europe in 1830 by Philipp Franz von Siebold . Others followed, and in the 1890s Europe began producing its own varieties.

kitchen

In East Asia, yellow-red daylilies are grown as food. The entire plant except for the stem can be used:

  • the thicker roots can be peeled like potatoes and taste like nuts or chestnuts ; however, symptoms of intoxication have been reported when the root is overdosed;
  • young leaf shoots taste sweet raw, cooked like asparagus or celery ;
  • When cut, ripe leaves are suitable for salads or soups;
  • Ripe flowers are dried and serve as a soup and seasoning, fresh flowers also raw as a colorful, fruity and crispy salad addition - the nectar has a fine taste;
  • green flower buds are suitable as “fruits”, also cooked or fried in oil;
  • Crushed seeds can be used in soups.

The cultivars 'Kwanzo' and 'Flore pleno' are particularly suitable. Raw consumption of the flowers of H. fulva var. Europaea is not recommended. An increased amount of root tissue can have a laxative effect. In addition to vitamins A and C, the leaves of the yellow-red daylily also contain iron.

Herbal uses and ethnobotany

In China, the flower of the yellow-red daylily is used in traditional Chinese medicine for insomnia , the rhizome as a remedy for tuberculosis and filariasis . In Korea , eating the root is used as a remedy for constipation and pneumonia . The root sap is used for arsenic poisoning and cancer . The root tea is said to have a diuretic effect.

In East Asia, farmers make ropes and shoes from the leaves of the yellow-red daylily.

swell

literature

  • Arlow Burdette Stout: Daylilies: The Wild Species and Garden Clones, Both Old and New, of the Genus Hemerocallis. Sagapress, US, Sagaponack 1989, ISBN 0-89831-028-8 .
  • Wilhelm Schacht, Alfred Feßler (Ed.): The free-range ornamental perennials. Manual and lexicon of hardy garden shrubs. Founded by Leo Jelitto. 4th revised edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1990, ISBN 3-8001-6378-0 .
  • Walter Erhardt : Hemerocallis Daylilies. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8001-6358-6 .
  • Kitty Morse: Edible Flowers: A Kitchen Companion with Recipes. Ten Speed ​​Press, Berkeley 1995, ISBN 0-89815-754-4 , pp. 16-17 (contains recipe Lilyed Melon and Mango Soup ).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, FloraWeb . On http://www.floraweb.de/datenservice/artenhome.xsql?suchnr=2813&
  2. ↑ Gerald B. Straley, Frederick H. Utech: Hemerocallis. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales . Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 , pp. 220 (English, online ).
  3. ↑ a b Chen Xinqi, Junko Noguchi: Hemerocallis. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China . Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2000, ISBN 0-915279-83-5 , pp. 163 (English, online ).
  4. ^ A b J. P. Peat, TL Petit: The Daylily: A Guide for Gardeners. Timber Press, Portland 2004, ISBN 0-88192-666-3 , pp. 13-16.
  5. ↑ Yanjun Zhang, Robert H. Cichewicz, Muraleedharan G. Nair: Lipid peroxidation inhibitory compounds from daylily (Hemerocallis fulva) leaves. In: Life Sciences . Volume 75, No. 6, 2004, pp. 753–763, PMID 15172183 (PDF file) ( Memento of the original from January 23, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.aseanbiodiversity.info
  6. ↑ a b c Paul PH But, Takeatsu Kimura, Ji-Xian Guo, Chung Ki Sung, Byung Hoon Han (Eds.): International Collation of Traditional and Folk Medicine: Northeast Asia, Part II. World Scientific Publishing 1997, ISBN 981- 02-3130-X , pp. 176-177.
  7. ↑ T. Konishi, Y. Fujiwara, T. Konoshima, S. Kiyosawa, M. Nishi, K. Miyahara: Steroidal saponins from Hemerocallis fulva var. Kwanso. In: Chemical & Pharmaceutical Bulletin . Volume 49, No. 3, 2001, pp. 318-320, PMID 11253923 (PDF file).
  8. ↑ Robert H. Cichewicz, Yanjun Zhang, Navindra P. Seeram, Muraleedharan G. Nair: Inhibition of human tumor cell proliferation by novel anthraquinones from daylilies. In: Life Sciences. Volume 74, No. 14, 2004, pp. 1791-1799, PMID 14741736 , doi: 10.1016 / j.lfs.2003.08.034 .
  9. ^ E. Uezu: Effects of Hemerocallis on sleep in mice. In: Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences . Vol. 52, No. 2, 1998, pp. 136-137, PMID 9628113 .
  10. ^ Robert F. Raffauf: Plant Alkaloids: A Guide to Their Discovery & Distribution. Food Products Press, New York 1996, ISBN 1-56022-860-1 , pp. 128-129.
  11. ↑ Johanna Fink-Gremmels: Poisonings . In: Marian C. Horzinek, Vera Schmidt, Hans Lutz: (Ed.): Diseases of the cat . 4th edition. Enke, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-8304-1049-2 , pp. 789-803.
  12. ^ TS Elias: Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide. Sterling, New York 1990 (reprint from 1982), ISBN 0-8069-7488-5 , p. 136, limited preview in Google Book Search.

Web links

Commons : Hemerocallis fulva  - album with pictures, videos and audio files