History of Tajikistan

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Location of Tajikistan in Asia

The history of Tajikistan describes the millennia-long history of today's Tajikistan .

Stone age

The first traces of settlement near the city of Norak in western Tajikistan date from the Mesolithic. Wall paintings from the Stone Age can be found in Tajikistan, depicting hunting and nature scenes. The first inhabitants of today's Tajikistan made a living from hunting, cattle breeding and agriculture.

Early empires

Remains of the prehistoric settlement Sarasm

One of the oldest permanently settled places in Tajikistan is Sarasm , a place that has existed since the 4th or 3rd millennium. The first empires on Tajik soil were Bactria , in the south and east of today's territory, and Sogdia in the northern part.

Antiquity

In the 6th century, Persia spread to Central Asia under the Achaemenid dynasty . Cyrus the Second undertook in 538 BC. A campaign to the east, during which he subjugated Sogdia and Bactria and incorporated them into the Persian Empire . The areas of today's Tajikistan were administered by a satrap from Bactra , the capital of Bactria in the north of today's Afghanistan . In 329 BC, Alexander the Great reached Bactria on his campaigns and conquered the region. He founded Alexandria Eschatê, today's Khujand in Tajikistan, and thus provoked an uprising by the Sogdians, who fought against urban forms of settlement in the previously nomadic region. 327 BC The situation in Bactria had calmed down and the revolt was suppressed.

Diadochin Empire 301 BC Chr.

After the death of Alexander in 323 BC BC and the subsequent Diadoch Wars , Bactria belonged to the Seleucid Empire . This had its center of power in Asia Minor and exercised little power over Bactria due to the geographical distance to the eastern areas of Bactria. This made it possible for Bactria to split off from the Seleucid Empire in 240 BC. Under Diodotos , who founded the Greco-Bactrian Empire , which included Tajikistan among other things. In 206 BC, Seleucid troops marched under Antiochius III. in Graeco-Bactria and besieged the capital Bactra. In the same year there was a peace treaty between Bactria and the Seleucids, which strengthened the Greco-Bactrian Empire. In the second century BC, the northern regions of Bactria, including today's Tajikistan, were repeatedly overrun by nomads from the steppes of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan and were thus increasingly withdrawn from the control of the Greek kings of Bactria. Towards the end of the second century BC BC the Greco-Bactrian Empire was wiped out and Yuezhi tribes ruled Tajikistan. From these tribal groups, the Kushan Empire developed , which spread from Tajikistan to the north and south. The Kushan Empire was the dominant power in the region until the 3rd century AD. After long wars against Central Asian tribes, the Sassanids became the new great power in Central Asia and eliminated the weakened Kushan rule in Tajikistan.

Islamic expansion

Phases of Islamic Expansion

The Sassanid Empire was one of the most powerful empires on earth until the 7th century AD and competed with the Roman Empire . Only in 642 with the defeat in the Battle of Nehawand against Muslim Arabs did the fall of the Sassanid Empire begin and the Islamic expansion finally reached Tajikistan. The Islamic conquest of Tajikistan represented a turning point in the history of the region and was initially associated with resistance to the foreign culture and religion (see also Dēwāštič and Ghurak ). In the course of Islamic rule, however, the region experienced a heyday, especially under the Samanid dynasty in the 9th and 10th centuries, Central Asia experienced an epoch of cultural heyday. The Tajik language was also developing at the time. The Samanids were followed by several Islamic empires in what is now Tajikistan, including the Ghaznavids , the Karakhanids and the Khorezm Shahs .

Mongol Empire

Map of the kingdom of Timur

In 1221, the Mongols under Genghis Khan succeeded in smashing the empire of the Khorezm Shahs and conquering Tajikistan. The Mongolian empire of the Golden Horde collapsed at the end of the 14th century when the Central Asian military leader Timur established his empire in Central Asia and expanded it until his death in 1405.

Timurid dynasty

With the displacement of the Golden Horde, the Timurids began to rule Tajikistan. The Timurid Empire could not be fully preserved after Timur's death, but Central Asia remained under Timurid rule. During this period, Tajikistan also experienced a heyday in terms of culture and science. The empire was the dominant power in Central Asia until the 15th century. Under Ulugh Beg , a promoter of science and culture, there was a domestic political disruption that made the invasion of enemies into the kingdom of the Timurids possible.

Time of the khanates

Portrait of Mohammed Sheibani

The weakened empire of the Timurids was defeated by the Uzbek khanate under the Scheibanid dynasty , so that this khanate was able to control the areas around the Syrdaryas river as far as Tajikistan. In 1468 this khanate was defeated by Kazakhs , who had split off from the Uzbek khanate. However, the Uzbek khanate was reestablished around 1500 by Mohammed Scheibani . Even after Scheibani’s death, several individual khanates emerged, which in the early 16th century were still grouped under the Uzbek khanate. Another threat to the region was the emerging Mughal empire under Babur , who tried several times to take Samarkand but was pushed back by the Uzbeks. From 16. – 19. In the 19th century, Tajikistan was in the hands of various khanates, especially the Bukhara emirate . At that time, today's Tajikistan was called Eastern Bukhara. Constant disputes between the khanates shaped this phase of Tajik history.

Russian rule

Turkestan around 1900

In the 19th century, Tajikistan gained increasing strategic weight in the Great Game between the Russian Empire and Great Britain . In the struggle for influence in the region, the Pamir Mountains , which are partially located in Tajikistan, were an important strategic factor. In the 1860s and 1870s the khanates of Central Asia were conquered by the Russian tsarist empire, so the emirate of Bukhara fell to the Russians in 1868, who were able to gain a foothold in Tajikistan. The northern part of Tajikistan was added directly to the tsarist empire, the southern part continued to belong to the emirate of Bukhara, a vassal state of the tsarist empire. In 1895 the border with Afghanistan was drawn up and Tajikistan received the areas north of the Punj River , which forms the border with Afghanistan.

As part of the Soviet Union

Flag of the Tajik SSR

After the October Revolution of 1917 , the Emir of Bukhara was finally deposed in 1920 and the entire area of ​​today's Tajikistan belonged to the Soviet Union as part of the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of Turkestan . In 1924 Turkestan was divided into the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic and the Uzbek SSR . In 1924 active and passive women's suffrage was introduced. On October 25, 1929, the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic was separated from the Uzbek SSR. Under Soviet rule, the standard of living in Tajikistan increased significantly, but Tajikistan had the reputation of being the poor house of the Soviet Union . The borders with the other Soviet republics were open, but the border with Afghanistan was strongly secured. Many Tajiks worked in other parts of the Soviet Union, for example in Russia or the GDR . After World War II , Tajikistan was also of major tourist interest, with 300,000 visitors from other Soviet republics coming to the country. In addition, the SSR was the third largest cotton producer within the Soviet Union and increasingly also had heavy industry , especially in the field of aluminum processing.

independence

President Rahmon

With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, Tajikistan also gained independence. On September 9, 1991, Tajikistan gained independence. The women's suffrage was confirmed. In November 1991 Rahmon Nabiyev was elected the first elected President of Tajikistan in the 1991 presidential election in Tajikistan. In 1992, the Tajik civil war broke out, in which various religious and local movements fought for power in Tajikistan. In September 1992, Nabiyev's presidency ended under pressure from the opposition. Akbarscho Iskandarow installed them as counter-president. On November 20, 1992, Emomali Rachmon was able to assert himself as president with Russian help. He was confirmed in office in the 1994 presidential election. With the parliamentary elections in Tajikistan in 1995 , the first parliamentary elections were held in Tajikistan during the civil war, which ended with a victory for the supporters of the president. On June 27, 1997, the civil war officially ended with the Moscow Peace Treaty. Rachmon remained in office and was confirmed by the presidential election in Tajikistan in 1999 until 2006. On February 27, 2000, a new parliament was elected for the first time since the civil war in Tajikistan in 2000 . In April 2003 Russian President Vladimir Putin visited the country and announced an increased Russian military presence due to the border with Afghanistan. In 2009, an agreement was signed with the United States that allows the transport of non-military goods through Tajikistan to Afghanistan. In 2011, a border dispute with the People's Republic of China was contractually settled. Last in the presidential election in Tajikistan in 2013 Rakhmon for seven years was confirmed in office, 2015, won People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan in the parliamentary elections in Tajikistan in 2015 , the absolute majority of seats in the House of Representatives again. In 2016, a referendum passed a constitutional amendment that abolished the limitation on the presidential term of office.

supporting documents

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Masson: THE BRONZE AGE IN KHORASAN AND TRANSOXANIA 1 . ISBN 978-92-3102719-2 , pp. 220 .
  2. ↑ Mayke Wagner, Patrick Wertmann, Pavel Tarasov, Desmond Durkin-Meisterernst: Ancient trading power: Secret ruler on the Silk Road . In: Spiegel Online . January 24, 2011 ( spiegel.de [accessed December 12, 2018]).
  3. ^ Bactria - Livy. Retrieved December 12, 2018 .
  4. ↑ Georg-August University of Göttingen - Public Relations: The Graeco-Bactrian Empire - Georg August University of Göttingen. Retrieved December 13, 2018 .
  5. ↑ Kuschan - the forgotten great power - Wissenschaft.de. Retrieved December 13, 2018 .
  6. ↑ The Sassanids. Retrieved December 13, 2018 .
  7. ↑ Samanids from the Lexicon - Wissen.de | https://www.wissen.de/lexikon/samaniden. Retrieved December 13, 2018 .
  8. ↑ Qarakhanid Dynasty | Asian history. Retrieved December 13, 2018 .
  9. ↑ What was the Empire of the Mongols (1200-1399) | know.de. Retrieved December 13, 2018 .
  10. ^ The Timurid Dynasty. October 8, 2009, accessed December 15, 2018 .
  11. ↑ The rise of Babur from warlord to mogul - Wissenschaft.de. Retrieved December 15, 2018 .
  12. ↑ Thomas Kunze: Central Asia portrait of a region . Ch.links, Berlin, p. 26th ff .
  13. ^ Herbert Kremp: The Great Game . In: THE WORLD . July 18, 2000 ( welt.de [accessed December 15, 2018]).
  14. ↑ Akhilesh Pillalamarri, The Diplomat: How the British and the Russians Drew the Afghan-Turkmen border. Retrieved December 15, 2018 (American English).
  15. ^ Mart Martin: The Almanac of Women and Minorities in World Politics. Westview Press Boulder, Colorado, 2000, p. 373.
  16. ↑ Sonja Bill: Tajikistan: between Dušanbe and the roof of the world . S. 35 ff .
  17. ↑ - New Parline: the IPU's Open Data Platform (beta). In: data.ipu.org. September 9, 1991, accessed October 7, 2018 .
  18. ↑ Thomas Kunze: Central Asia portrait of a region . Ch.Links, S. 240 .
  19. ^ The war in Tajikistan / Henrik Bischof. - Part 4. Retrieved December 15, 2018 .
  20. ↑ Jeffrey Hays: TAJIKISTAN BECOMES INDEPENDENT | Facts and details. Retrieved December 15, 2018 .