History of the city of Ruhla
The clock town of Ruhla was first mentioned around the year 1355 in an inheritance book of the County of Henneberg and celebrated its 650th anniversary in 2005 .
Early history
The first inspections of the urban area may have been made as early as the Neolithic or Bronze Age , as isolated archaeological finds suggest. In the forest area of the Kissel and the Alte Warth near Gumpelstadt there were a small group of Bronze Age barrows as evidence of the early settlement of the Ruhla area. Under the influence of the north Alpine Hallstatt culture of the older pre-Roman Iron Age, the Lower Franconian group existed in the Werra Valley with a center around the Gleichberge, which in turn is evidence of burial mounds between Hildburghausen and Meiningen. A documented grave find near Ruhla belongs to the neighboring Thuringian group . Close to the confluence of the Emse in the Hörsel near Sättelstädt, an extensive prehistoric settlement with Germanic and Celtic inhabitants living there at the same time was examined between 2004 and 2005.
middle Ages
During the rule of the Merovingians, further settlement areas emerged on the edge of the Thuringian Forest, including the neighboring town of Etterwind. According to this, the place Etter winds originated in the 8th century, the place name means: "fenced forest meadow / pasture". The topographical conditions in the Ruhla Valley were rather unfavorable for agriculture. By the 10th century at the latest, wandering blacksmiths moved into what is now the Ruhla area in order to mine the iron ore available seasonally. The forest smiths used the racing furnace to extract iron and made use of the abundant raw materials iron ore and wood (in the form of charcoal). The first settlers settled down along the Rennsteig mountain ridge about three centuries later , it was charcoal burners and forest workers who established the permanent settlements of Glasbach and Alte Ruhl near the Rennsteig. The sovereigns promoted the production of tools and weapons. The heavy consumption of wood by mining and charcoal burning pushed the forest back, the areas were prepared for pasture by migrating farmers and shepherds. Later on, numerous smelting works, hammer mills and grinding mills were built in the valley floor along the water-rich Rolla, and at the same time an initial road network and settlement developed in the current location of Ruhla.
With the development of the state, supported by the Thuringian Landgraves, numerous small settlements and farms also arose north of Ruhla: Rehhof, Aschhof, Burbach, Deubach, Mosbach, Seebach, Schmerbach, Fischbach, Thal, Kittelsthal and today's desert areas of Hucheroda, Atterode, Berzigeroda. The castles Scharfenburg , Wittgenstein , the moated castle Farnroda , moated castle Winterstein as well as the complexes Alter Ringelstein and Neuer Ringelstein served to protect the 26 settlement sites , mines and roads in the Ruhla area . Historians reckon the continued use of staff justice as a special feature of the bond with the neighboring southwestern communities - a local peculiarity of medieval legal history in western Thuringia.
The legendary blacksmith from Ruhla
The legend of the blacksmith of Ruhla, known far beyond the city limits, also dates from this time : Landgrave Ludwig II of Thuringia, who was known to be weak and mild towards his landed gentry and did not know how much the sovereigns enslaved the citizens and peasants, should himself got lost on one of his hunting rides in the Ruhla Forest. When, after a long search, he finally saw the fire of a forest smith in Ruhla, he went to him and asked for a hostel. When the blacksmith asked who he was, the prince denied his true identity and pretended to be the landgrave's hunter. The blacksmith, also bitter about Ludwig's mistaken gentleness and the enslavement by the princes, then revealed his displeasure with the landgrave, but granted him his request for accommodation. After Ludwig had retired, amazed at the man's words, the blacksmith worked the whole night, so that the count couldn't sleep. The blacksmith hammered on the iron and called over and over again: “Landgrave, get hard! Landgrave, get hard, as hard as this iron! ”And“ You bad, unfortunate lord! Can't you see how your counselors plague the people? ”When morning came and Count Ludwig left without sleep, he remembered the words of the blacksmith and from then on ruled with an iron hand. That is why for a long time it was said that a strict, indomitable man was literally said to have been hard-forged in Ruhla.
“ The underlying facts and the representations of the alleged event in the old chronicles as well as in the literary publications of the 19th century tempted one to accept at least the core of the legend as a confirmed event. The year 1161, which is mentioned several times for this, would have been seen as the year of the foundation or first mention of Ruhla. You can also find years before and after as a time. ( Ludwig II lived from 1128 or 1129 to 1172. At the beginning of February 1140 he came to the government as Landgrave Ludwig II, on the occasion of King Conrad III's court day in Worms , with whom he stayed, three weeks after the death of his father. 1150 married he was Friedrich Barbarossa's half-sister , Jutta Claricia, and thus connected himself to the Staufen family . This is why he often stayed far away from his Thuringian country.) "
Early modern age
Since the 15th century, a constant dispute has arisen over the national borders of the individual territories, but especially over the forest. In the vicinity of Ruhla, on the Dreiherrenstein, three domains collided. On September 17, 1528, representatives of Elector Johann zu Sachsen, Landgrave Phillip zu Hessen and Wilhelm, Graf zu Henneberg met for the first time, they committed ...
" ... the boundaries and marking of the village of Broterode from the Hirschpfalz, where the path goes from Ruhla to Broteroda, after the Inselsberg, over it to the heath and the cold water ... "
After the gunsmithing industry fell into disrepair around 1530, many residents switched to the manufacture of cutlery.
The Venetians are remembered in countless legends , they were mineral seekers who were mostly viewed as treasure hunters and necromancers, their interest was in certain minerals important for glassmakers , which were also often found in the Ruhla corridor. The fact is that mainly in the 15th and 16th centuries in the summer months foreign travelers came to our low mountain range to fetch special minerals. For the first time, the news about traveling people, who hid in these confusing forest areas and after which a forest on the Dreiherrenstein was given the field name "Gypsy Head", is also found for the first time.
Even wood thieves and poachers made themselves noticeable often enough. The people of Tabarz must have done it the best: in 1736 such timber fraudsters were expelled from the Heisterbachskopf . There they had thinned the fir trees considerably and charred the wood right there and then. If the rabble was driven out in one place, it would certainly soon turn up in another. Dragoons and riflemen always had enough work to do.
East of Ruhla , two rest houses were built on the Weinstrasse , a medieval road towards Winterstein and Schmerbach, at the front Schwarzbachswiese and at the rear Schwarzbachswiese and were later used as ducal hunting lodges.
Ruhla division
The division of Ruhla is an example of the small states in Thuringia . The political history of the city was shaped for a long time by the multiple statehood of the place. The settlement zone, which is strongly delimited by the narrow valley, led to a common identity as "Rühler" despite the dividing political borders.
Ruhla in the High and Late Middle Ages
As early as the early Middle Ages, the Franks designated certain places as administrative centers within the Thuringian kingdom they had conquered and divided the surrounding area into brands and counties. In doing so, attention was paid to topographical features (conspicuous mountains and rivers, trees and settlements) to describe the boundary. In the Ruhla area, the Mark Lupnitz and the Breiter Mark met . From the 14th century, two administrative districts met on the Ruhlabach - the Wettin offices of Wartburg and Tenneberg . A document dated June 5, 1391 informs about this fact. It deals with the extensive sale of interest income "in rula". At that time, the Ruhlabach was not yet considered to be a state border in the later sense, the indicated “separation” of responsibility for the individual properties corresponded rather to a district division.
The division of the country in 1596
A first division of the country with an impact on territorial affiliation took place in 1596 between the sons of the ruling Duke Johann Friedrich II., The Middle , where responsibility for the eastern part of the Ruhla valley fell to Johann Casimir von Sachsen-Coburg , the western part was given to Johann Ernst Duke of Saxony-Eisenach .
The appointment of office in 1610
As early as 1610, the Lords of Uetterodt were awarded their own administrative district ( Uetterodtschesgericht ), since that year the city chronicle has differentiated between “Ruhla Eisenacher Ort”, “Ruhla Tenneberger Ort” and “Ruhla Uetterodtschen Ort”. After the death of Johann Casimir († 1633), the two duchies were briefly reunified under the Eisenach Duke Johann Ernst , the boundaries of the three offices were retained.
Further divisions in 1640 and 1741
In 1640 the land was again divided into Saxe-Eisenach and Saxe-Gotha . After the death of Eisenach Duke Wilhelm Heinrich , the Duchy of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach was established in 1741 , the state border within Ruhla was retained. A hunting district on the Rennsteig that was intensively used by Wilhelm Heinrich and his predecessors was located at the fort "Am Creuzberg" near the Schlauchenwiese. The forest workers' settlement that already existed there had to be abandoned in 1670 because the then sovereign Johann Georg needed the meadow near a spring for the construction of a log cabin and several utility buildings in order to be able to organize his court hunts there. As early as 1700 the buildings were in dire need of repair, in 1708 the main buildings were partially renovated and they served as a hunting lodge for another 30 years. After Duke Wilhelm Heinrich's death, his successor Duke Ernst August planned the construction of the Rühler Häuschen hunting lodge at the same location .
The founding of the city in 1833
During an administrative reform in 1833, the areas of the "Ruhla Tenneberger Ort" and "Ruhla Uetterodtschen Ort" offices were merged to form "Ruhla Gothaischer Teil". Accordingly, the term "Ruhla Weimarische Teil" was used for the remainder, this term still distinguishing the two Municipalities promoted to town in 1896.
The union of the two Ruhla
As a gesture of the democratic new beginning in the state of Thuringia , the state parliament decided on July 29, 1920 to hold a referendum in Ruhla regarding the upcoming unification of the two parts. As a result of the plebiscite , the unified municipality was incorporated into the Eisenach district in March 1921.
A "boundary stone" and an information board at the Marienstraße - Obere Lindenstraße intersection have been a reminder of the history of the Ruhla divisions since 2007.
About the spa and Bad Ruhla
In the 18th century, the spa and bathing industry in Thuringia experienced its first heyday. The best known was the bathing resort Sauerbrunnen , which arose in the neighboring town of Bad Liebenstein after the 'Thirty Years' War , this encouraged the Eisenach natural scientist Storch in 1737 to look for comparable healing springs in the Eisenach part of Ruhla, where the spring named Storch's fountain in his honor was discovered. According to the mineral composition of the water, it was grouped into the steel water category for ferrous waters. From 1756 the ducal-Weimar forester's house in Ruhla , which had just been renovated at that time, was converted into a spa and bathing facility in the summer months, for this purpose a wooden water pipe was built from the mineral water source to the spa house and inside, in the forester's hall, an artistically decorated basin was filled with this water. To improve the system, promenade paths were created in the Forsthausgarten from 1760 onwards. Thanks to the nationwide publication of analysis results, for example in 1768 in Zykert's systematic description of all health fountains and baths in Germany , attention was drawn to the bathing establishment in Ruhla outside of the duchy. As the most prominent spa guest, Goethe stayed in Ruhla for three weeks in 1789 . At the same time he dealt with the geology of the Ruhla area. In 1791 the spa house and the surrounding facilities were structurally renewed and beautified, private landlords and inns now also offered their quarters for spa guests, and the development of the Rühler Kirmes also contributed to the fact that Ruhla became a very popular seaside resort for about twenty years in West Thuringia. Efforts were made, but in vain, to find other mineral springs in the vicinity of the city. As a result of the Napoleonic Wars , there was a decline and in 1811 the spa business came to a standstill. In the 1850s, citizens of Ruhla tried to resume spa operations. Doctor Hasenstein, a prominent Ruhla doctor, headed the Ruhla Sturz- und Wasserheilanstalt , which he founded in Mühlrain, as a public limited company, which was put into operation in June 1853. The bath consisted of three sections: drinking and bathing facilities as well as steam bath, all forms of hydrotherapy treatment of the time were represented, including drinking and whey cures, steam and spruce needle baths. In the area around Ruhla, more walking paths and viewpoints were created: the Emilienruhe on the Breitenberg, the Jubeltempel on the Ringbergstein, the Fürstenbrunnen on the Alte Ruhl and the Gasthaus Bellevue were built. As a result, the spa was well attended with 500 to 600 guests per season, which offered the opportunity to finance the construction of a small music hall and other extensions to the spa house. There was also a first wooden observation tower on the Ringberg, the forerunner of the Carl Alexander Tower . This second phase of the Ruhla spa lasted until the turn of the century. In Ruhla the industrial development of the place was already being promoted, this did not go well with the image as a bathing resort, nevertheless many guests came to the bathing resort Ruhla, which is now called a climatic health resort.
Ruhla in the 19th century
In 1802 the travel guide The Thuringian Forest was published in Leipzig - especially described for travelers by the authors of Hoff, KEA and CW Jacobs. This geographical description and the Rennsteig map created by Julius Plänckner in 1832 together with a paperback for travelers through the Thuringian Forest made it possible for the tourism that emerged during the Biedermeier period to get to know the Ruhla region in detail. With the Napoleonic Wars, the export of Ruhla cutlery to Great Britain, a main sales area and overseas, was prevented by the continental barrier. The resulting emergency led to the development of new fields of activity for the metalworking trade (for example oil lamps for household use and mining), metal fittings and small hardware increasingly added to the range of the Ruhla workshops.
At the end of the French occupation, fleeing French troops flooded the mountain passes of the Thuringian Forest. Many wounded and exhausted soldiers died in the emergency hospitals or along the way. The local population was justified in fear of the typhus epidemic, which broke out everywhere due to the unsanitary conditions along the escape route and also led to numerous civilian victims in Eisenach.
The Ruhla forest officials recognized the recultivation of the forests that had been decimated by mining and smelting as a fundamental task. In 1740, the first head forester in Ruhla was appointed to his position in the forester's house in der Ruhl. Prior to this, the state forest officials were given special attention to the care of the ducal hunting grounds; this receded with the rapidly growing shortage of wood. The later chief forestry adviser Gottlob König started his service in Ruhla in 1805, after a thorough inspection of the forests and the forestry people who were subordinate to him, he founded a forestry school, which from 1809 served as a forestry school. In the period that followed, logging was heavily regulated and reforestation, preferably with spruce, was carried out. To manage the steep slopes, 35 kilometers of forest roads were laid out or expanded (until 1899). The forest pasture was pushed back.
In the summer of 1845, the royal relatives of the Gotha ducal house, Prince Albert and Queen Victoria and the Belgian King Leopold visited the Grand Duchy of Saxony-Coburg-Gotha. A restored memorial stone at the Tanzbuche inn near Friedrichroda commemorates the great state hunt on August 30, 1845 in the forests around the Inselsberg, in which hunting assistants from Ruhla (GA) were also allowed to take part. In stark contrast to this event was the situation of the common people in the Thuringian states. After bad harvests and high prices in 1847, the first unrest broke out in the spring of 1848 . A dramatic development was also emerging in the neighboring village of Brotterode. Here, due to a lack of wood, the population was no longer able to secure the commercial production of their products. At the same time, prices and tariffs rose. The smuggling between the small states increased enormously.
When the German War broke out in the summer of 1866, the Austro-Prussian conflict was resolved by force of arms. Here, the small states of Thuringia faced each other in two camps through alliances they had entered into. There were battles near Langensalza and Mechterstädt and in the Thuringian Rhön, with Ruhla in the operational area of the warring parties. After the unification of the empire in 1870/71, an immense economic upswing set in, which was accompanied by numerous company foundations in Ruhla. Ruhla was connected to the railway network since 1880. In 1896 both districts were granted city rights.
Wartime
During the First and Second World Wars , a lot was manufactured in Ruhla for armaments. In the largest company in town, the watch and machine factory Gebrüder Thiel , more than 730 men and women as so-called Eastern workers as well as many prisoners of war from France and military internees from Italy had to do forced labor during World War II . The company received the honorary title from the then office for beauty of work : National Socialist model company . In the company C. & F. Schlothauer more than 1000, in another eight companies more than 550 forced laborers were used. Nineteen graves in the Trinitatis cemetery commemorate the victims, who included five women and six small children .
Although Ruhla with several armaments factories was to be classified as a strategic goal, the city was spared from bomber attacks , in contrast to the neighboring towns of Eisenach and Schweina . Airplanes shot down in aerial battles over the city resulted in some deaths and destruction. The nave of St. Trinitatis was destroyed under American artillery fire. The military situation at the beginning of April 1945 was characterized by a pincer attack by US motorized units on the West Thuringian area. From April 1st, the defensive lines along the Werra at Creuzburg and Vacha were overcome and the city of Eisenach and the Ruhla area were included with the thrust on Gotha and Breitungen. In this hopeless situation, the military, concentrated in the Wartburg city and in the forests of Mosbach, Unkeroda, Etterlösungen and around Eisenach and Ruhla, had to retreat under the orders of General Smilo Freiherr von Lüttwitz or were taken prisoner. Initially, most of the weapons and war material remained in the forests. In the 1950s, several residents of the region were sentenced to long prison terms by the GDR judiciary in show trials for possession of such weapons.
On April 6th, after the surrender negotiations were over, the Americans moved into Eisenach and the neighboring towns. For the few weeks of their occupation in Thuringia, the American military and the special forces had three main objectives: the basic security of supply and administration of the occupied area, the investigation and confiscation of all military, economic and scientific-technical secrets, important cultural goods, material assets and the recruitment and compulsory engagement of top researchers and technicians. For Ruhla, this particularly affected employees, patents and production documents of the Thiel company as a development and technology center for the precision engineering industry. On July 2, 1945, the Red Army took over the function of the occupying power in Thuringia in accordance with the contract .
Since Ruhla is somewhat hidden in the valley when viewed from the air and at that time had a terminal station, the Compiégne saloon car , the place where the armistice was signed between Germany and France, was hidden in Ruhla from the end of 1944 to March 1945 and was constantly guarded.
Ruhla in the Soviet Zone and GDR
After the occupation of Thuringia by the Soviet Military Administration of Thuringia (SMATH) under General Vasily Tschuikow , the Ruhla population, which largely consisted of factory workers and craftsmen, worried about the continued existence of their jobs. The armaments factories were supposed to be smashed according to the Four Power Agreement, which in the Soviet Zone usually meant dismantling and relocation to the Soviet Union. However, the Ruhla industrial operations were largely preserved. The search for Nazi functionaries and war criminals followed, as well as several waves of “purges”, particularly in the administration or in schools. Many residents settled in the western zones.
To improve medical care, the former Hotel Bellevue was designated as the Ruhla hospital in 1946 .
The compulsory administration and subordination of companies under Soviet administration and the expropriation of 45 large companies of former Nazi and war criminals in Thuringia, which was completed by March 1946, again affected leading industrial companies in Ruhla. The handicraft businesses were merged to form cooperatives and pressed into the system of planned economy. At the same time, the economic focus of regional planning was redefined, and mining in Ruhla was discontinued. The dissolution of the states associated with the regional administrative reform meant that Ruhla was allocated to the Erfurt district and the Eisenach district . The Rennsteig, the southern boundary of the district, became both the district and district boundary for Ruhla: the Bad Salzungen district and the Schmalkalden district in the Suhl district . As a further sign of the new era, important streets in the city were renamed, for example Karolinenstrasse, the street of German-Soviet friendship , Marienstrasse from 1952 Leninstrasse , Bahnhofstrasse became Stalinstrasse in 1953 ; when new roads were built, the names of communists and resistance fighters from the region were used.
With the isolation of the Soviet Zone, the worldwide sales network of the Ruhla industry collapsed, but Ruhla initially became one of the most important locations for watch production in the socialist economic area of Comecon .
With the division of Germany , private travel opportunities to the Federal Republic of Germany ended . Therefore, vacation opportunities had to be created in their own area, and the bungalow village with camping site Alte Ruhl and the company's own children's holiday camps were built in Ruhla . At the end of the 1960s, the development and expansion of the cooperatively managed residential areas Krümme in the south of the city and in Thal Am Rögis began . The state of preservation of private houses deteriorated. In 1969/1970 a HO- Kaufhalle was built in the city center (today a parking lot in Carl-Gareis-Straße). In 1970 the administration tower of the watch factory was built, it also contained doctors' offices and a small department store. Because of the poor picture quality caused by the valley location, Ruhla was given a TV filler station that was emphatically requested by the population , and it also enabled better reception of West German TV programs.
With the discontinuation of the Ruhla railway connection, bus traffic became of central importance and the former Ruhla train station became the central bus station. Around 5,000 working people commuted to Ruhla every day from a radius of around 30 kilometers.
From 1973 to 1977 a gymnasium for school and club sports was built in the Bermbachtal, in 1969 the sports field in the Mittelwiese had already been converted into a stadium and the vehicle electrician's house - a company holiday home of the VEB Kombinat Fahrzeugelektrik Ruhla (FER), was built on the neighboring Kirchberg .
The economic successes of the large companies VEB Uhrenwerke Ruhla and VEB Fahrzeugelektrik Ruhla made it possible to generate urgently needed foreign currency for the GDR economy. In the 1980s, the development of microelectronics brought about a change in technology in the watchmaking and automotive industries, which is why it became necessary to concentrate the economy on certain development areas. The centers of microelectronics development also included Ruhla with the new Seebach division.
After the turn
The urban area of Ruhla expanded in 1994 through the incorporation of the places Thal and Kittelsthal to 38.5 square kilometers. Ruhla has been a fulfilling community for Seebach since 2006 .
Since around 1995, old factory buildings have been demolished and the areas have been restructured for tourism. After the fall of the Wall, Ruhla changed from an industrial town to a tourist town, with numerous newly created parks (such as mini-a-thür ) and the redesign of the areas in the town center as well as the creation of new leisure activities (e.g. the Alexanderturmbahn summer toboggan run ).
Related Links
- Economic history of the city of Ruhla
- The legends “Der Schmied von Ruhla” and “Der Edelacker” in text and pictures
literature
- Paul Lehfeld: «Ruhla» . In: Georg Voss (Hrsg.): Architectural and art monuments of Thuringia. Grand Duchy of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach. District Court District Eisenach. The country places . Booklet XL. Publishing house by Gustav Fischer, Jena 1915.
- Paul Lehfeld: «Ruhla» . In: Georg Voss (Hrsg.): Architectural and art monuments of Thuringia. Duchy of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. Local court districts of Tenneberg, Thal and Wangenheim . Publishing house by Gustav Fischer, Jena 1891.
- Ruhla. In: Hans Patze , Peter Aufgebauer (Hrsg.): Handbook of the historical sites of Germany . Volume 9: Thuringia (= Kröner's pocket edition . Volume 313). 2nd, improved and supplemented edition. Kröner, Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-520-31302-2 , pp. L-LVI397, 364f.
- Alexander Ziegler : The Thuringian Forest Village Ruhla . Verlag Carl Höckner, Dresden 1867, p. 126 .
- «Ruhla» . In: Horst H. Müller (Hrsg.): Travel Guide Thuringian Forest and peripheral areas . Tourist Verlag, Berlin and Leipzig 1977, p. 559-563 .
- JGA Galetti : Utterodic dishes - «Ruhla» . In: History and description of the Duchy of Gotha . Third part. Carl Wilhelm Ettinger, Gotha 1780, p. 183-201 .
- Constantin Kronfeld: history of the country . In: Regional studies of the Grand Duchy of Saxony-Weimar-Eisenach . First part. Hermann Böhlau, Weimar 1878.
- Gerd Bergmann When was Ruhla divided? EP Report 2 - Heimatblätter des Eisenacher Land, Marburg 1992, ISBN 3-924269-94-7 , p. 41.
- Gerd Bergmann The Eisenacher Land and its changing dimensions over the years. EP report 2 Heimatblätter des Eisenacher Land, Marburg 1992, ISBN 3-924269-94-7 , pp. 60-64.
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b Lotar Köllner: Around Ruhla . Erfurt 1993, ISBN 3-7301-0968-5 , p. 9 ff.
- ^ Karl Peschel Ur- und Frühgeschichte In: Thüringer Wald und Randgebiet Berlin 1977. ISBN 3-350-00263-3 , p. 52.
- ↑ In: Ortschronik Sättelstädt vol. 2005.
- ↑ Volker Schimpf. The Heden places in Thuringia . S. 30, note 43. Online: http://cma.gbv.de/dr,cma,011,2008,a,02.pdf
- ↑ Jürgen Udolph: onenological studies on the German problem. Berlin / New York; P. 277 f.
- ↑ a b Bergmann, Gerd: The blacksmith of Ruhla . In: MFB Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Eisenach (ed.): StadtZeit. City journal with information from the Wartburg district. December issue. Druck- und Verlagshaus Frisch, Eisenach 1993, p. 17-20 .
- ↑ Lotar Köllner 830 years of blacksmith von Ruhla? - The origins of a legend and its diverse representation. In: EP-Report 2 Heimatblätter des Eisenacher Land ... Marburg 1992, ISBN 3-924269-94-7 , p. 51 f.
- ↑ a b Wilhelm Bickel Chronicle of Brotteroda Brotterode 1925, p. 27 ff.
- ↑ Lotar Köllner: came from the south male, welcomed Venice, and where they stayed, were ores on ... . In: EP Report 3. Heimatblätter '92. Marburg 1992, ISBN 3-924269-95-5 , pp. 112-114.
- ^ Wilhelm Bickel Chronicle of Brotteroda Brotterode 1925, p. 92.
- ^ Michael Antoni Lupnitz. Mark and wild spell of the Fulda monastery In: Fuldaer Geschichtsblätter. Journal of the Fulda History Association. Vol. 66 Fulda 1990. pp. 111-158.
- ^ Paul Lehfeld Building and Art Monuments of Thuringia, Issue 11, Duchy of Saxony-Coburg and Gotha. District Office Waltershausen. Local court districts of Tenneberg, Thal and Wangenheim. Jena 1891.
- ↑ a b Information board of the city administration.
- ↑ Gerd Bergmann When was Ruhla divided? EP Report 2 - Heimatblätter des Eisenacher Land, Marburg 1992, ISBN 3-924269-94-7 , p. 41.
- ^ Walter Hoppe: The mineral and medicinal waters of Thuringia (geology, chemistry, history, use) . In: Geologie, supplement 75. Berlin 1972. 183 pp.
- ↑ Lotar Köllner: From the ducal Weimar forest house… . In: EP Report 2. Heimatblätter '92. Marburg 1992, ISBN 3-924269-94-7 , pp. 80-83.
- ↑ Lotar Köllner: Memories of Bad Ruhla . In: EP Report 4. Heimatblätter '93. Marburg 1993 pp. 112-114. ISBN 3-924269-61-0 .
- ↑ Ruhla crafts and industrial history. Permanent exhibition in the rooms of the Ruhlaer Heimatmuseum.
- ↑ Stoetzer The Eisenacher Forste (Eisenach - Ruhla - Wilhelmsthal) - an economic picture. Eisenach 1900, p. 49.
- ^ P. Pumpkin 1848: The forest and the revolutionary demands. On the forest history of the Brotteroder Centwald in the Thuringian Forest. Brotterode no year
- ↑ Bickel. Chronicle of Brotteroda. Brotterode 1925, pp. 195-197.
- ↑ Hans Biallas, Th. Hupfauer, Heinrich Hoffmann, Erich Fischer: The National Socialist Model Companies 1937/38. Raumbild Verlag, Diessen am Ammersee, 1938.
- ↑ Thuringian Association of the Persecuted of the Nazi Regime - Association of Antifascists and Study Group of German Resistance 1933–1945 (Ed.): Heimatgeschichtlicher Wegweiser to places of resistance and persecution 1933–1945, series: Heimatgeschichtliche Wegweiser Volume 8 Thüringen, Erfurt 2003, ISBN 3- 88864-343-0 , p. 328.
- ^ Willy Schilling American booty policy in Thuringia In: Reinhard Jonscherer, Willy Schilling Small Thuringian history. Jena 2005, ISBN 3-910141-74-9 , pp. 266-268.
- ↑ Reinhold Brunner The end of the war. Eisenach in April 1945. Wartburgland history, No. 5 Eisenach 2005.
- ↑ History of the Compiégne saloon car
- ^ Thuringia after World War II In: Reinhard Jonscher, Willy Schilling Small Thuringian History Jena 2004, ISBN 3-910141-74-9 , p. 269.
- ↑ a b c d Lotar Köllner: The Ruhlaer streets and their history Ruhla 2004. P. 5–33.
- ^ Thuringia after the Second World War In: Reinhard Jonscher, Willy Schilling Small Thuringian History Jena 2004. P. 282 ISBN 3-910141-74-9 .