Halide Edib Adıvar

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Halide Edib Adıvar

Halide Edib Adıvar ( Ottoman خالده ادیب آدیوار İA Ḫālide Edīb Adıvar , in Turkish also Halide Onbaşı ; * 1884 in Istanbul ; † January 9, 1964 ibid) was a Turkish poet, revolutionary, officer, professor, parliamentarian and one of the most important Turkish writers of the 20th century. As Halide Onbaşı (Corporal Halide) she is also the symbolic figure for all women who were involved in the Turkish Liberation War .

Life

Early years

At a young age

Halide Edib came from a respected Istanbul family from Beşiktaş , who belonged to the environment of the Sultan's court. Her father Edib Bey was the first secretary of the imperial private treasury. Edib's mother, who died early, was the daughter of Ali Ağa, who was the head of the coffee makers ( Ḳahveci Başı  /قهوه جی باشی) was in Prince Reşad's palace . She was raised mainly by her grandmother and her half-sister Mahmure. The maids introduced her to the traditional way of life of a Muslim and Turkish woman and conveyed heroic stories from folk literature to her. She learned to read, write and recite the Koran from an imam . When she was 11, her father sent her to the American College for Girls for a year , where she learned English and, to the horror of the family, studied the Bible . Afterwards she received private lessons from an English tutor and several important Turkish scholars a. a. the philosopher Rıza Tevfik Bölükbaşı . In 1899 she went back to the American College for Girls and was the only Turkish student in the class. From 1900 she also received lessons from the well-known Turkish mathematician Salih Zeki . She graduated in 1901 and married Salih Zeki that same year. From this marriage their two sons were born. Between 1901 and 1908 she dealt intensively with the writings of William Shakespeare , Émile Zola and Ottoman chroniclers. At the same time she started a professional career as one of the first Turkish women; she became a teacher. Initially, she worked in teacher training. During the revolution of 1908 she was one of the first Turkish Muslims to speak at public rallies, a provocation for conservative Muslims at the time.

After the Constitutional Revolution

After the Constitutional Revolution in 1908, she became an “overnight” writer who called for immediate educational and social reforms. Her articles appeared in Ṭanın  /طانين, the medium of İttihat ve Terakki . After the unsuccessful counter-revolution in 1909 ( incident on March 31 ), she left the capital for fear for her life, first to Egypt , then to Great Britain . In her memoir, she says that she was very impressed by her visit to the British Parliament and also by the speech by Irish nationalist John Dillon and that Dillon's speech was one of the emotional moments that convinced her of the political ideology of nationalism .

In October 1909 she returned to Turkey and wrote her first novella Seviyye ṭālib  /سوييه طالب. In the novella, she described the constitutional revolution, the modernization of women and the counter-revolution of 1909 from her point of view. She became an employee of the teacher training college and, together with Nakiye Hanım, reformed its training plan and administration.

In 1910 Halide Edib Hanım divorced Salih Zeki. She immediately left after he announced that he had married a second woman. Soon after, she was fascinated by a new movement in the Ottoman Empire, the Turkism ( Türkçülük  /تركچلك), and wrote her important novella Yeñi Tūrān  /يكى توران. From 1911 she was active in the nationalist association Türk Ocağı , where she worked with numerous protagonists of the Constitutional Revolution, u. a. the writer and sociologist Ziya Gökalp , worked together. The German social democrat and journalist Friedrich Schrader , whom she probably met before 1901 through his work as a lecturer at Robert College , translated her novel “Yeni Turan” into German. The novel was published by Ernst Jäckh under the title "The New Turan - a Turkish Woman's Fate" in the "Deutsche Orientbücherei" in 1916. In the years before the First World War, Halide Edib was the prototype of the emancipated “new Turkish woman”. Schrader described her in the SPD theory magazine Die Neue Zeit as “the proven leader of the Turkish women's world”.

From 1913 Halide Edib became general inspector for the schools of the Evkaf (pious foundations). This gave her the opportunity to get to know the surrounding poor districts of Istanbul and their people. She made use of her impressions in her later short stories and novels. As a result, she and Nakiye Hanım participated in the activities of the women's club ( Teʿālī-yi Nisvān Cem Ciyyeti  /تعالي نسوان جمعيتى) for social welfare and nursing.

First World War

Halide Edib criticized the Turkish rulers, with whom she had private dealings, openly for the "deportation" of the Armenians, as she called the genocide . In the context of the massacres and deportations, according to private records of Talat Pasha, more than 12,000 Armenian children and orphans were forcibly turbed either in Muslim families or in orphanages. Halide Edib rejected the forced Islamization and Turkishization of Armenian children, but was persuaded, despite concerns, to take over the management of an orphanage in Ayntura, now Lebanese . In autumn 1916 she made sightseeing tours of all important educational institutions in the Syrian part of the Ottoman Empire on behalf of Cemal Pascha , the military leader in Syria. She returned to Istanbul and handed over her inspection reports. She then returned to Syria, administered schools and reformed the large orphanage in Ayntura. She managed the house from the summer of 1916 to 1917. According to her own statement, it was about alleviating the suffering of the children, which she described urgently in letters. Around 1,000 Armenian and some Kurdish children were forcibly turkized in the orphanage.

Role in the war of liberation

The figurehead of feminism in Turkey Halide Edib Adıvar (2VR) sat down with the beginning of the Turkish War of Liberation in particular through publications and public speeches for the termination of the occupation a.
Original description: “Turkish women at a demonstration, but not for women's rights, but for the independence and freedom of their fatherland. Photo of a political demonstration in 1922 directed against the occupying power (British and French). The women wear the Russian headscarf. " Istanbul 1922 (today Federal Archives Koblenz )

On April 23, 1917, Halide married Edib Adnan Adıvar , a scientist and senior member of İttihat ve Terakki . After finishing her education, she returned to Istanbul in March 1918. In the autumn of 1918, the First World War ended for Turkey with the Mudros armistice . Leading members of İttihat ve Terakki , who had lost the war for the country, fled abroad to evade the unionist trials and the death sentences imposed on them for their responsibility in the genocide of the Armenians . The parliament was dissolved, Italian troops besieged Antalya , Greek troops occupied Izmir on May 15, 1919 , which started the Greco-Turkish War . Resistance and guerrilla wars began in Anatolia. Halide Edib gave a moving speech at the great demonstration on May 23, 1919 against the siege of Anatolia in the Sultanahmet district in Istanbul. A bust commemorates her today.

The following week the British deported 55 intellectuals to Malta . Mustafa Kemal Pascha had meanwhile taken over the leadership of the resistance movement in Anatolia. At this point in time, the opinion was also expressed in Turkey that an armed resistance struggle was unnecessary and that the victorious powers might not want to divide Turkey up. Halide Edib took this view and supported a US mandate over Turkey as a proposed solution . She presented her proposed solution to Mustafa Kemal Pascha in a letter dated August 10, 1919. On Halide Edib's recommendation, Charles R. Crane sent American representatives to the Sivas Congress (September 1919) to report on Mustafa Kemal Pascha's position on a US mandate . The Sivas Congress discussed this issue, but at the end of the discussions, it definitely rejected the mandate. In the winter of 1919/1920 Halide Edib was in contact with the nationalists in Ankara and their supporters in Istanbul as well as with British and American functionaries and had several conversations with both sides. She ended her efforts when the British besieged Istanbul on March 16, 1920, raided Parliament and carried out several arrests and deportations to Malta. On March 18, 1920, the recently elected parliament that had adopted the Misak-ı Millî (the National Pact ) of the national movement adjourned its sessions.

Halide Edib left the capital with her husband to avoid their own safe arrest by the British and deportation to Malta. They first hid in a dervish monastery in Uskudar and then went to Ankara to join General Kemal Pasha's army. The Karakol organization organized the escape routes from Istanbul to Ankara. The escape routes were called Menzil Hattı / communication lines and were directed by Major Yenibahçeli Şükrü . An exact description of one of the escape routes is available from Halide Edib's work called Ordeal . In their case, the route led through the dervish monastery mentioned above in Üsküdar. After ten days they reached Geyve Terrain, which was subordinate to the national forces. On April 1, 1920, she and her husband arrived in Ankara. Halide Edib started working at headquarters. She followed the foreign press, translated news into English and French and wrote for the Ḥākimiyyet-i Milliye  /حاكميت مليه, the organ of the national movement. Halide Edib was soon one of the most important leaders of the national movement in Ankara. The opposition sultan's government in Istanbul sentenced seven leading figures in the national movement, including Mustafa Kemal and Halide Edib, to death on May 11, 1920.

After the first military victory of the Ankara government's troops over Greek troops ( First Inönü Battle ) on January 10, 1921, Halide Edib was busy with the mobilization of women in Ankara and with the reorganization of the Red Crescent . Before the next Greek attack in July 1921, Halide Edib went to Eskişehir , where she worked as a nurse for the Red Crescent until the city fell.

Halide Edib worked on the Western Front under İsmet Pascha, who later became İsmet İnönü . During the Battle of Sakarya (August - September 1921) she worked in the headquarters, where she became a corporal ( Onbaşı  /اونباشی) was appointed. The name Halide Onbaşı became a symbol for all women who were involved in the war of liberation. In December 1921 she went to the new headquarters in Akşehir and worked with the army in preparation for the great counter-offensive. In the decisive battle of Dumlupınar (August 1922) Halide Edib fought at the front. The Greek army withdrew after the August 30 defeat, burning cities and massacres of civilians during the retreat. Halide Edib, now a Sergeant Major , subsequently conducted an investigation with a group of journalists into the damage done by Greek troops from Izmir to Bursa and wrote the report on it. The Mudanya armistice (October 11, 1922) sealed the triumph of the national movement, the Ottoman Sultanate was abolished by the Ankara government, the Grand National Assembly . Halide Edib returned to Istanbul in November 1922 with her husband, who had now been appointed representative of the new Ankaran Foreign Ministry.

Voluntary exile in Europe

In October 1923 the Grand National Assembly of Turkey proclaimed the republic as the future form of government. Mustafa Kemal Pascha, who later became Mustafa Kemal Ataturk, became president, İsmet Pascha became the first prime minister.

President Mustafa Kemal soon proved to be a leader who was not prepared to compromise with the conservatives and liberals. This created a rift between him and most of his formerly close allies. The opposition, including Halide Edib and her husband Dr. Adnan, together with others founded the first opposition party of the republic called Terakkiperver Cumhuriyet Fırkası (ترقی پرور جمهوريت فرقه سی / 'Progressive Republican Party'). The Sheikh Said uprising in the east, led by a majority of Kurds in 1925, which was primarily directed against the abolition of the caliphate by Mustafa Kemal, was violently suppressed, after which the Progressive Republican Party was banned in June 1925. Halide Edib and Adnan Bey left Turkey before the attempted assassination attempt on Mustafa Kemal by former İttihat ve Terakki members on June 15, 1926. As a result, all leading members of the former Progressive Republican Party were accused of complicity and arrested. Halide Edib's husband, Adnan Bey, was convicted in absentia.

1924–1928 Halide Edib lived in Great Britain. Here she wrote her memorial work, Memoirs of Halidé Edib . She also wrote other short stories that were published as a series in Turkish daily newspapers. 1929-1939 she lived with a few interruptions in Paris, where her husband Adnan Bey worked as a Turkish lecturer at the École des Langues Orientales Vivantes . In 1929 she was in the USA, where she lectured at various American universities. In the academic year 1931/1932 Halide Edib was visiting professor at Columbia University . At the personal invitation of Mahatma Gandhi , she went to India in 1935 and taught the political and cultural history of Turkey and its current problems at the Jamia Millia Islamia University in Delhi . She then went on a lecture tour through the most important universities in India.

She then wrote her famous novella The Clown and his daughter in Paris , which she later translated into Turkish under the name Sinekli Bakkal . In August 1935, Halide Edib - who now had the surname Adıvar - entered Turkey again for the first time - she stayed briefly in Istanbul. She did not return to Turkey for good until March 1939. That was four months after Ataturk's death, whose attitudes she was still unforgiving.

Late years

In Turkey, the couple was highly decorated by the CHP as veterans of the revolutions of 1908 and 1923. Adnan Adıvar had been rehabilitated during the years of exile. Halide Edib Adıvar became professor of English literature and chair of the newly established English faculty at Istanbul University in December 1939 . Over the next ten years she worked with young researchers on new translations of Shakespeare . In the Turkish elections in May 1950 , she entered parliament as an independent candidate for Izmir. In January 1954 she retired from politics. Her husband died in 1955. Halide Edib Adıvar died on January 9, 1964 at the age of 80 in her apartment in Beyazıt / Istanbul.

Works

German translations
  • The New Turan. The fate of a Turkish woman . (Turkish. Yeni Turan. ) German 1916. Translated by Friedrich Schrader
  • The flame shirt. Übers. Heinrich Donn, 1924, 5th edition. Interterritorialer Verlag Renaissance, Vienna 1925
  • The shadow player's daughter . Manesse Verlag , 2008 ( Library of World Literature ), transl. (From the English first edition) Renate Orth-Guttmann, ISBN 978-3-7175-2164-8
  • My way through the fire. Memories Unionsverlag , Zurich 2010. Translated from Turkish and English: Ute Birgi-Knellesen
First version in English
  • Memoirs of Halidé Edib. 1926 insight . German so 2010
  • The Turkish Ordeal. 1928
  • Turkey Faces West. 1930
  • Conflict of East and West in Turkey. 1935
  • The clown and his daughter. 1935, translation into Turkish by the author: Sinekli Bakkal. 1936, frequent new editions.
  • Inside India. 1937
Turkish first version

Novels

  • Heyulâ (1909).
  • Raik'in Annesi (1909).
  • Seviye Talip (1910).
  • Handan (1912).
  • Son Eseri (1913)
  • Yeni Turan (1913)
  • Mevut Hükümler (1918).
  • Ateşten Gömlek (1922). English The Shirt of Flame. 1924, translated by the author. German barrel so
  • Çıkan Kuri (1922).
  • Kalp Ağrısı (1924).
  • Vurun Kahpeye (1926).
  • Zeyno'nun Oğlu (1928).
  • Sinekli Bakkal (1936).
  • Yolpalas Cinayeti (1937).
  • Tatarcık (1938).
  • Sonsuz Panayır (1946).
  • Doner Ayna (1954).
  • Akile Hanım Sokağı (1958).
  • Kerim Usta'nın Oğlu (1958).
  • Sevda Sokağı Komedyası (1959).
  • Çaresaz (1961).
  • Hayat Parçaları (1963).

Short stories

  • Harap Mabetler (1911)
  • Dağa Çıkan Kurt (1922)
  • İzmir'den Bursa'ya (1963)
  • Kubbede Kalan Hoş Seda (1974)

Plays

  • Kenan Çobanları (1916)
  • Mask ve Ruh (1945)

literature

  • Friedrich Schrader : The Young Turkish Lausanne Program. In: Die Neue Zeit (Ed .: SPD ), 1920, Volume 38, Volume 2, pp. 6–11, 31–35.
  • Pogrom. Journal for Threatened Peoples : Special edition for April 24, 1915. In it: Armenians 1915: persecution, expulsion, extermination. 1980, ISSN  0720-5058 , p. 14.
  • Renate Kreile: Halide Edib Adıvar. Essay. In: Udo Steinbach (Ed.): Country Report Turkey. Federal Agency for Civic Education (BpB), Bonn 2012, ISBN 978-3-8389-0282-1 , pp. 318-320.
  • Nilüfer Göle : Republic and Veil. Muslim woman in modern Turkey. Translator Pia Angela Lorenzi. Babel, Fuchstal 1995.
  • Hülya Adak, Ayşe Gül Altınay: At the crossroads of gender and ethnicity. Moving beyond the "imaginaire national". In: New Perspectives on Turkey , No. 42, Second Hrant Dink Memorial Workshop. Homer Books, Spring 2010, ISSN  1305-3299 , pp. 9-30.
  • Hülya Adak: Beyond the catastrophic divide. Walking with Halide Edib, the Turkish “ Jeanne d'Arc ”, through the ambiguous terrains of World War I. In: Claudia Ulbrich , Hans Medick and Angelika Schaser (eds.): Selbstzeugnis und Person. Transcultural Perspectives. Böhlau Verlag, Cologne / Weimar / Vienna 2012, ISBN 978-3-412-20853-0 , pp. 357–379 (published in Turkish under the title Birinci Dünya Savaşı'nın “Matem Yasağına” veda: “Türk Jeanne d'Arc ”'I Halide Edib ile büyük kırılmanın ötesindeki belirsiz topraklara yolculuk in the anthology Dünya Edebiyatı Deyince. Ed .: Osman Deniztekin, Efe Çakmak, Varlık Yayınları, İstanbul 2009, pp. 93–135).
  • Hülya Adak: National myths and self-na (rra) tions: Mustafa Kemal's “Nutuk” and Halide Edib's “Memoirs” and “The Turkish Ordeal”. In: South Atlantic Quaterly , Volume 102, Issue 2/3 (2003), pp. 509-527.
  • Petr Kučera: Westernization, Narration, and Gender: Halide Edib and Turkish Modernism. In: Archiv orientální , Volume 73, Issue 2 (2005), pp. 235–244.

Web links

Commons : Halide Edib Adıvar  - collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Fahir İz: Kh ālide Edīb. In: The Encyclopaedia of Islam. New Edition . Volume 4, Brill, Leiden, pp. 933-936.
  2. ↑ Halide Edib Adıvar: Memoirs of Halidé Edib , p. 293
  3. ↑ Rehan Nişanyan: Early years of the Young Turk revolution (1908–1912) as reflected in the life and works of Halide Edib mcgill.ca (PDF)
  4. ^ Friedrich Schrader: The Young Turkish Lausanne Program . In: Die Neue Zeit , Vol. 38, 1920, Volume 2, pp. 6-11, 31-35
  5. ↑ Ayşe Hür: 1915'ten 2007'ye Ermeni yetimleri
  6. ↑ Renate Kreile: Halide Edib Adıvar . In: Udo Steinbach (Ed.): Country Report Turkey . Bonn 2012, p. 319.
  7. ^ Raymond Kévorkian : Le Génocide des Arméniens . Paris 2006, p. 835
  8. ↑ A translation of the judgment in: Taner Akçam: Armenia and the genocide. The Istanbul Trials and the Turkish National Movement. 2nd Edition. Hamburg 2004, pp. 353-364. See also the English version
  9. ↑ Boris Barth: Genocide. Genocide in the 20th Century. History, theories, controversies. Munich: Verlag CH Beck, 2006, pp. 73-75
  10. ↑ Photo of the bust of Halide Edib
  11. ↑ Photo during her speech at the big demonstration in Istanbul on May 23, 1919  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.@1@ 2Template: Dead Link / www.halideedipadivar.com  
  12. ^ Erik Jan Zürcher: The Unionist Factor: The Role of the Committee of Union and Progress in the Turkish National Movement 1905–1926 Brill Academic Publishers, 1997 ISBN 978-90-04-07262-6 , page 82 f.
  13. ↑ Lord Kinross: Ataturk . London 1971, p. 318
  14. ^ Website of the Jamia Millia Islamia
  15. ^ David Eggenberger: Halide Edib in Encyclopedia of world biography . 20th century supplement.
  16. ↑ Beatrix Caner: Turkish literature . ( Memento of the original from September 28, 2007 in the Internet Archive ; PDF; 158 kB) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. P. 3 @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.literaturca.de
  17. ↑ Spelling of the author's name: Chalide Edib
  18. ↑ Review: Christiane Schlötzer, The beguiling tone of the Koran: Freedom to Happiness: Halide Edib Adivar's rediscovered Istanbul novel "The Shadow Player's Daughter", Süddeutsche Zeitung February 20, 2009; as well as pearl divers . SZ
  19. ↑ The novel takes place in the period between the rule of Sultan Abdülhamid II and the Young Turkish Revolution in 1908 and deals with the conflict between Westernization and traditionalism. German barrel. 2008 see above
personal data
SURNAME Adivar, Halide Edib
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Halide Edib
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Turkish poet, revolutionary and writer
DATE OF BIRTH 1884
PLACE OF BIRTH Istanbul
DATE OF DEATH January 9, 1964
Place of death Istanbul