Hans painter of Schwaz

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Hans Maler zu Schwaz alias Johannes Maler zu Schwaz (* probably 1480/88 in Ulm ; † 1526/29 in Schwaz ) was a German portrait painter.

Live and act

Hans Maler is a contemporary of Albrecht Dürer . His training is suspected in the workshop of the Ulm School of Bartholomew Zeitblom . He was mainly active in Schwaz, Austria , 33 km east of Innsbruck . Bernhard Strigel probably took him to Tyrol with his workshop. The flourishing silver city of Schwaz offered painters the right environment for their work.

Painter created numerous portraits, but sacred pictorial themes are also part of his oeuvre . It was the first time in 1510 in a document as a portrait painter of two works of Mary of Burgundy mentioned that he commissioned by Maximilian I had made. His clients were the Habsburg court in Innsbruck and Schwaz merchants , especially the Fuggers . He later portrayed Ferdinand I at least three times and Anna of Bohemia and Hungary four times .

Three different portrait versions have been handed down by Anton Fugger. Painter's picture Sigmund von Dietrichstein (* 1480), a favorite of Emperor Maximilian, is considered the oldest of his traditional portraits. It was probably made around 1517. The last work is Matthäus Schwarz (1497–1574; ennobled by Emperor Karl V in 1541), the financial director of the Fugger in Augsburg , from 1526. Painter depicts him playing with a lute . This depiction of action is unique among the traditional works. The works convey the contemporary use of art. The lute attribute clarifies the humanistic education of the portrayed.

Research process

After the painter's death, the artist was forgotten. His works were attributed to other artists or were considered anonymous. Research into his work did not begin until the end of the 19th century.

The art historian Ludwig Scheibler discovered the handwriting of this artist in 1887 and found out that Maler should not be confused with the father of Lucas Cranach the Elder , who was also called Hans Maler and lived around the same time. On the basis of his research, Scheibler was not only able to prove the spatial distance between the two artists, but above all was able to clearly assign the much more important works by the Ulm and later Tyrolean Hans Maler to him. Robert Vischer, who researched the same subject independently of Scheibler, came to similar results . The Austrian art historian Stefan Krause clearly lists the corresponding evidence by Scheibler and Vischer in his doctoral thesis on " The portraits of Hans Maler - studies on the early modern class portrait " from 2008.

Theodor Frimmel localized painter for the first time in 1891 and later, in 1895/97, Max Jakob Friedländer characterized his oeuvre. Around 1929, around 26 portraits were in public and private ownership in Berlin , Munich , Vienna , Augsburg , Weimar , Wörlitz , Darmstadt , Ravensburg , London , New York City , Paris , Rotterdam , Bordeaux , Rome , Rovereto and Rovigo . In 1905 the art historian Gustav Glück succeeded in identifying the artist's name based on the signature on the back of the portrait Anton Fugger , 1524: HANS MALER VON ULM MALER ZVO SCHWATZ . A year later, Glück published the only traditional document, a letter from Hans Maler to Queen Anna, who had commissioned ten portraits from him.

In his dissertation on portrait research on Hans Maler in 2008, Stefan Krause provided evidence of 40 portraits that are in Europe and the USA .

signature

Hans Maler signed four of his traditional works. His signatures are: HM MZS Hans Maler Maler zu Schwaz, HM and HANS MALER VON ULM MALER ZVU SCHWAZ .

style

His works illustrate the contemporary portrait style. Hans Daucher's (around 1485–1538) medallion depiction of a profile portrait with a bust base became a popular model. Hans Maler zu Schwaz used this type in 1520 for his portrait of Anna Regina . The painter also used the portrait type of the state portrait created by Albrecht Dürer in 1519 in his pictures of Emperor Maximilian I and Jakob Fugger . This is made clear by his pictures Anton Fugger and Anna Jagiellonica . The dignity of what is depicted is made clear by a reproduction that focuses on the essentials.

In his self-portrait from 1498, painter chose a similar sitting position and posture, but mirrored and in front of a view of a landscape. The pictorial works of the painter also provide an insight into the history of costumes , based on the dress code, the RPO ( Reich Police Code ), which was drawn up in 1497 and approved in 1530 . Emperor Maximilian I used the portraits for propaganda purposes. The court portrait testifies to individualization and idealization. Maler's pictures reflected his appearance and were honored like his person. The physiognomies were also shown according to the status.

The portraits are mostly bust portraits / chest portraits or shoulder boards and half-length portraits with a neutral polychrome background that brightens towards the bottom. Hans Maler is stylistically related to Bernhard Strigel. His works are characterized by a wealth of details and a linear style of painting. A profile portrait is traditional, otherwise it is usually shown in a half profile.

reception

His bust portrait of a 33-year-old man without a beard from 1521 adorned the mirror image of the 500 DM note of the third series. If it depicts his self-portrait, then Hans Maler was born in 1488.

Works (selection)

Portraits

  • Matthew Black

  • Portrait of Anna of Bohemia and Hungary

  • Anna Jagiellonica

  • Archduke Ferdinand

  • Beardless man, inscription: .ALS MAN. 1521. ZALT. WHAT I. 33. IAR ALT.

  • Anton Fugger

  • Anton Fugger. Ann .: 1526 ascension to count, Paris

Sacred works

Painting for the Apostle Altar of the Franciscan Church ( consecrated 1515 ) in Schwaz:

literature

Web links

Commons : Hans Maler  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual proof

  1. ↑ In the Middle Ages, the surname often resulted from the profession and / or the place of activity; The name Cranach is a spelling variant after the main place of activity, Kronach, whereas the father of Lukas Cranach the Elder, Hans Maler, was named after his activity. Sources: Hans-Thorald Michaelis : Familienkunde im Geschichtsunterricht , Familie und Volk, 1955, pp. 201–217 and Konrad Kunze : First names and surnames in the German-speaking area , Munich, DTV, 2004. This means that Hans Maler zu Schwaz is not originally like that were called, but it was also called first after its activity and later also after its main place of activity.
personal data
SURNAME Painter to Schwaz, Hans
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Painter to Schwaz, Johannes
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German-Austrian painter of the Renaissance
DATE OF BIRTH 15th century
PLACE OF BIRTH Ulm
DATE OF DEATH around 1526
Place of death black