Hayao Miyazaki

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Hayao Miyazaki (2012)

Hayao Miyazaki ( Japanese 宮崎駿 Miyazaki Hayao , * 5. January 1941 in Tokyo ) is a Japanese anime - director , screenwriter , artist , graphic designer , manga artist and film producer . Studio Ghibli , founded by him and Isao Takahata in 1985, is known worldwide and is the career springboard for several other anime artists. In 2003 he was awarded the Oscar for his film Spirited Away ; his filmsHowl's Moving Castle (2004) and How the Wind Rises (2013) were nominated for an Oscar.

biography

Not far from Studio Ghibli in Koganei has been Miyazaki's private Atelier Butaya (豚 屋; German for "pig house") since 1998

Hayao Miyazaki was born on January 5, 1941 as the second child of the aircraft operator Katsuji Miyazaki (1915-1993) in Tokyo. To avoid the US bombing, his family moved to the city of Utsunomiya , 100 km north of Tokyo, where he grew up. After finishing school, he studied political science and economics for four years before joining the production company Studio Toei in 1963 . There he began his career as a draftsman for various animated films / series, including he worked on the television implementation of the animated series Heidi (1974). At Toei he met his future business partner Isao Takahata , with whom he founded the Ghibli Studios after several studio changes .

In 1979 Hayao Miyazaki made The Castle of Cagliostro, his first feature film as an auteur filmmaker. In 1982 he started his biggest project to date with the manga Nausicaä from the Valley of the Winds , a story in which a young princess struggles to survive in an inhospitable world. Like the screen adaptation Nausicaä from the Valley of the Wind , which was made two years later , it became a commercial success and earned it international recognition. This enabled him to found Studio Ghibli , in which he produced his films from now on, but which also published films by other talented artists. In addition to short films, he produced seven feature film projects for the Ghibli Studios, which made him one of the most important exponents of Japanese animation.

After the production of Princess Mononoke as the most successful Japanese film of all time at the time in 1997, Miyazaki initially resigned as a director in order to make room for younger talent. However, he returned and created the film Spirited Away in 2001, among other things , which set new sales records and became the world's most award-winning cartoon (including Golden Bear 2002 , Oscar 2003 ).

Miyazaki's next film, Howl's Moving Castle , was released in 2004 and has also won multiple awards; A dubbed version was launched in August 2005 in German-speaking countries. The next project was the film Ponyo - The Great Adventure by the Sea , which was released in Japanese cinemas in July 2008 and already had over 1.2 million visitors on the opening weekend. In 2008 the film received an invitation to compete at the 65th Venice Film Festival . On September 1, 2013, on the occasion of the screening of his latest film How the Wind Rises at the 70th Venice Film Festival, it was announced that Miyazaki was retiring. In October 2016, rumors increased that Miyazaki was still planning a new full-length animated film. In October 2017, he confirmed these rumors and announced that this feature film based on the 1937 children's book Kimitachi Wa Dō Ikiruka (君 た ち は ど う 生 き る か; dt. About "How will you live?") By Genzaburō Yoshino (1899-1981) will have the same title as the book and the production time is set at three to four years. In December of that year, Toshio Suzuki also stated that the plot of the film will differ significantly from that of the novel and that it will be a fantasy and action film .

Hayao Miyazaki has been married to the animator Akemi Ōta since 1965 and has two sons, Gorō and Keisuke.

Recurring themes and motifs

Miyazaki's works have a number of recurring themes and motifs. The complex and independent girls and women characters determine all of his works. The portrayal of women in Miyazaki's films differs noticeably from that in other animated films, both Japanese and international. His heroines serve the entire spectrum of human personality and mostly take the lead role (e.g. in Nausicaä from the Valley of the Winds , My Neighbor Totoro , Kiki's small delivery service , Princess Mononoke , Spirited Away , Ponyo - The great adventure by the sea and Arrietty - The wondrous world of borrowers ). They take on physically superior leadership roles such as Nausicaä as regent of their people in an inhospitable world or the wolf girl San in Princess Monoke, who the audience gets to know when she sucks a bullet from the shoulder of one of her companions, an oversized wolf demon, covered in blood. Women also often take on traditional male jobs, like 17-year-old Fio in Porco Rosso , who, as an ingenious aircraft designer in a fictional Italy at the time of the Depression between the two world wars, saved her family economically and later took over the aircraft factory. The often ambivalent antagonists of the stories are also conspicuously often occupied by female characters. In Princess Mononoke, the nature-destroying ironworks is run by Lady Eboshi as an aggressive counterpoint to San's world of nature demons. The exclusively female workers of the ironworks are former prostitutes who find liberation and redemption from their previous existence as prostitutes in the ultra-hard work of the ironworks. In Nausicaä of the Valley of the Winds , the opposing nation, with whom Nauscaä's people are at war, is led by a tough and relentless one-armed queen. The range of female roles is not limited to traditionally male role models. Heroines, more in line with the traditional image of women, also have their place and in this form often appear as rescuers. Just like the gentle and humble Sophie, who, as the cleaning lady in The Moving Castle, frees the talented and vain magician and lord of the castle Howl from his inner and outer demons. Remarkably, their romantic love develops when Sophie is trapped in her alter ego as a grizzled and crooked grandmother and not as the beautiful, young woman she actually is. Miyazaki constantly plays with the classic gender roles and stereotypes and allows his female and male characters the full range of human existence. With this depiction of independent heroines, which is completely untypical, especially for animated films, Miyazaki is considered a pioneer who paved the way for independent Disney heroines such as Brave or Elsa in Frozen or Pixar's Everything Is Headed .

Another theme in Miyazaki's films is the confrontation of traditional culture on the one hand, technological modernity and the destruction of nature on the other. In 1997, Miyazaki stated in an interview: "I have come to a point where I simply cannot make a film anymore without addressing the problem of humanity as part of an ecosystem." Miyazaki used both Japanese ( Princess Mononoke , Chihiros Reise im Zauberland ) like European settings chosen as the background ( The Castle in Heaven , Porco Rosso ). The film The Moving Castle (2004), for example, takes place in a romantic German or Alsatian half-timbered town in the age of industrialization. The romantic setting, based on Colmar , is destroyed when the city is bombed from the air. The drastic images of the burning city call into question the achievements of modernity ( industrialization , nationalism and militarism ). A similar theme plays a major role in Princess Mononoke. Here a forest inhabited by mythical animals falls victim to the need for wood or charcoal in an ironworks. Modern technology is confronted with mythical or magical figures and forces from traditional tradition. As heroes in Miyazaki's films, children or young adults often play a mediating role between these two poles.

A recurring motif in Miyazaki's films are fantastic flying machines and airships. The heroines and heroes often have a deep fascination for air machines and flying. This ranges from films that are explicitly about flying and aircraft construction, such as B. Porco Rosso or How the Wind Rises . In other films like The Castle in Heaven or Kiki's Delivery Service , flying is a central element of the story.

Role models and influences

Early memories from the Second World War can be found in Miyazaki's work: the fires caused by incendiary bombs at night can be found in Nausicaä , a house from which the family fled, in My Neighbor Totoro and Spirited Away . Miyazaki's first role models were Osamu Tezuka , Yamakawa Sōji and Fukushima Tetsuji Mangaka, so he wanted to take up this profession even before he became an animator. His early work, still drawn as an amateur comics, was strongly influenced by Tezuka's style, but he destroyed it in order to break away from it. Yamakawa's Shōnen Oja and Fukushima's Sabaku no Maō shaped him for a long time. Later he was also influenced by the French comic artist Jean Giraud alias Mœbius.

Juri Norstein , Taiji Yabushita and Kazuhiko Okabe are among the animation artists who are particularly valued by Miyazaki . Tale of a White Snake , a collaboration between the latter two, was what he called the film that made him decide to try his hand at being an animator. In narrative terms, he adores Lewis Carroll , Antoine de Saint-Exupéry , Ursula K. Le Guin and Pjotr ​​Pawlowitsch Jerschow, among others . The illustrations from Andrew Lang's fairy tale collections and the Russian painter Isaak Levitan also had an influence on him, the latter specifically with regard to the clouds and light conditions in How the Wind Rises. Helen McCarthy also sees parallels to Flemish painting and Paul Klee .

Miyazaki as a manga artist

Miyazaki at San Diego Comic-Con International in July 2009

Miyazaki's first professional manga was a commercial in 1969 for the anime film Perix the Hangover and the Three Mouse Keteers , in which he was involved. This appeared in 12 chapters between January and March 1969 in the Sunday editions of the Chūnichi Shimbun and Tōkyō Shimbun newspapers . Under the pseudonym Saburō Akitsu (秋 津 三 朗) he drew with Sabaku no Tami (砂 漠 の 民, "the desert people") his first own series, published in 26 chapters from September 12, 1969 to March 15, 1970 in the Shōnen Shōjo Shimbun became, a youth newspaper affiliated with the Japanese Communist Party . He then drew another adaptation, this time for the film Treasure Island , which appeared in 13 parts between January and March 1971 in the Chūnichi and Tōkyō Shimbun.

Probably the best-known work is Nausicaä from the Valley of the Winds , on which he worked from 1982 to 1994 and which also served as a template for the anime of the same name. His manga Kaze Tachinu , which was published in a model making magazine in 2009, was also an anime in 2013.

Filmography (selection)

Until the 1980s, Miyazaki's films were heavily revised, especially in the USA and France, with the cuts and dialog changes being so extensive that the original plot was completely distorted. As a result, after Nausicaä , the Studio Ghibli initially no longer granted any rights for publications in the West.

It was only when Studio Ghibli signed a distribution agreement with the Disney group in 1996 ("Tokuma deal"), under which any kind of change to the original footage is expressly excluded for cinema and commercial releases, were Miyazaki's films released again in the West and professionally marketed.

Princess Mononoke was the first Miyazaki film to be released uncut in Germany. The distribution rights for Germany are currently held by the RTL Group subsidiary Universum Film GmbH , which is now preparing to deal with the backlog. Since 2005, the works of Studio Ghiblis have been released on DVD every two months. Laputa: Castle in the Sky was released in German cinemas 20 years after its release in Japan as Das Schloss im Himmel .

A Studio Ghibli production, The Chronicles of Earth Sea (2006), was directed by Miyazaki's son Gorō and was created without the involvement of Hayao Miyazaki.

As a director and screenwriter

As a screenwriter

As a producer

Direction and script for short films

  • 1992: Sora Iro no Tane - TV commercial, 90 seconds, for the Japanese television station Nippon TV . Based on a children's book by Reiko Nakagawa and Yuriko Omura
  • 1992: Nandarou - Series of five TV spots, 15 and 5 seconds respectively, for Nippon TV . A character from the spots became the station's official mascot.
  • 1995: On Your Mark - music video for Japanese pop duo Chage and Aska
  • 2001: Kujira Tori - short film for the Ghibli Museum
  • 2002: Mei to Konekobasu - short film for the Ghibli Museum
  • 2002: Kūsō no Sora Tobu Kikaitachi - short film for the Ghibli Museum
  • 2006: Mizugumo Monmon - short film for the Ghibli Museum
  • 2017: Kemushi no Boro - short film for the Ghibli Museum

As a draftsman

  • 1971: Treasure Island (動物 宝島 Dōbutsu Takarajima ) - 78 min based
    on the novel by Robert Louis Stevenson , directed by Hiroshi Ikeda
    as key animator and story consultant
  • 1974: Heidi (ア ル プ ス の 少女 ハ イ ジ Arupusu no Shōjo Haiji ) - 52-part television series - as a scene designer and screen layouter
  • 1976: Marco (Haha o Tazunete Sanzenri) - 52-part television series - as animator , scene designer and layout artist
  • 1979: Anne with the red hair (赤 毛 の ア ン Akage no An ) - 50-part television series - as scene designer and layout artist for episodes 1–15

As an animator

  • 1969: Perix the cat and the 3 mouse keteers (BRD award title) or The Puss in Boots (GDR award title) (長靴 を は い た 猫 Nagagutsu o Haita Neko ) - 80 minutes based
    on the French version of the fairy tale The Puss in Boots by Charles Perrault , Directed by Kimio Yabuki
    as Key Animator
  • 1975: Niklaas, a boy from Flanders (Furandāsu no Inu) - 52-part television series - as animator for episode 15

Bibliography (selection)

International awards (selection)

Films in the top 250 of the IMDb
place Movie
23 Spirited Away
69 Princess Mononoke
141 Howl's Moving Castle
149 My neighbor Totoro
220 Nausicaä from the Valley of the Winds

literature

  • Alessandro Bencivenni: Hayao Miyazaki. Il dio dell'anime. Le Mani, Recco (Genova) 2003, ISBN 88-8012-251-7 (Italian).
  • Dani Cavallaro: The Animé Art of Hayao Miyazaki. McFarland & Co., Jefferson NC, et al. 2006, ISBN 0-7864-2369-2 (English).
  • Peter M. Gaschler: Start all over again. Hayao Miyazaki, master of anime. In: Sascha Mamczak , Wolfgang Jeschke (Hrsg.): Das Science Fiction Jahr 2009 (= Heyne books 06, Heyne Science-Fiction & Fantasy. Volume 52554). Heyne, Munich 2009, ISBN 978-3-453-52554-2 , pp. 1025-1039.
  • Martin Kölling: Japan's Walt Disney. Hayao Miyazaki is the Oscar-winning old master of animation. But the digital revolution is changing his profession dramatically. In: Handelsblatt, July 16, 2015, pp. 22–23.
  • Helen McCarthy: Hayao Miyazaki. Master of Japanese Animation. Stone Bridge Press, Berkeley CA 1999, ISBN 1-880656-41-8 (Revised edition. Ibid. 2002), (English).
  • Hayao Miyazaki: Starting Point. 1979-1996. 2nd printing. VIZ Media, San Francisco CA 2009, ISBN 978-1-4215-0594-7 (English).
  • Julia Nieder: The films by Hayao Miyazaki. Schüren Presseverlag, Marburg 2006, ISBN 3-89472-447-1 (German).

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Anime News Network on the success of Gake no ue no Ponyo
  2. ^ Nick Vivarelli: Venice Film Festival announces Slate. 'Burn After Reading,' 'Hurt Locker' top lineup. (No longer available online.) Variety , July 29, 2008, archived from the original on June 18, 2009 ; accessed on August 4, 2014 .
  3. ↑ Miyazaki says goodbye to the film. In: sueddeutsche.de. September 2, 2013, accessed March 13, 2018 .
  4. ↑ asienspiegel.ch
  5. ^ Ghibli Producer: "No Greenlight for Miyazaki's New Feature Film Yet" . In: Crunchyroll . March 4, 2017 ( crunchyroll.com [accessed March 5, 2017]).
  6. ↑ Ghibli reveals the genre of Hayao Miyazaki's next anime. In: Japan Today . December 2, 2017, accessed December 8, 2017 .
  7. ↑ Gabrielle Bellot: What Hayao Miyazaki's Films Taught Me About Being a Woman. October 19, 2016, accessed August 15, 2020 (American English).
  8. ↑ Derrick Recca: Hayao Miyazaki and Studio Ghibli: Reimagining the Portrayal of Women in Japanese Anime . ( academia.edu [accessed August 15, 2020]).
  9. ↑ Ella Alex, er: Why Studio Ghibli might just be the most feminist film franchise of all time. February 5, 2020, accessed August 15, 2020 (UK English).
  10. ↑ Julia Nieder: The Films by Hayao Miyazaki. Marburg 2006, pp. 121-122. See also: Takashi Oshiguchi: Hayao Miyazaki - interviewed by Takashi Oshigichi. (1993). In: Trish Ledoux (Ed.): Anime Interviews. The First Five Years of Animerica, Anime & Manga Monthly (1992-1997). Cadence Books, San Francisco CA 1997, ISBN 1-56931-220-6 , p. 33. In the same vein: Helen McCarthy: Hayao Miyazaki. Master of Japanese Animation. Berkeley 2002, p. 101 ff.
  11. ^ Analysis. Digitization Zooms in on Japan's Film Industry. In: Asia Pulse. May 16, 1997, ISSN  0739-0548 .
  12. ^ Karl R. Kegler: Godzilla meets Poelzig. European backdrops, copies and collages in the fantastic film of Japan. In: archimaera. Issue 2, 2009, ISSN  1865-7001 .
  13. ↑ Helen McCarthy: Hayao Miyazaki. Master of Japanese Animation. Berkeley 2002, p. 157 f., P. 199.
  14. ↑ Julia Nieder: The Films by Hayao Miyazaki. Marburg 2006, pp. 119-121.
  15. ↑ Helen McCarthy: Hayao Miyazaki. Master of Japanese Animation. Berkeley 2002, p. 157 f., P. 160.
  16. ^ A b c Helen McCarthy: Drawing on the Past . In: Sight & Sound . Volume 24, No. 6 . BFI , June 2014, ISSN  0037-4806 , p. 26 f .
  17. ↑ Comic Box'82年 11 ･ 12 月 号 Comic Box'83年 2 ･ 3 月 号. (No longer available online.) Mandarake, February 14, 2008, archived from the original on July 26, 2014 ; Retrieved February 2, 2015 (Japanese). Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.mandarake.co.jp
  18. ↑ The Top 250 of the IMDb (as of February 12, 2018)
  19. ↑ Hayao Miyazaki Receives Japanese Cultural Merit Honor. Anime News Network, October 30, 2012 (English)
  20. ↑ science fiction awards database - Hayao Miyazaki. Retrieved November 24, 2017 .
  21. ↑ asienspiegel.ch

literature

  • S. Noma (Ed.): Miyazaki Hayo . In: Japan. An Illustrated Encyclopedia. Kodansha, 1993. ISBN 4-06-205938-X , p. 990.

Web links

Commons : Hayao Miyazaki  - collection of images, videos and audio files
personal data
SURNAME Miyazaki, Hayao
ALTERNATIVE NAMES 宮崎駿 (Japanese)
SHORT DESCRIPTION Japanese cartoon film director
DATE OF BIRTH January 5, 1941
PLACE OF BIRTH Tokyo