Heilig-Geist-Spital (Markgröningen)

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The hospital complex, which was still complete before 1801: the fruit box on the left , behind the semicircle of Roßstall, westwork and benefice house you can see the church roof, tower and raised choir. Behind it protrudes the double-towered St. Bartholomew's Church . In front of the city wall, the hipped roof of the Leonhard Chapel for the "sick" can be seen.
Building complex of the Heilig-Geist-Spital before the second wave of demolitions (1967)
Hospital grounds around 1830: parts that were lost after 1800 have been reconstructed. The city and former castle walls bear witness to the city expansion that began here (13th century).

The Heilig-Geist-Spital in Grüningen , today Markgröningen in the Baden-Württemberg district of Ludwigsburg , was founded in the 13th century by brothers of the Holy Spirit Order , and the hospital church was consecrated in 1297. The body responsible for the sick and poor care hospital developed into a monastic complex with rich land. After the Reformation (1534) the hospital was secularized in installments and in 1552 came into the care of the city. In 1801 the city had the dilapidated nave demolished. In 1954 she gave the relics of the hospital church to the newly arrived Catholics, which after the renovation was supplemented by an extension, consecrated again in 1957 and upgraded in 1982 with a new building.

history

founding

A hospital for the poor, orphans and the elderly, nursing the sick and accommodating pilgrims was an essential part of the inventory of a medieval town . For example, the Grüninger Heilig-Geist-Spital was set up soon after the town was raised by the Staufers, presumably by the Memminger or Wimpfen brothers of the Holy Spirit Order , who adhered to the rules of St. Augustine . The full name was "Hospital House of the Order of the Holy Spirit in Saxony in Rome in Grüningen".

The first evidence for the existence of the Heilig-Geist-Spital in Grüningen comes from 1258 and 1289:

  • A document from Pope Alexander IV comes from the own holdings of the Grüninger Hospital , who on June 5, 1258, at the request of the master and the brothers of the “Hospital of the Holy Spirit in Saxia in Rome”, orders “those who are wrong for brothers this Spending hospitals and withdrawing alms from them, arresting them and punishing them ”.
  • In a certificate issued on May 21, 1289 by Berthold von Mühlhausen, a son-in-law of Count Hartmann II von Grüningen , reference is made to the “monastery” in Grüningen.

Founder

As in Memmingen (1223), Wimpfen (1238) and other imperial cities, the undocumented founding of the Grüninger Hospital by a Hohenstaufen imperial bailiff or fief between 1238 (after Wimpfen) and 1245 in the course of the urban elevation of Grüningen that occurred in this time window. Only Count Hartmann I von Grüningen comes into consideration for this. Apparently, the founding donor used Reichsgut for this. Because the strong and high west wall of the hospital and a former moat under Betzgasse suggest that a former castle, perhaps even the legendary royal palace , was rededicated here after a new castle was built in the north-west corner of the expanded city. The expansion joint between the castle wall of the hospital and the city wall also supports this thesis (see city map excerpt).

Consecration

Initially, the former castle chapel, the future narthex of the later built hospital church, may have served as a prayer room. The three-aisled basilica of the hospital church was consecrated on Palm Sunday (March 25th) 1297 by Auxiliary Bishop Bonifatius von Knin on behalf of Würzburg Bishop Manegold von Neuenburg , although Grüningen belonged to the Diocese of Speyer . The Speyer bishop Friedrich von Bolanden granted all future benefactors of the young hospital 40 days indulgence in 1301 , as did the "Brother Ysnardus", (titular) Patriarch of Antioch , possibly currently Grand Master of the Order in Rome , in 1318 . This was followed by foundations from the lower aristocrats and citizens of Grüningen, to which the bailiff Michael Volland appealed in 1552 , referring to his ancestors by the name of Schultheiss. The widow of Heinrich von Lauffen (1313) and Burkhardt von Hagenau (1318), who lived in Asperg, were among the first known donors.

Hierarchies

The Grüninger branch was subordinate to the Memmingen hospital master until at least 1306 and from 1348 at the latest to the Oberalemannic provincial master in Stephansfeld , who, due to a donation from Emperor Friedrich II, was responsible not only to the grand master in Rome, but also to the archbishop of Mainz Century tried in vain to defend against its prohibition of indulgence. Occasionally, however, the Pope intervened directly or sent inquisitors to Grüningen.

In the hospital in Pforzheim founded by Margrave Rudolf IV of Baden in 1322 and handed over to the Spialorden in 1323, the Grüningen master appointed the Pforzheim hospital master until 1500. In 1513, the Grüningen hospital brothers received papal permission to "wear a ruff, the so-called coat collar" over their black robe with a hospital cross on their breasts, like the higher clergy. The Grüningen hospital master enjoyed a high position among the clergy in the Duchy of Württemberg , ahead of the provost of the Stuttgart collegiate church . In the 1521 conflict between the hospital master Johannes Betz and the parish priest Reinhard Gaißer over the spiritual ranking in Grüningen, the Speyr bishop Georg von der Pfalz decided in favor of the parish priest.

In the hospital, the hospital master was not only in charge of the friars, but also of a number of employees: these servants and maids not only served as domestic helpers, hospitality and care staff, but also took care of the considerable farm business and the storage of the taxes of the numerous tenants of the hospital's own Fields, gardens and vineyards, meadows, pastures and forests. In 1444/45 the hospital bills handed down to us show the hospital master, twelve brothers and ten male servants. Day laborers were added during harvest times. At times the hospital also had its own " Pfister " (baker). The brickworks on the Vaihinger Steige and the Spitalmühle in Glemstal were usually leased.

Habit of the hospital brothers

Privileges

The hospital traditionally enjoyed lucrative privileges, which is why Heyd called it the “papal lap child”. As they were questioned more and more, hospital master Johannes Betz compiled the privileges after 1513, including receipts for their award, but was no longer able to fully enforce them:

  • Exemption : independence and tax exemption from the sovereign and the bishop of Speyer
  • Authority to confess: that means the right to accept confession and to impose penances or to forgive sins everywhere
  • Petition: on the one hand the right to preach everywhere and with priority and to accept the sacrifice , on the other hand the unhindered collection of alms in the diocese of Constance and in the eastern part of the diocese of Speyer
  • Indulgence : Temporary exemption from purgatory for a material consideration
  • In addition, the hospital convention had quasi-judicial decision-making powers in certain cases, for example for settlements or bequests in favor of the church.

Mismanagement and heyday

The coat of arms and initials of the patron Philipp Volland - prominently placed in the choir
Mostly demolished building wing, in the foreground the "Roßstall" from 1488

In 1404, the wealthy hospital acquired Kilian's Church in Bissingen / Enz , and in 1411 the Peterskirche in Bietigheim / Enz , which is outside the city, and parish rights in Mühlhausen / Enz . Although the hospital drew income from 26 to 34 locations and the charitable work was rather narrow, the expenditures of the spending-happy hospital brothers all too often exceeded the income. Count Eberhard im Bart took this mismanagement as an opportunity in 1468 to issue new hospital regulations for the Heilig-Geist-Spital. This provided for regular tax audits by state officials and taxation of new acquisitions, although formally the hospital was only responsible and taxable to the delegates of the parent company in Rome. Like Duke Christoph later, he was able to justify his interference with the foundation's work by his forefathers. After that, the hospital, like the city, experienced a heyday, which was reflected in numerous construction measures, mainly initiated by the hospital master Johannes Betz.

Betz was also supported by the wealthy businessman and bailiff Philipp Volland , whose coat of arms prominently placed in the choir underlines his patronage. When Volland had to escape into exile after Duke Ulrich's short-term return in 1519 , he was able to “park” parts of his property at the hospital and the “ Beginenklosterle ” in order to avoid the threatened expropriation by the interim government of the Swabian Federation .

A permanent thorn in the flesh, on the other hand, was the reform theologian and Grüninger city pastor Reinhard Gaißer , with whom Betz not only argued about the order of precedence in processions, but also about the indulgence trade , which Gaißer denied him not only for moral and ethical reasons, but also because of a lack of legal basis . Ultimately with success, because the Archbishop of Mainz exclusively took this source of income for himself, ostensibly to support the construction of St. Peter's Basilica in Rome and to alleviate his debt burden. If he did not act, he threatened to arrest the friars in 1517. In the spirit of Gaißer, Sebastian Frank criticized the behavior of the friars in his 1531 chronicle: "Are great masters and lead a great splendor in Gröningen from begging."

Reformation and transition into urban hands

After the Reformation (1534) the hospital was temporarily exempt from secularization, but the hospital master had to put up with a ducal " conductor " at his side. After the defeat of the Protestants in the Schmalkaldic War and the following interim, the order's leadership was close to pulling the hospital back into itself. In 1552 the new Duke Christoph wanted to take over the hospital completely, but after violent protests about the local respectability and especially the influential Volland family, who insisted on their hospital foundations, had to agree to a settlement. Since then, the hospital has been under municipal administration with ducal supervision. The duke took over the patronage rights of the dependent churches. The beneficiary business was continued, but stopped after the battle of Nördlingen (1634) after drastic destruction and population losses in the city.

Municipal hospital coat of arms (1752)

completion

In the 18th and 19th centuries, the benefice house was a municipal poor house, which was still financed from the income from the hospital property. Parts of the dilapidated sacred buildings no longer needed were demolished in 1801. In 1892 the city dissolved the hospital foundation, but continued to run a separate household from the city until it abolished the post of hospital administrator during the great inflation of 1923.

Even in municipal hands, the hospital still had the patriarchal cross of the hospital order in the coat of arms and on boundary stones to mark the hospital property, the size of which can be seen on the "outfield map" from 1752.

Sheet mask colored Spitalkirche choir
Mask of the hospital church choir ca.1320
Sheet mask choir Sedile niche from the first construction phase

Hospital building

Of the hospital buildings are out of choir and tower of the hospital church of the existing already in the 13th century hospital room (lobby or " narthex " of the hospital church), which in 1509 built Pfründnerhaus , the hospital fruit box , the structure of lying outside the city walls St. Leonhard's Chapel for the "Siechen" and the Spitalmühle on the Glems have been preserved. The Gothic choir shows structural features that suggest a construction hut from the Rhine. The capitals are richly decorated with three-dimensional sculptures. Sheet masks , tendrils and faces of excellent sculptural quality can be found. The originally colored sculptures were restored in 2001 and were given their tints of red, green and flesh-colored again. The stone carvings were probably made in the first two decades of the 14th century.
In 1488, hospital master Alexander Vetter had the elaborately worked horse stable built at the north end of the west wing. Hospital master Johannes Betz had the "hay house" in the north, which was demolished in 1967, built in 1508 and the chapel extension on the north side of the choir in 1512. The adjoining church tower is also attributed to him. He also opened up a new area west of Betzgasse and had a fruit box, a "binding house" and a large barn built on the city wall here in 1526.

After the Reformation, the church became superfluous and increasingly dilapidated in the 18th century. In 1801 the city cleared the nave and the southern chapel extension for demolition. The narthex (vestibule) connected to the “benefice house” and the Gothic choir remained. In addition, the Urflurkarte from 1830 still shows relics north of the nave, which, like the north-facing arch on the narthex, should indicate the former cloister . The structural arrangement and proportions of the sacral area are strongly reminiscent of Maulbronn Monastery , which could have served as a model.

In 1967 the hospital's preserved farm buildings were torn down except for the fruit box on the other side of Betzgasse and replaced by a block of flats. From 1980 to 1982, the Catholic parish had a new hospital church with a transparent tent roof built in place of the extension from the 1950s, which better integrates the Gothic choir , but leaves the break with the narthex, today's hospital room , intact. It is not documented when the eastern extension to the benefice house (see section of the plan) was demolished.

  • Beneficiary's house built in 1509 by hospital master Johannes Betz

  • Catholic community center and meeting room in the oldest wing of the building

  • Tower and choir after the demolition of the Roßstall and Heuhaus (1970)

  • Apartment blocks instead of “hay” and “wash house”, demolished in 1967

  • South-east view of the Gothic choir with the new building from 1982

  • North side of the hospital church with a transparent tent roof (since 1982)

  • Here it went from the cloister into the ship and right into the narthex

  • The Catholic Community Center is located north of the narthex

  • Former fruit box, also maybe a "binding house"

  • The former function of this house on Betzgasse is unknown

  • Once the St. Leonhard Chapel for the "sick" outside the city

  • The Spitalmühle in Glemstal saw many tenant changes

Coat of arms of the Order of the Holy Spirit from the "Heuhaus" created in 1508, today on the arch relic to the cloister
The order's cross of the hospital was adopted in the coats of arms of Hochdorf an der Enz , Bissingen and Bietigheim-Bissingen .

Hospital master

The following hospital masters are documented by sources:

  • Arnold (1306), still under the supervision of Memmingen
  • Hermann (1317)
  • Heinrich (1323), in charge of the handover of the Pforzheimer hospital, previously hospital master at Wimpfen and Grüningen
  • Hartmann (1347)
  • Conrad Kasch (1396)
  • Siegfried Metzler (1402, 1411)
  • Heinrich von Hemmingen (1417–1427, 1429)
  • Friedrich Binder from Grüningen (1440)
  • Friedrich from Pforzheim (1444)
  • Johann Gleser (1461)
  • Friederich Doleator (1478–1482), presumably removed from office due to mismanagement
  • Alexander Vetter (1484-1490)
  • Michael Fischer from Oberriexingen (1492–1499)
  • Johannes Betz, known as Ursinus (1507–1532), reorganized the hospital despite losing privileges
  • Johannes Schanz (1532–1543)

Additional information

swell

literature

  • 700 years of the Heilig-Geist-Spital Markgröningen . Publisher: City of Markgröningen. Markgröningen n.d. [1997].
  • Gisela Drossbach: Christian Caritas as a legal institution. Hospital and Order of Santo Spirito in Sassia (1198-1378). Schöningh, Paderborn 2005 (Church and State Church Law, Volume 2) ISBN 3506717669 . Digitized version (BSB)
  • Peter Fendrich: The city and its citizens in the late Middle Ages. On the social structure of the Württemberg district town of Markgröningen in the context of state history. In: Volume 3 of the series "Durch die Stadtbrille", ed. v. Working Group on Historical Research and Monument Preservation Markgröningen, pp. 94–119, Markgröningen 1987.
  • Joachim Fischer: “That the poor may have a basic understanding”: an unknown order from Count Eberhard im Bart for the Markgröningen Hospital from 1468. In: From regional history and regional studies. Pp. 273-285. Stuttgart 1999.
  • Ludwig Friedrich Heyd : History of the Hospital to the Holy Spirit. In: History of the former Oberamts-Stadt Markgröningen with special regard to the general history of Württemberg , pp. 203–260. Stuttgart 1829, facsimile edition: Markgröningen 1992.
  • Gerhard Liebler: A Brief History of the Markgröninger Hospital . 700 years of the Heilig-Geist-Spital Markgröningen . Ed .: City of Markgröningen. Markgröningen 1997, pp. 9-25
  • Klaus Militzer: The Markgröninger Heilig-Geist-Spital in the Middle Ages. A contribution to the economic history of the 15th century . Sigmaringen 1975 digitized .
  • Heinz Oechsner: The buildings of the Heilig-Geist-Spital Markgröningen . In: Markgröninger Buildings and their History, Part I, Volume 7 of the series “Through the City Glasses”, ed. v. Working Group on Historical Research and Preservation of Monuments, Markgröningen, pp. 95–105, Markgröningen 2002.
  • Heinz Oechsner: The Church of the Hospital of the Holy Spirit in Markgröningen. In: Markgröningen buildings and their history, part 1: From the Bartholomäuskirche to the Spitalkirche. Volume 7 of the series "Durch die Stadtbrille", ed. v. Working Group on Historical Research and Monument Preservation Markgröningen, pp. 107–123, Markgröningen 2002.
  • Hermann Römer : The Gröningen Hospital for the Holy Spirit in the Middle Ages. In: Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages. Pp. 138–153, Markgröningen 1933 (reprinted in: Spitalkirche zum Heiligen Geist Markgröningen from 1297 to 1981. 25 years of the Holy Spirit Congregation, July 28, 1957 to July 28, 1982. Ed. By the Catholic parish of Markgröningen. Markgröningen 1982).

Remarks

  1. ^ Konrad Rothenhäusler: The abbeys and monasteries of the Duchy of Wuerttemburg in the age of the Reformation. Verlag Deutsches Volksblatt, 1886, digitized pp. 235f.
  2. ↑ Ludwig Friedrich Heyd : History of the Hospital to the Holy Spirit. In: History of the former Oberamts-Stadt Markgröningen with special regard to the general history of Württemberg , pp. 203–260. Stuttgart 1829, facsimile edition: Markgröningen 1992, p. 206: "hospitalis domus ordinis S. Spiritus in Saxia de Urbe (romana) in Grueningen"
  3. ↑ See WUB Volume V., No. 1498, page 264 WUB online
  4. ↑ See WUB Volume IX., No. 3859, pp. 280-281 WUB online
  5. ^ Because of the Stephansfeld donation to the Archbishop of Mainz, probably before Archbishop Siegfried III changed sides . von Eppstein (1241), at the latest before the deposition of Emperor Frederick II by Pope Innocent (1245) and the betrayal of Count Hartmann in the course of the Battle of Frankfurt (1246).
  6. ↑ It is assumed that the Grüninger Spital was founded after the superordinate hospital in Wimpfen and before the subordinate one in Pforzheim (1323). Hartmann I as the founder also speaks that the dukes of Württemberg later emphasized that the foundation was made through their gender.
  7. ↑ Heinz Oechsner: The church of the hospital for the Holy Spirit in Markgröningen. In: Markgröningen buildings and their history , part 1: From the Bartholomäuskirche to the Spitalkirche. Volume 7 of the series "Durch die Stadtbrille", ed. v. Working Group on Historical Research and Preservation of Monuments Markgröningen, pp. 107–123, Markgröningen 2002, pp. 107f
  8. ↑ Ludwig Heyd: History of the Hospital to the Holy Spirit. In: History of the former Oberamts-Stadt Markgröningen with special regard to the general history of Württemberg , pp. 203–260. Stuttgart 1829, p. 254ff, as well as Spitalkirche zum Heiligen Geist Markgröningen from 1297 to 1981. 25 years of the Holy Spirit Congregation, July 28, 1957 to July 28, 1982 , ed. v. of the Catholic Church Community of Markgröningen, Markgröningen 1982, p. 70
  9. ↑ "Oberalemannisch" within the meaning of the Upper German, so do not alemannisch synonymous with Swabian, because Neumarkt in the Upper Palatinate also counted.
  10. ↑ Destroyed monastery near Brumath in Alsace (written by Heyd Steffelt ).
  11. ↑ Landesarchiv BW, Findbuch 38: Baden-Durlach, 66. Pforzheim, No. 3281
  12. ↑ Gerhard Liebler. In: 700 years of the Heilig-Geist-Spital Markgröningen . Editor: Stadt Markgröningen, Markgröningen o. J. [1997], p. 10f
  13. ↑ Hermann Römer, reprint in: Spitalkirche zum Heiligen Geist Markgröningen from 1297 to 1981. 25 years of the Holy Spirit Congregation, July 28, 1957 to July 28, 1982 . Edited by the Catholic parish of Markgröningen. Markgröningen 1982, p. 73
  14. ^ Römer, reprint in: Spitalkirche zum Heiligen Geist Markgröningen from 1297 to 1981. 25 years of the Holy Spirit Congregation, July 28, 1957 to July 28, 1982 . Edited by the Catholic parish of Markgröningen. Markgröningen 1982, p. 73
  15. ↑ Ludwig Heyd: History of the Hospital to the Holy Spirit. In: History of the former Oberamts-Stadt Markgröningen with special regard to the general history of Württemberg , pp. 203–260. Stuttgart 1829, p. 221
  16. ↑ Klaus Militzer: The Markgröninger Heilig-Geist-Spital in the Middle Ages. A contribution to the economic history of the 15th century . Sigmaringen 1975, pp. 41-44, as well as Ludwig Friedrich Heyd: History of the Hospital to the Holy Spirit. In: History of the former Oberamts-Stadt Markgröningen with special regard to the general history of Württemberg , pp. 203–260. Stuttgart 1829, facsimile edition: Markgröningen 1992, pp. 222–228; and darlings: 700 years of Heilig-Geist-Spital Markgröningen . Editor: Stadt Markgröningen, Markgröningen o. J. [1997], p. 11
  17. ↑ Peter Fendrich: The city and its citizens in the late Middle Ages. On the social structure of the Württemberg district town of Markgröningen in the context of state history. In: Volume 3 of the series "Durch die Stadtbrille", ed. v. Working group for historical research and preservation of monuments Markgröningen, pp. 94–119, Markgröningen 1987, pp. 108–114, and Klaus Militzer: The Markgröninger Heilig-Geist-Spital in the Middle Ages. A contribution to the economic history of the 15th century . Sigmaringen 1975.
  18. ↑ Heinz Oechsner: The buildings of the Heilig-Geist-Spital Markgröningen . In: Markgröninger Buildings and their History , Part I, Volume 7 of the series “Through the City Glasses”, ed. v. Working Group on Historical Research and Preservation of Monuments, Markgröningen, pp. 95–105, Markgröningen 2002
  19. ↑ The Beginenklösterle was between the hospital grounds and Finsterer Gasse.
  20. ↑ Ludwig Heyd: History of the Hospital to the Holy Spirit. In: History of the former Oberamts-Stadt Markgröningen with special regard to the general history of Württemberg , pp. 203–260. Stuttgart 1829, p. 238f
  21. ↑ Hermann Römer: The Gröninger Hospital for the Holy Spirit in the Middle Ages. In: Markgröningen in the context of regional history I. Prehistory and the Middle Ages, Markgröningen 1933, p. 73
  22. ↑ Term used by Heyd, today this function would be called “controller”.
  23. ↑ Ludwig Friedrich Heyd: History of the Hospital to the Holy Spirit. In: History of the former Oberamts-Stadt Markgröningen with special regard to the general history of Württemberg , pp. 203–260. Stuttgart 1829, facsimile edition: Markgröningen 1992, p. 240f
  24. ^ Zelg coat of arms on the Grüninger field map by Johann Georg Raischenburger (1752); see field map from 1752
  25. ↑ Heinz Oechsner: The church of the hospital for the Holy Spirit in Markgröningen. Heinz Oechsner, accessed on October 12, 2018 .
  26. ↑ See above, Urflurkarte excerpt from approx. 1830, and Schad, 700 years Heilig-Geist-Spital Markgröningen . Publisher: City of Markgröningen. Markgröningen, 1997, pp. 95ff
  27. ↑ The Kilian's Church in Bissingen and the Peterskirche in Bietigheim have been subordinate to the Grüninger Heilig-Geist-Spital since the 15th century . In Hochdorf the hospital had extensive property.
  28. ↑ Ludwig Heyd: History of the Hospital to the Holy Spirit. In: History of the former Oberamts-Stadt Markgröningen with special regard to the general history of Württemberg , pp. 203–260. Stuttgart 1829, p. 240; Konrad Rothenhäusler: The abbeys and monasteries of the Duchy of Wuerttemburg in the age of the Reformation. Verlag Deutsches Volksblatt, 1886. Digitized p. 236; Oechsner, in: Spitalkirche zum Heiligen Geist Markgröningen from 1297 to 1981. 25 years of the Holy Spirit Congregation, July 28, 1957 to July 28, 1982 . Edited by the Catholic parish of Markgröningen. Markgröningen 1982, p. 8
  29. ^ Hospital owner Siegfried sells a Hof zu Steinbach (east of Backnang) inherited from his brother Albrecht Metzler to the Backnang Abbey ; see. HStA Stuttgart A 602 No. 6530 = WR 6530 LABW Online and HStA Stuttgart A 602 No. 6536 = WR 6536 LABW Online .
  30. ↑ Oechsner, in Spitalkirche zum Heiligen Geist Markgröningen from 1297 to 1981. 25 years of the Heilig-Geist-Gemeinde, July 28, 1957 to July 28, 1982 . Edited by the Catholic parish of Markgröningen. Markgröningen 1982, 1982, p. 9

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Coordinates: 48 ° 54 ′ 13 ″  N , 9 ° 4 ′ 49 ″  E