Hein Kohn

The publisher Hein Kohn, 1950s

Hein Kohn (born March 25, 1907 in Augsburg , † October 1, 1979 in Hilversum , Netherlands ), born Heinz Kohn , was a German-Dutch publisher and literary agent .

family

Heinz Kohn was a son of the (Jewish) Augsburg cloth manufacturer Eugen Kohn (1854-1909) and his wife Hermine (born June 29, 1868 in Jülich ; † October 31, 1940 in Hilversum), née Hirsch. His older brother was Ernst Kohn-Bramstedt . He received his doctorate as a historian in Berlin in 1925 , was dismissed from service at schools and universities by the National Socialists in 1933 and in the same year emigrated via the Netherlands to England, where he adapted his first name to the local language and changed it to "Ernest". There he received his doctorate in sociology in 1936 and worked for the BBC and the Foreign Office . In 1952 he moved to Australia and taught there as a professor at the University of Sydney . After the end of his teaching activity, he returned to England in 1969.

Heinz Kohn married Rosel in 1930 (born December 15, 1904 in Augsburg, † October 5, 1969 in Hilversum), née Sirch. This marriage resulted in two sons, Werner Rudolf (* September 5, 1935 in Hilversum; † March 24, 2017 in Bergisch Gladbach ) and Menno (* 1945).

School and education

From April 24, 1920 to March 21, 1923, Heinz Kohn attended the reformed educational rural education home Freie Schulgemeinde in Wickersdorf near Saalfeld in the Thuringian Forest , where he was part of the comradeship of Carl Maria Weber . His cousin Walter (* 1906), who was one year older than him, accompanied him there in 1920, but was only briefly taught at this boarding school from February 20 to August 31 of the same year. From 1924 Heinz Kohn completed a two-year apprenticeship in the Lampart'sche publishing and assortment bookstore in Augsburg. After completing his apprenticeship, he attended the bookselling school in Leipzig. During this time he became politically active and sympathized with social democracy . He was committed to the Socialist Workers' Youth (SAJ) and the non-partisan alliance Reichsbanner Black-Red-Gold .

Act

After his exams he worked for the Volksstimme publishing house of the SPD , then as a book seller for the Norddeutsche Volksstimme publishing house in Bremerhaven, and later as an editor for the Gutenberg Book Guild in Berlin. From 1930 he was also a film critic for the socialist daily Hamburger Echo . Together with his friend Friedrich Oetinger , he took over the management of the Heinrich Heine bookstore in Hamburg, both of which were very successful. They published writings that were directed against National Socialism , in 1931/32 on the basis of letters leaked to them, the disclosure book Liebesbriefe of Captain Röhm .

After the transfer of power to the National Socialists, Heinz Kohn fled to the Netherlands on May 5, 1933, five days before the nationwide book burnings . He, who did not have a passport, received help from his Augsburg school friend Paul Baumgärtner, who was employed as an engineer at the Nederlandsche Seintoestellen Fabriek (NSF). This was preceded by the Enabling Act , the bans on opposition parties, many press organs, the trade unions, the performance and work ban for Jewish actors, singers and writers, the boycott of Jewish shops , the opening of the first labor camp for opposition members in Dachau and the exclusion of Jewish officials, among others the civil service .

In the Netherlands, Heinz Kohn and his wife Rosel first stayed with his school friend Paul Baumgärtner in Hilversum before he was able to move into his own apartment. There he adapted his first name to the Dutch language and shortened it to "Hein".

At the Dutch radio station VARA (= Association of Workers' Radio Amateurs), to which Paul Baumgärtner had introduced him in his capacity as a member of the technical commission, he met the German singer Ernst Busch and decided to listen to the solidarity song sung by him (text: Bertolt Brecht , Music: Hanns Eisler ) together with other songs by Busch. The poem, printed by Kohn, was given as a handout to visitors to Ernst Busch's musical performances.

Martien Beversluis : Brandende Woorden uit Duitschland (Illustration: Melle ), Boekenvrienden Solidariteit , Hilversum 1934

Ernst Toller : In de boeien (= In fetters), drawing by Käthe Kollwitz , published by the Exilverlag Boekenvrienden Solidariteit , Hilversum 1935

Flyer for readers of the exile publisher Boekenvrienden Solidariteit , around 1935

Bookplate Hein Kohn, Hilversum

Following the example of the Gutenberg Book Guild , he founded the exile publishing house Boekenvrienden Solidariteit (= book friends solidarity) in January 1934 together with the Dutch poet Martinus "Martien" Beversluis (1894–1966), whom he had met at meetings of the authors' collective for the magazine Links Richten , who published books under this name until 1936. The name of the publisher was derived from Brecht's song of solidarity . Boekenvrienden Solidariteit differed from the Amsterdam exile publishers Querido and Allert de Lange , who set primarily on books for the German market, international by a strictly anti-fascist and pacifist orientation and the goal very inexpensive books authors in Dutch translation for members of the so-called working class hang , also through its rapid integration into the Dutch publishing industry. As a result, Kohn's concerns corresponded to those of the Dutch publishers De Arbeiderspers and Wereldbibliotheek , with whom he was subsequently in contact.

For his publications, Kohn took Reclam's Universal Library and Bernhard Tauchnitz Verlag as models. Beversluis often translated the German-language author's texts into Dutch for the publisher . The first book Brandende Woorden (= burned words) published by Kohn became a bestseller. It contained anti-Nazi poems by writers banned in Germany, Erich Arendt , Oskar Maria Graf , Erich Kästner , Johannes R. Becher , Emil Ginkel (1893–1959), Alfred Kerr , Käthe Kollwitz , Walter Mehring , Max Ophüls , Ernst Toller , Kurt Tucholsky , Erich Weinert and Erhard Winzer , reprinted.

Kohns Verlag Boekenvrienden Solidariteit was set up to publish twelve publications per year that could be obtained by potential customers either by subscription for 50 Dutch cents or to be purchased individually for 75 cents. Readers were wooed by literary agents who had a particular focus on social democrats and trade union members with a higher education. In the early days, Kohn published brochures with a volume of around 50 pages. At the end of 1935 Boekenvrienden Solidariteit had around 600 subscribers and another 380 individually sold publications per month. Two problems bothered the publisher: About a third of its subscribers did not pay or did not pay on time. The number of his subscribers stagnated because Kohn set his literary standards a little too high with regard to the target group of workers he was aiming for.

Kohn always attached great importance to the fact that his publications with a well-groomed appearance came into the hands of his readers, which was evident both in the equipment and through specially hired well-known illustrators for the front page, for example Adolf Blitz , George Grosz , Albert Hahn junior. (1894–1953), Käthe Kollwitz , Hildo Krop (1884–1970), Meijer Bleekrode , Frans Masereel , Wybo Meijer , Melle Oldeboerrierter (1908–1976, known by his first name) and Willem van Schaik .

After the Boekenvrienden Solidariteit publishing house was dissolved , caused by financial problems with business partner Jan Hilvers (1886–1956), Kohn founded the Het Nederlandsche Boekengilde (= The Dutch Book Guild ) in 1936 . As a result, this company was one of the three most important exile publishers that published in the Netherlands during the Nazi era, alongside the Allert de Lange Verlag , which acted apolitically due to its business interests in the German Reich, and the more courageous Querido Verlag in this regard .

Kohn's publishers published around 75 books in Dutch, preferably those by authors whose works had been burned or banned by the National Socialists in the German Reich . These included works by Erich Arendt , Alain-Fournier , Arkadi Timofejewitsch Awertschenko , Isaak Emmanuilowitsch Babel , Henri Barbusse , Johannes R. Becher , Karel Čapek , Wolfgang Cordan , Ilja Ehrenburg , Albert Einstein , Konstantin Alexandrowitsch Fedin , Lion Feuchtwanger , Anatole France , Maxim Gorki , Oskar Maria Graf , Martin Gumpert , Georg Hermann , Max Hodann , Bruno Jasienski , Oskar Jellinek , Erich Kästner , Alfred Kerr , Egon Erwin Kisch , Alfred Kurella , Andreas Latzko , Thomas Mann , Walter Mehring , Konrad Merz , Martin Andersen Nexø , Max Ophüls , Ernst Ottwalt , Theodor Plievier , Ludwig Renn , Romain Rolland , Anatol Rosenfeld , Ignazio Silone , Upton Sinclair , Ernst Toller , Kurt Tucholsky , Iwan Sergejewitsch Turgenew , Erich Weinert and Arnold Zweig .

1939 put Kohn a Dutch translation of the Threepenny Novel by Brecht, but as part of the label Hollandsche Uitgeversmaatschappij as no. 51 and no. 52 of the series Het Nederlandsche Boekengilde .

During and after the attack on the Netherlands by the German Wehrmacht in 1940, a large number of the literary agents essential for book sales fell out. Kohn destroyed all archives of his publishing house in order to protect his authors and employees as well as possible from Nazi persecution.

In 1942 he was arrested in a raid and because of its status as a spouse in a so-called mixed marriage to work in a at the German airbase Havelte obliged affiliated labor camp in the province of Drenthe, where he was put to work building a small railway line. He was released from this labor camp thanks to a certificate from a Hilversum doctor. He went underground, went into hiding in his own house and in this way, despite some dangerous situations, came unscathed by the Second World War and the German occupation. During this phase he acted as a consultant for illegal book editions, for example for the De Bezige Bij publishing house .

After the war ended, he first worked for the book importer and distributor van Ditmar, whose publishing department was founded by Kohn. He reactivated his contacts in Germany and in 1949 attended the first post-war Frankfurt Book Fair .

In 1951 he founded the Internationaal Literatuur Bureau (= International Literature Bureau ) in Amsterdam. To do this, he resorted to his literary network, including German writers such as Bertolt Brecht and Thomas Mann, as well as the publisher Peter Suhrkamp , with whom he had a thematic point of contact - his former affiliation with the Free School Community in Wickersdorf. Suhrkamp had been Heinz Kohn's German teacher there in 1920/21. With the help of this network, he brought German literature back to the Dutch after the war - from the 1950s onwards, Kohn brought a large part of German literature to the Netherlands. In 1962, Kohn procured the rights for the translation and performance of Brecht's The Good Man of Sezuan in Frisian . He even tried to mediate between West and East German publishers, for example in 1969 he managed to publish a licensed edition of Elias Canetti's Die Blendung ( Carl Hanser Verlag ) by the GDR publisher Volk und Welt . He made it easier for Dutch authors to enter the German literary scene. In addition, he also represented literature in other languages, e.g. B. Swedish by Astrid Lindgren .

In the 1970s the Internationaal Literatuur Bureau was taken over by his son Menno; today it is managed by Hein's granddaughter Linda.

Hein Kohn died at the age of 72. Part of his estate is kept in the German Exile Archive, including his correspondence with David Luschnat .

Publications (excerpt)

• as editors: Erich Arendt, Johannes R. Becher, Emil Ginkel, Oskar Maria Graf, Erich Kästner, Alfred Kerr, Walter Mehring, Max Ophüls, Ernst Toller, Kurt Tucholsky, Erich Weinert, Erhard Winzer, Martien Beversluis, Melle (Illustr. ): Brandende woorden uit Duitschland , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1934. OCLC 718821743
• as editors: Max Hodann, A. Börger, Willem van Schaik (Illustr.): De strijd om de sexueele moraal , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1934. OCLC 65566473
• as editor: Wilde Loten. Bloemlezing uit geschraptwerk van K. Čapek, Ilja Ehrenburg, Albert Einstein, Emil Ginkel, Maxim Gorki, A. Habaru, Bruno Jasienski, IH Leopold, A. Rosenfeld, Upton Sinclair, Kurt Tucholsky, IJ Vondel, Micuel Zamacois , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1934. OCLC 72577803
• as editors: Freek van Leeuwen, Henriette Roland Holst, Melle (Illustr.): Door het donker , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1934. OCLC 64761431
• as editors: Ignazio Silone, J. van der Woude, Nico Rost: Simplicio Letizia , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1934. OCLC 122431494
• as editors: G. van Baalen, Gerard den Brabander, Melle (Illustr.): Ruwe diamant eerste bloemlezing uit het werk onzer jongste schrijversgeneratie in Nederland , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1934. OCLC 723773773
• as editors: Ernst Ottwalt, Erich Weinert, Otto Erdmann, Theodor Plievier, George Grosz (Illustr.): Mei 1934 international feestbundel , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1934. OCLC 72582957
• as editor: Wolfgang Cordan, TJ van der Waal: De wijzen van Zion , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1934. OCLC 942903662
• as editors: Martin Andersen Nexø, N. Nelson, Melle (Illustr.): De beworpenen der aarde proletarian verhalen , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1934. OCLC 724080501
• as editors: Erich Kästner, Andreas Latzko, Ludwig Renn, Ernst Toller, Willem van Schaik (Illustr.), Frans Masereel (Illustr.): 1914! Twintig jaar. Anti-oorlogsgedenkboek
• as publisher: Martien Beversluis, Melle (Illustr.): Negerliederen , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1934. OCLC 723999302
• as editors: Theodor Plievier, H. Ligteringe, N. Beversluis, Fritz Winkler, Frans Masereel (Illustr.): Koka en other zeemans-verhalen , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1934. OCLC 902237453
• as publisher: Goud en other vertellingen , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1935. OCLC 723813324
• as editors: Klaas Smelik, Fritz Winkler, Jan Conté: Jongens van alle stranden, Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1935. OCLC 723797000
• as editors: Emile Verhaeren, Martien Beversluis, Willem van Schaik (Illustr.): Gedichten , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1935. OCLC 723810560
• as editors: Alfred Kurella, Romain Rolland, Andries de Rosa, Arnold Zweig, Wybo Meyer: Henri Barbusse. Over zijn leven en zijn werk , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1935. OCLC 65921420
• as editors: Ernst Toller, Käthe Kollwitz, Joan Timmer, Otto Rudolf Schatz, Margot Vos: In de boeien , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1935. OCLC 781435563
• as editors: Egon Erwin Kisch, Nico Rost (Illustr.): People in kwik, kwik in people and other reportages , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1935. OCLC 150274321
• as ed .: Arkadi Timofejewitsch Awertschenko, Arthur van Dijke: 10 schrijvers uit het nieuwe Rusland , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1935. OCLC 64180741
• as publisher: Martien Beversluis, Melle (Illustr.): De ruitentikker , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1935. OCLC 719059719
• as editors: Oskar Jellinek, Arthur van Dijke: Moeder van negen zonen , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1935. OCLC 699003800
• as editors: Maxim Gorki, Nico Rost, JH van Es: Landlopers , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1935. OCLC 69364066
• as editor: Joan Timmer: Thjazi. Een verhaal van dezen tijd , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1935. OCLC 64181018
• as editors: Lion Feuchtwanger, Wilhelm Loeb: De leelijke Hertogin , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1936. OCLC 723911824
• as editors: Pierre Hubermont (Joseph Jumeau), Lode Roelandt (pseud. v. JH van Droogenbroeck): Dertien man in de mijn , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1936. OCLC 69354100
• as ed .: Iwan S. Turgenew, JC van Wageningen: Een overtollig Mensch , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1936. OCLC 723807215
• as publisher: Anatole France: Het eiland der pinguins , Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1936. OCLC 69101924
• as ed. with Martin Andersen Nexø, Adolf Blitz and Bas van Deilen: Onder de wijde hemel . Het Nederlandsche Boekengilde, Hilversum 1937. OCLC 931833531
• as ed. with Andreas Latzko (author) and Alice van Nahuys (translator): Zeven dagen . Het Nederlandsche Boekengilde, Hilversum 1937. OCLC 723713425
• as ed. with Albert Hahn jun. and Willem van Iependaal: Kluivenduikers doedeldans . Het Nederlandsche Boekengilde, Hilversum 1937. OCLC 220690899
• as ed. with Nico Rost and Sascha Davideit: Het wijde land. 16 novellas uit de modern russian lettersen vertaald door Nico Rost . Het Nederlandsche Boekengilde, Hilversum 1938. OCLC 69328851
• Exile editions by Elsevier Verlag. Over four German-language editions from 1937 and 1938 . In: Hans Würzner: On German exile literature in the Netherlands, 1933–1940 (= Amsterdam contributions to modern German studies, vol. 6.). Rodopi, Amsterdam 1977. OCLC 4126700
• Brieven van Internationaal Literatuur Bureau Hilversum written by Heinz Kohn (1907-1979) en Menno Kohn aan Em. Querido's Uitgeverij , Amsterdam, Volume 2, 1954.
• as ed. with Herbert Reinoss: Holland . Herbig, Munich 1974, ISBN 9783776606812 .
• with Rosel Kohn: Mother - A Book of Thanks [anthology]. Bertelsmann Lesering 1961. OCLC 73505030
• with Richard Haas and Egon Erwin Kisch: The mad reporter Klass. Reports . Gütersloh Bertelsmann Lesering 1962. OCLC 73498348
• From the life of a literary agent . In: Encounter , 8th episode (1972), pp. 47–50. OCLC 758619578
• as ed. with Werner Schartel: Friedrich Alexan: Mit uns die Sintflut. Primer of Time . Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1987. ISBN 359625129X .
• as ed. with Werner Schartel: Alfred Kerr: Die Dictatur des Hausknechts und Melodien . Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1983. ISBN 3596251842 .
• as ed. with Werner Schartel: Konrad Merz: A man falls from Germany . Appendix: From the diary of a Berlin student. With an afterword by Ingeborg Drewitz . Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1984. ISBN 3596251729 .
• as ed. with Werner Schartel: Leonhard Frank. Three out of three million . Novel. Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1987. ISBN 3596251877 .
• as ed. with Egon Erwin Kisch and Werner Schartel: Stories from seven ghettos . Preface by Günter Wallraff . Konkret-Literatur-Verlag, Hamburg 1980, ISBN 3922144055 .
• as ed. with Werner Schartel: Alfred Kantorowicz : Spanisches Kriegstagebuch . Konkret Literatur Verlag, Hamburg 1979. ISBN 3596251753 .
• as ed. with Werner Schartel, later Ulrich Walberer: Library of burned books . Fischer Taschenbuch Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1981. OCLC 72888269

literature

• Book and art auction house F. Zisska & R. Kistner: literature and illustrated books up to 1900, literature and art of the 20th century (including Hein Kohn collection, Hilversum) , Munich 1984. OCLC 58460530
• Peter Manasse: Boekenvrienden solidarity, turbulent jaren van een exiluitgeverij . Biblion Uitgeverij, Den Haag 1999. ISBN 9054831782 , pp. 9, 55, 58, 68, 70, 79, 94, 106.
• Kohn, Heinz . In: Department of Information & Collections of the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (Ed.): Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries , Volume 31. Springer Science & Business Media Netherlands, Dordrecht 2005, ISBN 978-1-4020-3818- 1 , p. 214.
• Els Andringa: German exile literature in the Dutch-German network of relationships: A history of communication and reception 1933–2013 (= studies and texts on the social history of literature, volume 137). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-1103-4202-4 , pp. 121, 173f., 304, 358f., 424, 425.
• Herbert A. Strauss , Werner Röder (eds.), Hannah Caplan, Egon Radvany, Horst Möller, Dieter Marc Schneider (arr.): Biographisches Handbuch der Deutschensprachigen Emigration nach 1933–1945 , Volume 2: The Arts, Sciences, and Literature . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-5981-0089-5 , p. 642.

Web links

• Part of Hein Kohn's estate in the German Exile Archive of the German National Library

Interviews

• R. Boltendal: Politicus zonder partij . In: Friese Koerier , June 9, 1962.
• Walter Zadek : Interview with the literary agent Hein Kohn. Beginnings, emigration, the Nazi era in Holland and the establishment of the Literary Agency. Frankfurt am Main, audio recording from October 17, 1971.

Individual evidence

1. ^ ^{A b} Herbert A. Strauss, Werner Röder (eds.), Hannah Caplan, Egon Radvany, Horst Möller, Dieter Marc Schneider (arr.): Biographical Handbook of German-Speaking Emigration after 1933–1945 , Volume 2: The Arts, Sciences, and Literature . Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-5981-0089-5 , pp. 139-140, 642.
2. ^ Written information on the complete life data of his mother Rosel by her son Menno (* 1945) from June 19, 2019.
3. ↑ Werner Rudolf Kohn , on: wirtrauern.de
4. ^ W. Engel, B. van der Schuyt: De bewoners van de 's-Gravelandseweg te Hilversum. Ruim twee eeuwen dorpsgeschiedenis . Uitgeverij Verloren, Hilversum 2005, ISBN 978-90-655-0832-4 , pp. 236-237.
5. ↑ ^{a b} Internationaal Literatuur Bureau , on: lindakohn.nl
6. ^ Certificate of departure for Heinz Kohn, b. March 26, 1907 in Augsburg. His last grade there was the Obertertia (grade 9), which he successfully completed; his maturity for the lower secondary (grade 10) was confirmed. Document form, typed out by the Free School Community of Wickersdorf , March 21, 1923, stamped and signed by the school principal Martin Luserke .
7. ↑ Peter Dudek : “Everything is a good average”? Impressions of the student body of the FSG Wickersdorf 1906–1945 . In: Yearbook for Historical Educational Research 2017 . Verlag Julius Klinkhardt, Bad Heilbrunn 2018, ISBN 978-3-7815-2237-4 , pp. 234-279 (citation: p. 256).
8. ↑ A Werner Kohn born in 1906 is actually recorded. In: Student directory of the Free School Community of Wickersdorf. In: Archives of the German Youth Movement, Ludwigstein Castle, Witzenhausen, Hesse.
9. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g h i j} Peter Manasse: Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, turbulent jaren van een exiluitgeverij . Biblion Uitgeverij, Den Haag 1999. ISBN 9054831782 , pp. 9, 13, 55, 58, 68, 70, 79, 94, 106.
10. ↑ So far from fear, so close to death . In: Der Spiegel , 20 (1957), May 15, 1957, on: spiegel.de
11. ↑ ^{a b c d} Kohn, Hein (Heinz) . In: Exile archive, German National Library, on: dnb.de
12. ^ ^{A b} Els Andringa: German exile literature in the Dutch-German network of relationships: A history of communication and reception 1933–2013 (= studies and texts on the social history of literature, volume 137). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-1103-4202-4 , p. 121.
13. ↑ Beversluis, Martinus . In: Biografisch Woordenboek van het Socialisme en de Arbeidersbewegung in Nederland (BWSA), on: socialhistory.org
14. ↑ ^{a b} Mehring in the Dutch exile volume »Brandende Woorden« , February 23, 2015, on: walter-mehring.info
15. ^ ^{A b c} Paul Arnoldussen: Beversluis, Martinus . In: Biographical Woordenboek van het Socialisme en de Arbeidersbewegung in Nederland (BWSA). The article is based on the previous publication in: BWSA , 7 (1998), pp. 13-16, on: socialhistory.org
16. ↑ Martien Beversluis , on: deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de
17. ↑ Emil Ginkel . In: German National Library, on: d-nb.info
18. ↑ Erhard Winzer . In: German National Library, on: d-nb.info
19. ↑ Brandende Woorden uit Duitschland , on: verbrannte-und-verbanned.de
20. ↑ ^{a b c d} Archief Jan Hilvers, 1905–1956. In: Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis, Amsterdam.
21. ↑ ^{a b c d e f g} Hub Hubben: Bannelingen . In: De Volkskrant , November 26, 1999, at: volkskrant.nl
22. ^ Melle, artist , on: deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de
23. ^ Veit Johannes Schmidinger: Transit Netherlands - German Artists in Exile , February 2012, on: uni-muenster.de
24. ↑ Boekenvriende Solidariteit . In: Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis, Amsterdam.
25. ↑ Het Nederlandsche Boekengilde . In: Internationaal Instituut voor Sociale Geschiedenis, Amsterdam.
26. Jump up ↑ Johannes R. Becher, Martien Beversluis, Emil Ginkel, Oskar Maria Graf, Erich Kästner, Alfred Kerr, Walter Mehring, Max Ophüls, Ernst Toller, Kurt Tucholsky, Erich Weinert: Brandende woorden uit Duitschland . Illustration by Käthe Kollwitz. Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1934. OCLC 718821743
27. ↑ Karel Čapek, Ilja Ehrenburg, Albert Einstein, Emil Ginkel, Maxim Gorki, A. Habaru, Bruno Jasienski, IH Leopold, Anatol Rosenfeld, Upton Sinclair, Kurt Tucholsky, IJ Vondel, Micuel Zamacois: Wilde Loten Bloemlezing uit geschraptwerk . Illustration Melle Oldeboerrierter. Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1934. OCLC 72577803
28. ↑ Erich Kästner, Andreas Latzko, Ludwig Renn, Ernst Toller: 1914! Twintig jaar, 1934? Anti-Oorlogsgedenkboek . Illustration by Frans Masereel, Willem van Schaik. Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1934. OCLC 723999302
29. ↑ Otto Erdmann, George Grosz, Ernst Ottwalt, Theodor Plievier, Erich Weinert: May 1934 Internationale Feestbundel . Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1935. OCLC 72582957
30. ^ Lion Feuchtwanger, Wilhelm Loeb: De leelijke Hertogin . Boekenvrienden Solidariteit, Hilversum 1936. OCLC 723911824
31. ^ ^{A b} Els Andringa: German exile literature in the Dutch-German network of relationships: A history of communication and reception 1933–2013 (= studies and texts on the social history of literature, volume 137). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-1103-4202-4 , p. 173.
32. ↑ Kohn, Heinz . In: Department of Information & Collections of the Koninklijke Bibliotheek (Ed.): Annual Bibliography of the History of the Printed Book and Libraries , Volume 31. Springer Science & Business Media Netherlands, Dordrecht 2005, ISBN 978-1-4020-3818- 1 , p. 214.
33. ↑ Written information from Hein Kohn's son Menno Kohn, Hilversum, by email on October 10 and 11, 2019.
34. ^ ^{A b c} Els Andringa: German exile literature in the Dutch-German network of relationships: A history of communication and reception 1933–2013 (= studies and texts on the social history of literature, volume 137). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-1103-4202-4 , p. 359.
35. ↑ partial estate Hein Kohn, German exile archive 1933-1945, signature Biogr. H Emigr.
36. ↑ Kohn, Hein (1907–1979) , on: kalliope-verbund.de
37. ^ Els Andringa: German exile literature in the Dutch-German network of relationships: A history of communication and reception 1933–2013 (= studies and texts on the social history of literature, volume 137). Walter de Gruyter, Berlin 2014, ISBN 978-3-1103-4202-4 , p. 304.