Hermanfrid Schubart

Hermanfrid Schubart on May 11, 2008 in Regensburg.

Hermanfrid Schubart (born December 1, 1930 in Kassel ) is a German prehistorian .

Schubart studied at the Universities of Greifswald and Leipzig , where he completed his studies in prehistory in 1953 . In Greifswald he received his doctorate in 1955 with a dissertation on the Early Bronze Age in Mecklenburg. In 1959 he left the GDR and worked from then until 1994 at the German Archaeological Institute in Madrid , becoming its second director in 1967. In 1971 he completed his habilitation at the LMU Munich and was appointed adjunct professor in 1986. From 1981 to 1994 he was director of the DAI Madrid.

Schubart's excellent training in the field of archaeological excavation, which he continuously refined during his professional years in collaboration with his co-directors, enabled a high level of precision in the documentation, from the recording of observations during the excavation to their presentation in a publication. He was educating school on the Iberian Peninsula, because numerous prehistorians who had taken part in his excavations as students later implemented the methods they learned there on their own excavations.

Life

Childhood and youth

Hermanfrid Schubart is the second son of the Protestant pastor Christoph Schubart and his wife Ilse, b. Defoy. His older brother, Joachim Schubart (Prof. em. University of Heidelberg), is an astronomer. From the age of five, Hermanfrid Schubart spent his childhood and youth in Bad Doberan ( Mecklenburg ) near the Baltic Sea between the cities of Wismar and Rostock in a landscape rich in soil monuments ( megalithic graves , barrows and Slavic ramparts ). Encouraged early on by his father, who as a church historian had written a doctoral thesis on the death and burial of Martin Luther and who also dealt with Slavic settlements in Mecklenburg, his interest in prehistory and early history was aroused. His interest in archeology was also encouraged in the Friderico-Francisceum , which had a small collection of archaeological finds and whose director, Willy Brandt, was an ancient scientist by training. Above all, the German and history teacher Gerhard Ringeling was a good expert on local prehistory and encouraged Hermanfrid Schubart to collect surface finds. In 1949 he graduated from school with a high school diploma.

academic education

In 1949, Hermanfrid Schubart began studying history at the University of Greifswald , including the regional history of Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, as well as art history and German studies, especially with the historian Adolf Hofmeister , and in 1951 switched to the University of Leipzig , where his main subject was prehistory history and art history as minor subjects. There, the head of the institute at the time, Friedrich Behn , introduced him to questions of Roman provincial archeology and the early Middle Ages, while Gerhard Mildenberger was his teacher primarily of prehistory in the narrower sense and its methodological issues and also led numerous teaching excavations. Hermanfrid Schubart was able to gather extensive excavation experience during his student days, in researching the city center in Leipzig and in excavations in Saxony, Saxony-Anhalt and Mecklenburg. Most of all, however, he was shaped by the excavation of the castle ramparts in Teterower See under the direction of Wilhelm Unverzagt and Ewald Schuldt . There he learned how to draw profiles from the former Mecklenburg monument conservator Willy Bastian and how to document the found material from Adolf Hollnagel. Above all, however, Wilhelm Unverzagt impressed him with his profile analysis.

First professional experience in Greifswald and Berlin

After completing his studies in Leipzig in 1953, he gained his first professional experience as an assistant and lecturer at the University of Greifswald, taking on the local excavation management of various excavations for the preservation of monuments in Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania , such as the Iron Age cemetery of Wilmshagen (Grimmen district), the megalithic grave of Carmzow (Prenzlau district) and the Slavic castle wall of Behren-Lübchin (Teterow district), again under the direction of Wilhelm Unverzagt and Ewald Schuldt. He received his doctorate on December 1, 1955 at the University of Greifswald with a dissertation on the Early Bronze Age in Mecklenburg. In 1957, Wilhelm Unverzagt made it possible for him to work at what was then the " German Academy of Sciences in Berlin ". During this time, during which he worked closely with the director of the institute, Wilhelm Unverzagt, he carried out excavations as part of a German-Polish project in the Bronze Age fortifications of Kratzeburg (Neustrelitz) and Basedow (Malchin), which included a chronology and urban analysis of previously almost unknown sites. On the other hand, he worked in the Gothic Nikolaikirche (Berlin) in the Berlin city center research. Numerous trips abroad led him notably to West Germany, where he took part in the excavations in Epfach (Roman and early medieval) under the direction of Joachim Werner and in Neuss (Roman) under the direction of Harald von Petrikovits .

The first years on the Iberian Peninsula

In 1959, Hermanfrid Schubart left East Germany and was employed on March 1, 1959, initially for a limited period until September 30, at the German Archaeological Institute, Madrid Department, to work on the excavations of the then director and founder of the department, Helmut Schlunk , in the late Roman villa of Centcelles (Tarragona) and the Roman Municipium Munigua (Seville), from October 1959 he got a two-year contract as a consultant for prehistory at the same institute.

1960 saw the publication of the first volume of the Madrider Mitteilungen , the archaeological journal that has been published annually by the Madrid department of the German Archaeological Institute since then. The first editor of this magazine was Hermanfrid Schubart, who carried out this task until 1980. In the foreword to the first volume he wrote: “The magazine, which is to appear once a year, brings works from the fields of classical antiquity, prehistory, the art of late antiquity, the early Middle Ages and Islam”, which has not changed to this day .

His first prehistoric project was the investigation of the Iberian fortifications of the Montgó near Denia (Alicante) in 1960/61 . In addition, he continued his Bronze Age research on the Iberian Peninsula and was able to carry out numerous museum tours in Spain and Portugal in this context, with his focus primarily on the El Argar culture . In Portugal, where Abel Viana invited him to examine the Bronze Age necropolis of Atalaia (Ourique, Beja), it became a two-year undertaking (1962/63) in which he first discovered the construction of burial mounds in a honeycomb-like system, which resulted in new ones Insights into burial rites, chronology and social structure in the developed Bronze Age in southern Portugal. He later wrote his habilitation thesis about this epoch, which he called the Southwest Bronze Age.

Through the mediation of Vera Leisner , he met Leonel Trindade in Torres Vedras in 1962 , who generously offered him the continuation of the excavations in the copper age fortifications of Zambujal . The excavations carried out so far had accidentally uncovered a series of early layers, which promised the possibility of clarifying the building history and the then largely unknown Copper Age chronology of the Iberian Peninsula. He won Edward Sangmeister, now head of the Institute for Prehistory and Protohistory at the University of Freiburg, who had gained important experience with Copper Age fortifications on the Iberian Peninsula in 1956 during excavations in Vila Nova de São Pedro and Los Millares , as a partner in the planned excavation project . This resulted in a very fruitful collaboration in six excavation campaigns (1964, 1966, 1968, 1970, 1972 and 1973), in which numerous students and young scientists not only from Freiburg, but also from Portugal and Spain took part. Like no other, these excavations had a lasting impact on prehistoric working methods in Spain and Portugal. Above all, the excavations yielded a great deal of new knowledge of the Copper Age stone architecture and chronology, important aspects of social structure and early copper metallurgy, as well as a refined method of representing and evaluating complex stratigraphies.

On December 18, 1963, he married Inka, née Gloxin, with whom he had a large family with six children over the years.

In the spring of 1964, Hermanfrid Schubart started another project that also had a major impact on archaeological research on the Iberian Peninsula, namely the research into the ancient Punic and Phoenician archeology in the coastal area of Torre del Mar (Vélez-Málaga). As early as March 1961, Hans Georg Niemeyer , together with Hermanfrid Schubart, carried out prospecting on the Cerro del Peñón in June, inspired by Adolf Schulten's publications on Mainake and Maenuba, which he had located on the two banks of the Río Vélez. Manuel Pellicer Catalán carried out further preparatory work in Almuñécar . In 1964, these three researchers began digging together on three sites near Torre del Mar, on the Cerro del Peñón (Pellicer), at the Cortijo de los Toscanos (Schubart) and on the Cerro del Mar (Niemeyer). From these excavations a major project developed with 11 excavation campaigns until 1986. The excavations near Toscanos were later continued by Hans Georg Niemeyer, while Hermanfrid Schubart investigated another Phoenician settlement at the mouth of the Río Algarrobo, the Morro de Mezquitilla, a Phoenician settlement above one , about 2000 years older, Copper Age settlement. In addition, the investigations of the Phoenician necropolis of Trayamar near the Morro de Mezquitilla and the Jardín near Toscanos, as well as the fortifications and the settlement of the Cerro del Alarcón. Since 1976, Oswaldo Arteaga has been added as excavation manager, who mainly continued the excavations on Cerro del Mar. In 1974, Hermanfrid Schubart and María Eugenia Aubet undertook a rescue excavation near Chorreras. Through this project near Torre del Mar, Phoenician research in the western Mediterranean area received significant new impulses, both in terms of settlement structures and, above all, the location of the Phoenician factories, as well as with regard to the chronology and the necropolises.

Large research projects and institute management

Since January 23, 1967, Hermanfrid Schubart was the second director of the Madrid department and was not only able to expand the projects Zambujal and Torre del Mar, which were funded by the Central Directorate of the German Archaeological Institute under the title "Prehistoric and Phoenician Urban Research", but began in 1977, after the excavation in Zambujal was provisionally completed, another excavation project in Fuente Álamo (Almería) in close collaboration with Oswaldo Arteaga, who had an excavation license for this site. Thus, in prehistoric settlement research, the gap between the Copper Age fortifications of the 3rd millennium. v. BC and the beginning of Iron Age settlements in the 1st millennium. v. Chr. Filled.

Hermanfrid Schubart had done important preparatory work through his research on the El Argar culture, following in the footsteps of the Siret brothers, who began in Madrid at the beginning of his time, then especially in 1962 and 1965 with drawing campaigns in the important museums not only in Spain, but also among others in Brussels and London were added. The excavations in Fuente Álamo, in which Volker Pingel was also involved in a leading role since 1985 , surprised with their 10 m thick stratigraphy, which for the time being provides a new standard in the chronology of the Bronze Age of the Spanish southeast. In addition, new types of architectural findings (foundation walls of two mighty rectangular buildings as well as a cistern and the construction of terrace walls) were recognized and one of the largest argarian necropolis.

From 3rd to 13th In April 1979 he accompanied the then Federal Chancellor Helmut Schmidt's trip to South America as a specialist in archaeological questions, who also speaks Spanish and Portuguese .

From January 1, 1981, Hermanfrid Schubart became the first director of the Madrid Department of the German Archaeological Institute, which he was able to expand in September 1985 by purchasing a third building.

During this time, he called another major project to life, namely starting from the research at Torre del Mar, an interdisciplinary, geo-archaeological project for Coastal Research . If zoologists, botanists, soil scientists, metallurgists and anthropologists were already involved in special investigations in the earlier excavation projects, an equal collaboration of natural scientists and archaeologists was created here, who worked hand in hand on the further development of the project. It began with investigations by the geologist Horst D. Schulz from Kiel, later Bremen, and his students in the area of ​​Torre del Mar, and became a major project in 1985 through the support of the Volkswagen Foundation, in which the prehistorian Oswaldo Arteaga and the geologist Gerd Hoffmann were involved as local leaders and explored the Holocene coastal development throughout Andalusia. The project was later extended to Portugal in the west and Ampurdán in northern Catalonia.

On 28 June 1982 the Madrid Institute was awarded the gold medal for services to the Fine Arts (Medalla de Oro al Mérito en las Bellas Artes), the Hermanfrid Schubart from the hand of the King of Spain, Juan Carlos I (Spain) , who accepted ; In 1992 he received the same medal from the Spanish king for his personal merits. On January 27, 1989, he was appointed Doctor honoris causa in a ceremony at the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid . Shortly before his retirement, the Ambassador of the Federal Republic of Germany in Madrid awarded him the Federal Cross of Merit in a ceremonial act. On August 1, 1994, Hermanfrid Schubart retired, which he still uses today to complete further publications of his numerous excavation projects. He moved near Marburg. In 1996 and 1999, together with Volker Pingel, Oswaldo Arteaga and Michael Kunst, he undertook two excavation campaigns in Fuente Álamo, which temporarily brought the project to a close.

His great achievements and services to the archeology of the prehistoric and early historical epochs on the Iberian Peninsula are recognized by the professional world. In 2003 he was made an honorary member of the Associacão dos Arqueólogos Portugueses in Lisbon, on January 28, 2005 he received an honorary doctorate from the University of Porto and in 2010 he was presented with a festschrift with six contributions in recognition of his work in a ceremonial act in the Museum of Alicante.

Honors

• 1983: April 19. Medalla de Honor de la Asociación Española de Amigos de la Arqueología
• 1989: 27.1. Doctor Honoris Causa from the Universidad Autónoma de Madrid
• 1992: 8.6. Medalla de Oro al Mérito en las Bellas Artes, presented by the King of Spain, Juan Carlos I
• 1994: Awarded the Federal Cross of Merit
• 1995: Dedication of a commemorative publication by the Asociación Española de Amigos de la Arqueología
• 1995: Premio Andalucía de Arqueología Dr. Hermanfrid Schubart as a gold medal
• 2003: Appointment as honorary member of the Associação dos Arqueólogos Portugueses
• 2005: 28.1. Doctor Honoris Causa of the Faculdade de Letras of the Universidade do Porto
• 2010: Dedication of a commemorative publication by the Museum and University of Alicante

Fonts

Complete list of publications by Hermanfrid Schubart up to 1995:

• Maria Díaz Teijeiro: Apuntes biográficos y publicaciones de Hermanfrid Schubart . In: Boletín de la Asociación Española de Amigos de la Arqueología . Vol. 35, Homenaje a Hermanfrid Schubart , Madrid 1995, pp. 13-22.

Monographs

• with Giovanni Lilliu : Early marginal cultures of the Mediterranean. Corsica - Sardinia - Blearen - Iberian Peninsula. Art of the World, The Cultures of the Occident . Holle Verlag, Baden-Baden 1967. (With a foreword by Jürgen Thimme )
• with Hans Georg Niemeyer: Toscanos. The old Punic trading post at the mouth of the Río de Vélez , Madrid Research Vol. 6, delivery 1. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1969.
• The finds from the earlier Bronze Age in Mecklenburg . Offa books vol. 26, Neumünster 1972, ISBN 3-529-01126-6 .
• The Bronze Age culture in the southwest of the Iberian Peninsula . Madrid Research Vol. 9. Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin 1975, ISBN 3-11-002339-3 .
• with Hans Georg Niemeyer: Trayamar. The Phoenician chamber tombs and the settlement at the Algarrobo estuary . With contributions by Volker Pingel, Irving Scollar, Hans-Peter Uerpmann. Madrid Contributions Vol. 4. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1975.
• with Edward Sangmeister: Zambujal. The excavations from 1964 to 1973. With contributions from Av d.Driesch u. J. Boessneck, M. Hopf, G. Sperl, B. Kleinmann . Madrid Contributions Vol. 5, Zambujal Part 1. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1981, ISBN 3-8053-0055-7 .
• with O. Arteaga, R. Bahnemann, C. Briese, A. Dahmke, G. Hoffmann, KP Jordt, I. Keesmann, G. Maaß-Lindemann, HG Niemeyer, W. Rabbel, J. Schade, HD Schulz, H. Stümpel, W. Weber: Research on archeology and geology in the area of ​​Torre del Mar 1983/84 . Madrid contributions, Vol. 14. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1988, ISBN 3-8053-0947-3 .
• with Hermann Ulreich: The finds from the Southeast Spanish Bronze Age from the Siret Collection . Madrid contributions Vol. 17. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1991, ISBN 3-8053-1112-5 . (With contributions by H. Ulreich, M. Hopf, H.-J. Hundt.)
• Hermanfrid Schubart, Volker Pingel, Oswaldo Arteaga: Fuente Álamo Part 1, The excavations from 1977 to 1991 in a Bronze Age hilltop settlement in Andalusia . Madrid contributions, vol. 25. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2001, ISBN 3-8053-2453-7 . (With contributions by HG Bachmann, P. Cressier, L. Delgado Castilla, A. von den Driesch, I. Flores Escobosa, M. García Sánchez, M. Kunter, C. Liesau, H. Manhart, R. Pozo Marín, I . Mª Rueda Cruz, H. Siret, L. Siret and H.-P. Stika.)
• with Thomas X. Schuhmacher: Fuente Álamo part 4. The settlement ceramics of the excavations 1985-1991, stratigraphically ordered ceramics of the El Argar period from the excavations 1977-1982 . Iberia Archaeologica Vol. 4. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2003, ISBN 3-8053-3242-4 .

Selected essays

• Brooches from the earlier Iron Age from Quitzenow, Teterow district . In: Yearbook for soil monument maintenance in Mecklenburg 1953, pp. 57–68.
• A stone chamber from Carmzow, Prenzlau district . In: Bodendenkmalpflege in Mecklenburg , Jahrbuch 1956, Schwerin 1958, pp. 18-27.
• Young Bronze Age castle walls in Mecklenburg . In: Praehistorische Zeitschrift 39, 1961, pp. 143–175.
• Investigations on the Iberian fortifications of the Montgó near Denia (Prov. Alicante) . In: Madrider Mitteilungen 4, 1963, pp. 51–85 Fig. 7–30.
• New radiocarbon data on the prehistory and early history of the Iberian Peninsula . In: Madrider Mitteilungen 6, 1965, 1966, pp. 11-19.
• Western Phoenician plates . In: Rivista di Studi Fenici IV, 2, Rome 1976, pp. 179–196 and Figs. 1–3, plates 25–34.
• with Volker Pingel , Oswaldo Arteaga, Michael Art : Fuente Álamo . Preliminary report on the 1996 excavation in the Bronze Age hillside settlement . In: Madrider Mitteilungen 39, 1998, pp. 14–34, plates 1–6.
• with Volker Pingel, Oswaldo Arteaga, Anna-Maria Roos, Michael Art: Fuente Álamo . Preliminary report on the 1999 excavation in the Bronze Age hillside settlement . In: Madrider Mitteilungen 42, 2001, pp. 33–81, plates 3–6.

literature

• Wilhelm Grünhagen: Madrid Department . In: Contributions to the history of the German Archaeological Institute 1929 to 1979 , part 1. The German Archaeological Institute, history and documents, Vol. 3. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1979. ISBN 3-8053-0396-3 . Pp. 117-165, plates 13-16.
• Rui Parreira: Edward Sangmeister; Hermanfrid Schubart, Zambujal: The excavations 1964 to 1973 . In: O Arqueólogo Português , Série IV Vol. 3, Lisboa 1985. ISSN  0870-094X . Pp. 207-211.
• Manuel Bendala Galán: Doctor honoris causa de la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Presentación y elogio del doctorando Prof. Dr. Hermanfrid Schubart , Madrid 1989, pp. 11-19.
• Maria Díaz Teijeiro: Apuntes biográficos y publicaciones de Hermanfrid Schubart. In: Boletín de la Asociación Española de Amigos de la Arqueología Vol. 35, Homenaje a Hermanfrid Schubart, Madrid 1995. pp. 13-22.
• Susana Oliveira Jorge: Doctor honoris causa da Universidade do Porto, Hermanfrid Schubart na encruzilhada de arqueologia europeia e peninsular da segunda metade do séc. XX . Postage 2005, 14 pp.
• with Lorenzo Abad Casal, Carlos Gómez Bellard, Mauro S. Hernández Pérez, Michael Kunst , Dirce Marzoli , Manuel H. Olcina Doménech, Jorge A. Soler Díaz: Arqueología en Alicante, Homenaje a Hermanfrid Schubart . Diputación Provincial de Alicante, MARQ Museo Arqueológico de Alicante, Alicante 2010. ISBN 978-84-96979-71-0 .

Web links

• Literature by and about Hermanfrid Schubart in the catalog of the German National Library
• Entries on Hermanfrid Schubart in the Arachne archaeological database

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Rui Parreira: Edward Sangmeister; Hermanfrid Schubart, Zambujal: The excavations 1964 to 1973 . In: O Arqueólogo Português, Série IV Vol. 3, Lisboa 1985. ISSN  0870-094X . Pp. 207-211.
2. ↑ ^{a b c d e} The information on the section The first years on the Iberian Peninsula comes mainly from the quarterly reports of the German Archaeological Institute, Madrid department
3. ^ E. Sangmeister, H. Schubart: Zambujal. The excavations from 1964 to 1973 . Madrid Contributions Vol. 5, Zambujal Part 1. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1981. pp. 6-7.
4. ↑ ^{a b c d e} The information on the section Large research projects and institute management mainly comes from the quarterly reports of the German Archaeological Institute, Madrid department
5. ↑ see Gerd Hoffmann: "Holocene stratigraphy and shifting of the coastline on the Andalusian Mediterranean coast". Reports from the Geosciences Department of the University of Bremen Vol. 2, University of Bremen 1988. ISSN  0931-0800
6. ↑ see Gerd Hoffmann: On the Holocene landscape development in the valley of the Rio Sizandro (Portugal) . In: Madrider Mitteilungen 31, 1990, pp. 21–33, plate 2; Michael art , Leonel Joaquim Trindade: On the settlement history of the Sizandrotals. Results from coastal research . In: Madrider Mitteilungen 31, 1990, pp. 34–82, plates 3–14.
7. ↑ see Dirce Marzoli: Landscape history in the Empordà: from the end bronze age to the beginning of the Romanization . In: Madrider Mitteilungen 39, 1998, pp. 14–34, plates 1–6; V. Pingel et al .: Fuente Álamo. Preliminary report on the 1999 excavation in the Bronze Age hillside settlement . Iberia Archaeologica Vol. 5. Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 2005. ISBN 3-8053-3389-7 .
8. ↑ see V. Pingel et al .: Fuente Álamo. Preliminary report on the 1996 excavation in the Bronze Age hillside settlement . In: Madrider Mitteilungen 39, 1998, pp. 14–34, plates 1–6; V. Pingel et al .: Fuente Álamo. Preliminary report on the 1999 excavation in the Bronze Age hillside settlement . In: Madrider Mitteilungen 42, 2001, pp. 33–81, plates 3–6