Ivanuma

Iwanuma City Hall
Iwanuma-shi ; 岩沼市
Geographical location in Japan
Region :	Tōhoku
Prefecture :	Miyagi
Coordinates :	38 ° 6 ' N , 140 ° 52' E Coordinates: 38 ° 6 '15 " N , 140 ° 52' 13" E
Basic data
Surface:	60.71 km²
Residents :	44,409 ; (October 1, 2019)
Population density :	731 inhabitants per km²
Community key :	04211-1
Symbols
Flag / coat of arms:
Tree :	Japanese black pine
Flower :	azalea
town hall
Address :	Iwanuma City Hall ; 1 - 6 - 20 , Sakura; Iwanuma -shi ; Miyagi 989-2480
Website URL:	http://www.city.iwanuma.miyagi.jp/
Location of Iwanumas in Miyagi Prefecture

Iwanuma ( Japanese 岩沼市 , - shi ) is a city in Miyagi Prefecture on Honshū , the main island of Japan .

geography

Iwanuma is located north of Fukushima and south of Sendai in Sendai plain , a low-lying rice-growing region on the Pacific coast.

Iwanuma has a 10 km long coastline between Sendai Airport in the north as a connection point to the Tōhoku region and the Abukuma River in the south. The Teizan Canal ( 貞山運河 Teizan-unga ), which the powerful daimyo Date Masamune had excavated as a transport canal in the 16th century, runs a little inland from the coast . At the same time as the Teizan Canal was being built, the forest was planted in the coastal region to protect the coastal villages from strong winds and to reduce the amount of sand blown in from the beach. The forest on the mountain slopes, on the other hand, offers protection from erosion. Isolated clusters of houses surrounded by a small grove within an area of rice paddies are referred to as Igune in the Sendai dialect .

The Abukuma forms the southern boundary of the municipality to the neighboring Watari .

Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami 2011

Coastal section of Iwanuma before (left) and after (right) the tsunami triggered by the Tōhoku earthquake on March 11, 2011 (satellite images from September 5, 2010 and March 12, 2011)

Extent of flooding and damage

On March 11, 2011, the city was hit by the Tōhoku earthquake and the very strong tsunami that followed. The tsunami, the epicenter of which was about 80 km east of the city, hit the Iwanuma plains immediately after the earthquake, stretched 5 km inland and flowed even further inland across the Abukuma River. 48% of the land was flooded in Iwanuma.

736 residential buildings were completely destroyed and 1,606 partially destroyed. Another 3,086 residential buildings were damaged.

In the eastern part of Iwanuma known as Tamaura District (玉浦), where around 8,500 of the 44,000 or so residents of Iwanuma lived, the disaster resulted in a significant loss of property and many victims. About 90 percent (in absolute numbers: more than 1,850) of the completely or partially destroyed houses in Iwanuma were in Tamaura. 68 percent of the houses in eastern Iwanuma were wholly or partially destroyed. The area around Tamaura lies in the same landscape with flat coast, sandy beaches, settlements and rice fields as the area around Yuriage (in Natori ), which was badly affected by the tsunami , but is further inland than Yuriage, which is close to the coast at the mouth of the Natori River. In Iwanuma, however, there were only smaller “ hamlets ” near the coast, so that the damage to settlements in Iwanuma was less severe than in Yuriage. Unlike Yuriage, Tamaura had a coastal protection forest, but pine trees were uprooted by the tsunami, swept inland and contributed to the destruction of many buildings.

Victim

The Fire and Disaster Management Agency (FDMA) reported 186 deaths and one missing person as victims of the disaster, namely the tsunami, up to its 157th damage report on March 7, 2018.

Measured against the total population of Iwanuma, which was stated at 44,187 in the 2010 census, the casualty rate from the 2011 disaster was around 0.4%, even if the disaster-related deaths reported by the Reconstruction Agency (RA) are taken into account, resulting in a number of 181 dead and missing. With the same database, but based solely on the floodplain area of the tsunami in Minamisōma, which covered an area of 29 km², the casualty rate was 2.25%.

Victims record, population, tsunami wave and distance from evacuation sites to areas of Iwanuma
Area in Iwanuma	Fatalities		Residents	Tsunami		Distance to the next evacuation site [m]
Area in Iwanuma	Rate [%]	number	Residents	Max. Flooding height [m]	Arrival time [min.]	Distance to the next evacuation site [m]
Nobiru	2.72	40	1,473	5.92	66	5,921
Omagari	0.98	21st	2.136	1.28	66	2,949
Yamato	2.11	55	2,609	1.52	66	1,831
Source: Total population according to Statistics Bureau (統計局) and Director-General for Policy Planning (政策統括官), 2010 census; Fatalities according to fire and disaster management agency (消防庁 = Fire and Disaster Management Agency, FDMA); Maximum flood height and arrival time of the tsunami according to The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami Joint Survey Group ; Distance to the nearest evacuation site from the place of residence according to the evacuation site data from the Cabinet Secretariat Civil Protection Portal Site ( kokuminhogo.go.jp of the Cabinet Secretariat (内閣官房) and aerial photographs and maps of the Geospatial Information Authority of Japan (GSI) from the Tsunami Damage Mapping Team, Association of Japanese Geographers.

Relocation and Reconstruction

Immediately after the disaster, when the survivors were still living in temporary shelters, city officials demanded that they choose between two possible types of relocation to temporary accommodation. The first option was group relocation, in which entire communities moved into prefabricated, makeshift housing estates ( kasetsu jutaku , similar to the Federal Emergency Management Agency's trailer parks in the US ) with container- like housing. The second option was individual relocation, where individuals were relocated to public housing through a random selection in order to find apartments on the open rental market or to build new houses for themselves.

In contrast to neighboring Natori , for example , Iwanuma had neither active fishing ports nor a significant number of people employed in fishing. In contrast to the indecisive situation in Natori, this favored the unanimous and decisive consent of the residents of Iwanuma to move together to a new area that is comparatively far away from the sea. The decision to relocate to a new area in Iwanuma (namely Tamaura) was supported by the inhabitants of all six hamlets. In order to keep the social communities intact, the six communities in the new common settlement area were left grouped together. Residents who choose not to join the joint relocation project should not receive any financial support for their relocation from public sources. In August 2012, Iwanuma initiated a resettlement project for the joint relocation of residential houses from the coastal region to the inland. Iwanuma was the first community of the three prefectures Iwate , Miyagi and Fukushima most severely affected by the Tōhoku earthquake and Tsunami to initiate such a collective resettlement project. Iwanuma planned to move 348 houses in the 20 hectare Tamaura Nishi district and to build 156 social housing apartments in the same district, which should be made available to the affected citizens in April 2014. The project was initially estimated to cost 10.8 billion yen. The participatory Igune- like reconstruction concept from summer 2012 was replaced as of November 2012 by a drastically different development plan for Tamaura as a densely populated area.

In April 2016, the city of Iwanuma closed the caravan park and all residents were relocated to permanent housing in the city a second time.

The largest branch of production in Tamaura was agriculture, but most of those employed were not full-time farmers. The main crop in Tamaura was rice, along with smaller quantities of tomatoes, melons and vegetables. Although there is an industrial park near Sendai Airport, many of the operations were just warehouses and therefore did not add to the employment of residents. The tsunami destroyed 1,200 hectares of arable land, 65 percent of Iwanuma's total arable land. Around an eighth of this was cultivated in 2012 and a fifth in 2013.

traffic

The Sendai Airport is located in the cities of Iwanuma and Natori , the south of Sendai are located.

Street:
- National road 4 , to Tokyo or Aomori
- National road 6
Train:
- JR Tōhoku main line

Town twinning

United States Napa , United States, since 1973
Japan Nankoku , Japan, since 1973
Japan Obanazawa , Japan, since 1999
United States Dover , United States, since 2003

Neighboring cities and communities

Natori

Personalities

Gōshi Ōkubo (* 1986), football player

Web links

Commons : Iwanuma - collection of images, videos and audio files

10 万分 1 浸水範囲概況図 , 国土地理院 ( Kokudo Chiriin , Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, formerly: Geographical Survey Institute = GSI), www.gsi.go.jp: 地理院ホーム> 防災関連> 平成 23 年（2011年）東北地方太平洋沖地震に関する情報提供> 10 万分 1 浸水範囲概況図:

The GSI published here a map with Iwanuma ( 浸水範囲概況図13 (PDF)) on which the 2011 flooded areas are drawn on the basis of reports of aerial photographs and satellite images from the Tōhoku tsunami, as far as was possible.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Dinil Pushpalal: A Journey through the Lands of the Great East Japan Earthquake . In: Dinil Pushpalal, Jakob Rhyner, Vilma Hossini (eds.): The Great Eastern Japan Earthquake 11 March 2011: Lessons Learned And Research Questions - Conference Proceedings (11 March 2013, UN Campus, Bonn) . 2013, ISBN 978-3-944535-20-3 , ISSN 2075-0498 , pp. 14-26 .
↑ Lori Dengler, Megumi Sugimoto: Learning from Earthquakes - The Japan Tohoku Tsunami of March 11, 2011 . In: EERI Special Earthquake Report . November 2011, p. 1-15 . Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI).
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Philipp Koch: A Study of the Perceptions of Ecosystems and Ecosystem-Based Services Relating to Disaster Risk Reduction in the Context of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami . In: Dinil Pushpalal, Jakob Rhyner, Vilma Hossini (eds.): The Great Eastern Japan Earthquake 11 March 2011: Lessons Learned And Research Questions - Conference Proceedings (11 March 2013, UN Campus, Bonn) . 2013, ISBN 978-3-944535-20-3 , ISSN 2075-0498 , pp. 59-67 .
↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hiroyuki Hikichi, Yasuyuki Sawada, Toru Tsuboya, Jun Aida, Katsunori Kondo, Shihoko Koyama, Ichiro Kawachi: Residential relocation and change in social capital: A natural experiment from the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami . In: Science Advances . tape 3 , no. 7 , July 26, 2017, p. e1700426-1-e1700426–9 , doi : 10.1126 / sciadv.1700426 . (Published online on); License: Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).
↑ ^a ^b 平成 23 年（2011 年）東北地方太平洋沖地震（東日本大震災）について（第 157 報） ( Memento from March 18, 2018 on WebCite ) ( fdma.go.jp ( Memento from March 18, 2018 on WebCite )) (PDF) 総務省消防庁 (Fire and Disaster Management Agency), March 7, 2018.
↑ 平成 22 年国勢調査 - 人口等基本集計結果 - (岩手県，宮城県及び福島県) ( Memento from March 24, 2018 on WebCite ) (PDF; Japanese), stat.go.jp (Statistics Japan - Statistics Bureau , Ministry of Internal Affairs and communication), 2010 Census, Summary of Results for Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima Prefectures.
↑ Tadashi Nakasu, Yuichi Ono, Wiraporn Pothisiri: Why did Rikuzentakata have a high death toll in the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami disaster? Finding the devastating disaster's root causes . In: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction . tape 27 , 2018, p. 21-36 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ijdrr.2017.08.001 . (Published online on August 15, 2017), here p. 22, table 2.
↑ 平成 23 年（2011 年）東北地方太平洋沖地震（東日本大震災）について（第 153 報） ( Memento of March 10, 2016 on WebCite ) , 総務省消防庁 (Fire and Disaster Management Agency), 153rd report, March 8, 2016.
↑ Nam Yi Yun, Masanori Hamada: Evacuation Behavior and Fatality Rate during the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake and Tsunami . In: Earthquake Spectra . tape 31 , no. 3 , August 2015, p. 1237-1265 , doi : 10.1193 / 082013EQS234M . , here table 2.

[PushpalalEtAL2013_GEE_JTL_pp14-26-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j Dinil Pushpalal: A Journey through the Lands of the Great East Japan Earthquake . In: Dinil Pushpalal, Jakob Rhyner, Vilma Hossini (eds.): The Great Eastern Japan Earthquake 11 March 2011: Lessons Learned And Research Questions - Conference Proceedings (11 March 2013, UN Campus, Bonn) . 2013, ISBN 978-3-944535-20-3 , ISSN 2075-0498 , pp. 14-26 .

[DenglerEtSugimoto2011_EERI_LFE-2] Lori Dengler, Megumi Sugimoto: Learning from Earthquakes - The Japan Tohoku Tsunami of March 11, 2011 . In: EERI Special Earthquake Report . November 2011, p. 1-15 . Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI).

[PushpalalEtAL2013_GEE_SPE_pp59-67-3] Philipp Koch: A Study of the Perceptions of Ecosystems and Ecosystem-Based Services Relating to Disaster Risk Reduction in the Context of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami . In: Dinil Pushpalal, Jakob Rhyner, Vilma Hossini (eds.): The Great Eastern Japan Earthquake 11 March 2011: Lessons Learned And Research Questions - Conference Proceedings (11 March 2013, UN Campus, Bonn) . 2013, ISBN 978-3-944535-20-3 , ISSN 2075-0498 , pp. 59-67 .

[HikichiEtAl2017_SA_3_7_e1700426-4] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Hiroyuki Hikichi, Yasuyuki Sawada, Toru Tsuboya, Jun Aida, Katsunori Kondo, Shihoko Koyama, Ichiro Kawachi: Residential relocation and change in social capital: A natural experiment from the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami . In: Science Advances . tape 3 , no. 7 , July 26, 2017, p. e1700426-1-e1700426–9 , doi : 10.1126 / sciadv.1700426 . (Published online on); License: Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).

[FDMA_2018-03-07-5] 平成 23 年（2011 年）東北地方太平洋沖地震（東日本大震災）について（第 157 報） ( Memento from March 18, 2018 on WebCite ) ( fdma.go.jp ( Memento from March 18, 2018 on WebCite )) (PDF) 総務省消防庁 (Fire and Disaster Management Agency), March 7, 2018.

[Census2010_stat-go-jp-6] 平成 22 年国勢調査 - 人口等基本集計結果 - (岩手県，宮城県及び福島県) ( Memento from March 24, 2018 on WebCite ) (PDF; Japanese), stat.go.jp (Statistics Japan - Statistics Bureau , Ministry of Internal Affairs and communication), 2010 Census, Summary of Results for Iwate, Miyagi, and Fukushima Prefectures.

[NakasuEtAl2018_IJDRR_27_pp21-36_p22Tab2-7] Tadashi Nakasu, Yuichi Ono, Wiraporn Pothisiri: Why did Rikuzentakata have a high death toll in the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami disaster? Finding the devastating disaster's root causes . In: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction . tape 27 , 2018, p. 21-36 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ijdrr.2017.08.001 . (Published online on August 15, 2017), here p. 22, table 2.

[FDMA_2016-03-08-8] 平成 23 年（2011 年）東北地方太平洋沖地震（東日本大震災）について（第 153 報） ( Memento of March 10, 2016 on WebCite ) , 総務省消防庁 (Fire and Disaster Management Agency), 153rd report, March 8, 2016.

[YunEtHamada2015_ES_31_3_1237-1265_Tab2-9] Nam Yi Yun, Masanori Hamada: Evacuation Behavior and Fatality Rate during the 2011 Tohoku-Oki Earthquake and Tsunami . In: Earthquake Spectra . tape 31 , no. 3 , August 2015, p. 1237-1265 , doi : 10.1193 / 082013EQS234M . , here table 2.