Yamamoto (Miyagi)

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Yamamoto-chō
山 元町
Yamamoto (Miyagi) (Japan)
Red pog.svg
Geographical location in Japan
Region : Tōhoku
Prefecture : Miyagi
Coordinates : 37 ° 58 '  N , 140 ° 53'  E Coordinates: 37 ° 57 '42 "  N , 140 ° 52' 40"  E
Basic data
Surface: 64.58 km²
Residents : 11,890
(October 1, 2019)
Population density : 184 inhabitants per km²
Community key : 04362-1
Symbols
Flag / coat of arms:
Flag / coat of arms of Yamamoto
Tree : Japanese black pine
Flower : azalea
Bird : Barn swallow
town hall
Address : Yamamoto Town Hall
32 Aza Sakudayama, Asōhara
Yamamoto -chō,
Miyagi  989-2292
Website URL: www.town.yamamoto.miyagi.jp
Location of Yamamoto's in Miyagi Prefecture
Location of Yamamoto's prefecture

Yamamoto ( Japanese 山 元町 , - chō ) is a city in Watari County , Miyagi Prefecture , Japan .

history

The community was created on February 1, 1955 from the merger of the two villages ( mura ) Yamashita ( 山下 村 ) in the north and Sakamoto ( 坂 元 村 ) in the south. Sakamoto Castle, which was razed in 1869, was the seat of the Ōeda family during the Edo period .

geography

The city of Yamamoto is located in the Sendai Plain and has a very similar, low-lying topography to the Yuriage district in Natori or the Arahama district (荒 浜) in the Wakabayashi district of Sendai city .

Earthquake and tsunami disasters

Historical tsunami experiences and countermeasures

A relatively low tsunami risk was assumed for the Sendai plain compared to the Sanriku coast . For example, the tsunami triggered by the Shōwa-Sanriku earthquake in 1933 , which had a maximum run-up height of 28 m on the Sanriku coast in Showa-Sanriku, reached a height of only 3.9 m in Yamamoto, and during the tsunami caused by the Meiji-Sanriku The 1896 earthquake triggered a tsunami on the Sanriku coast in Ōfunato with a maximum incidence height of 38.2 m, the height measured in Sendai was less than 5 m. As a result of the fact that before the Tōhoku earthquake of 2011, the greatest earthquake risk in Japan was mainly a possible Miyagi-oki earthquake with a magnitude between 7.5 and 8.0, for which there was a probability of 99% was assumed within 30 years, the tsunami countermeasures taken in Miyagi Prefecture were not sufficient for the following Tōhoku earthquake of 2011 with a magnitude of 9.0  M w .

The Yamamoto coast was protected from the Tōhoku tsunami of 2011 by a straight coastal dike with a dike crest height of 6.5 m MSL and a coastal forest 200 m wide. The beach had large, regularly laid groynes and a concrete block revetment, which was joined directly inland by the pine forest. Both sides of the revetment consisted of a concrete grid that was filled with concrete blocks and natural vegetation. The revetment had a sand core and a concrete and bitumen path along its crown. The groynes were built from slim concrete reinforcement units.

2011 Tōhoku earthquake

Damage to coastal protection facilities
Damage to Yamamoto sea dikes observed during the 2011 EEFIT mission.jpg
Damage to Yamamoto coastal dikes: exposed (a) and lee side (b) sand core as well as exposed profile (c) and dyke fragments on the lee side (d) of the coastal dike
Takase 笠 野 Yamamototown Miyagipref Tōhoku earthquake damage No, 3.jpg
Windbreak forest destroyed by the tsunami near Takase-Kasano (高 瀬 字 笠 野) with a view of the Pacific (Photo: November 5, 2011)


Mum on footpath.JPG
Chrysanthemums as a ritual performance for the dead next to an overturned power pole at rice fields strewn with rubble in Yamamoto (Photo: November 18, 2011)
Sakamoto Station after Tsunami.JPEG
Destroyed Sakamoto train station in Sakamoto (坂 元), which was swept away by the water except for the remains of an overpass and the toilets (Photo: May 18, 2011)


Extent of flooding and damage

On March 11, 2011, the city was hit by the Tōhoku earthquake and the subsequent tsunami . The city of Yamamoto, like the city of Ishinomaki, was one of the urban areas that were particularly hard hit by the tsunami, which flooded 46% of the total area of ​​the city.

During the 2011 tsunami, Yamamoto Bay formed a special focus for the high density coastal dike breaches in the southern part of the Sendai Bay coast. The Yamamoto coast was already badly eroded before the tsunami. There were no sandy beaches. The coast was protected by a concrete coastal dike and concrete reinforcement units. The coastal dike in this area was badly damaged. At several points along the revetment, the reinforced mesh cracked and most of the concrete blocks were lost. During the tsunami, which reached a run-up height of 19.2 m on the Yamamoto coast, a large continuous ditch about 50 m wide formed immediately inland along the coastal dike, and the rear embankment was destroyed. Investigations after the tsunami showed that the rear dike embankment is a weak point of the coastal protection structures against local undercutting behind the dike if the tsunami exceeds the height of the dike crest. The lee side washout was a major cause of the dam breach.

The tsunami not only destroyed the coastal dike, it also uprooted all the trees and carried them inland with it. The pines of the coastal forest were largely destroyed by the tsunami by falling over and breaking their trunks very close to the ground. As a result, the coastal forest created significant amounts of debris. It could be shown that such debris caused structural damage to a steel-frame agricultural building 1 km inland, which not only lost its cladding up to a height of 4 m, but was also hit by a tree trunk during the Vordingen Tsunamis, which bent load-bearing elements.

Over 2,200 residential buildings were completely destroyed and 1,085 others were partially destroyed.

The tsunami devastated the two-story school building of the Nakahama Primary School in Sakamoto up to the ceiling of the top floor and washed away almost all windows and doors, while the pillars and walls held up. About 90 of the students and teachers were able to flee quickly to a small room called the "attic", all of which escaped the disaster and were rescued the next day by a helicopter belonging to the Self-Defense Forces . The Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Authority (Reconstruction Agency, RA) decided to maintain the primary school building as disaster ruin.

Victim

The fire and disaster control authorities reported 669 dead and 78 missing in their damage report on May 19. The number of deaths increased to 700 in the later damage assessment, while 18 people were missing. The proportion of victims was 4.3 percent of the population of Yamamoto, which was 16,704 in the 2010 census.

According to data from the Japanese Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications , 54% of the population of Yamamoto lived in the flood area of ​​the 2011 tsunami. When the victims (670 dead and 22 missing) recorded in the 137th FDMA damage report dated August 25, 2011 are taken into account, For the flooded area of ​​the tsunami in Yamamoto alone, this results in a victim rate of 7.7%, similar to that in the city of Natori.

evacuation

Destroyed Jōban-Yamamoto driving school. 25 learner drivers who were not evacuated in time and one employee died in the tsunami. (Photo: April 28, 2011)

While the use of structures for vertical evacuation in the cities of Natori and Iwanuma significantly reduced the death toll and a total of 9,700 people on upper floors of buildings survived the tsunami in 5 cities on the Sendai Plain, there was a shortage in areas such as the city of Yamamoto such structures in the coastal plain. In Yamamoto City, only 1% of residents living in the floodplain survived by going to vertical evacuation buildings, compared to 27% in Natori City, 26% in Iwanuma City, 15% in Watari, and coastal areas of Sendai City were 8%.

Number of people who survived on upper floors of buildings
compared to 5 communities in the Sendai Plain
place Survivors on upper floors Number of evacuation facilities
Sendai 2139 4th
Natori 3285 5
Ivanuma 2095 5
Watari 2102 5
Yamamoto 91 1
Data source: Iwate Nichi Nichi Shinbun 2011

In January 2013, Sendai District Court sentenced a driving school in Yamamoto City to pay 1.9 billion yen in compensation to relatives of 25 student drivers and one part-time worker who were killed in the March 11, 2011 tsunami. It was the second case in which a district court had imposed damages in a compensation claim by tsunami victims against the operator of a school facility or a workplace of the victims. The court ruled that the driving school was able to predict the arrival of a tsunami after the severe earthquake and had a duty to get the students to safety. After the earthquake, the driving school instead left the learner drivers in a facility 750 m from the coast and only began evacuating the learner drivers in several vehicles 50 to 60 minutes after the earthquake, with the tsunami killing 23 learner drivers in four vehicles, as well two other learner drivers coming from class on foot and a part-time employee who was not evacuated from the driving school.

traffic

Major roads are the Jōban highway to Misato or Watari , and the national road 6 to Chūō , Tokyo or Sendai .

There is a connection to the rail network with the JR Jōban line to Nippori station in Arakawa or Iwanuma . Yamamoto train stations are Yamashita and Sakamoto.

education

In Yamamoto there are primary schools Yamashita, 1st Yamashita ( Yamashita Dai-ichi ), 2nd Yamashita ( Yamashita Dai-ni ) and Sakamoto, as well as the middle schools Yamashita and Sakamoto, as well as the prefectural special school Yamamoto.

Web links

Commons : Yamamoto, Miyagi  - collection of images, videos and audio files
  • 10 万分 1 浸水 範 囲 概況 図 , 国土 地理 院 ( Kokudo Chiriin , Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, formerly: Geographical Survey Institute = GSI), www.gsi.go.jp: 地理 院 ホ ー ム> 防災 関 連> 平 成 23 年 （2011年） 東北 地方 太平洋 沖 地震 に 関 す る 情報 提供> 10 万分 1 浸水 範 囲 概況 図:
The GSI published here a map with Yamamoto ( 浸水範囲概況図14 ) on which the 2011 flooded areas are drawn on the basis of reports of aerial photographs and satellite images from the Tōhoku tsunami, as far as was possible.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Stuart Fraser, Alison Raby, Antonios Pomonis, Katsuichiro Goda, Siau Chen Chian, Joshua Macabuag, Mark Offord, Keiko Saito, Peter Sammonds: Tsunami damage to coastal defences and buildings in the March 11th 2011 Mw9.0 Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami . In: Bulletin of Earthquake Engineering . tape 11 , 2013, p. 205-239 , doi : 10.1007 / s10518-012-9348-9 . (Published online March 27, 2012).
  2. ↑ Fumihiko Imamura, Suppasr Anawat: Damage Due To The 2011 Tohoku Earthquake Tsunami And Its Lessons For Future Mitigation . In: Proceedings of the International Symposium on Engineering Lessons Learned from the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake, March 1-4, 2012, Tokyo, Japan . 2012, p. 21-30 . , (Keynote Presentation, URL: http://www.jaee.gr.jp/event/seminar2012/eqsympo/proceedings.html ; complete download: http://www.jaee.gr.jp/event/seminar2012/eqsympo/Proc_GEJES .zip ).
  3. ↑ a b c d e f g Kazuya Sakai, Takaaki Uda, Toshiro San-nami, Tatsuya Shimizu: Damage Along Coasts In Sendai Bay Caused By The 2011 Great Tsunami . In: Coastal Engineering Proceedings . tape 33 , 2012, ISSN  2156-1028 , pp. 1-15 , doi : 10.9753 / icce.v33.currents.13 . (Proceedings of 33rd Conference on Coastal Engineering, Santander, Spain, 2012).
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g Takaaki Uda, Kazuya Sakai, Toshiro San-nami, Tatsuya Shimizu: Two Distinguished Effects of the 2011 Great Tsunami to the Coasts along Sendai Bay: Damage to Arahama and Trench Formation behind the Dike on Yamamoto Coast . In: Transactions, Japanese Geomorphological Union . tape 33 , no. 4 , 2012, ISSN  0389-1755 , p. 365-384 ( ndl.go.jp ).
  5. ^ A b Alison Raby, Joshua Macabuag, Antonios Pomonis, Sean Wilkinson, Tiziana Rossetto: Implications of the 2011 Great East Japan Tsunami on sea defense design . In: International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction . tape 14 , no. 4 , December 2015, p. 332-346 , doi : 10.1016 / j.ijdrr.2015.08.009 . (Published online September 14, 2015). Published under a Creative Commons License (CC BY 4.0: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ).
  6. ↑ Tatsuki Iida, Akira Mano, Keiko Udo, Hioshi Tanaka: Destruction Patterns and Mechanisms of Coastal Levees on the Sendai Bay Coast Hit by the 2011 Tsunami . In: Yev Kontar, V. Santiago-Fandiño, Tomoyuki Takahashi (Ed.): Tsunami Events and Lessons Learned: Environmental and Societal Significance (=  Advances in Natural and Technological Hazards Research ). Springer Science & Business Media, 2013, ISBN 978-94-007-7268-7 , ISSN  1878-9897 , Chapter 16, pp. 309-320 , doi : 10.1007 / 978-94-007-7269-4 ( in Kontar et al. Partially accessible online on Google Books [accessed March 8, 2016]).
  7. ↑ a b c 平 成 23 年 （2011 年） 東北 地方 太平洋 沖 地震 （東 日本 大 震災） に つ い て （第 157 報） ( Memento from March 18, 2018 on WebCite ) ( PDF ( Memento from March 18, 2018 on WebCite )),総 務 省 消防 庁 (Fire and Disaster Management Agency), March 7, 2018.
  8. ^ Isao Hayashi: Materializing Memories of Disasters: Individual Experiences in Conflict Concerning Disaster Remains in the Affected Regions of the Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami . In: Bulletin of the National Museum of Ethnology [ 国立 民族 学 博物館 研究 報告 ] . tape 41 , no. 4 , March 30, 2017, p. 337-391 , doi : 10.15021 / 00008472 .
  9. ↑ 平 成 23 年 （2011 年） 東北 地方 太平洋 沖 地震 （第 124 報） ( Memento from March 25, 2018 on WebCite ) ( PDF ( Memento from March 25, 2018 on WebCite )), 総 務 省 消防 庁 (Fire and Disaster Management Agency), 124th report, May 19, 2011.
  10. ↑ 東 日本 大 震災 図 説 集 ( Memento from June 19, 2011 on WebCite ) (Japanese), mainichi.jp ( Mainichi Shimbun ), May 20, 2011.
  11. ↑ 県 の 広 報 活動 と 報道 機関 の 活動 第 ５ 章 ( Memento from March 8, 2016 on WebCite ) (Japanese), Miyagi Prefecture, page 822, Fig. 5-3-2.
  12. ↑ a b 東 日本 大 震災 記録 集 ( Memento from March 23, 2018 on WebCite ) , 総 務 省 消防 庁 (Fire and Disaster Management Agency), March 2013, here in Chapter 3 (第 3 章 災害 の 概要) the subsection 3.1 / 3.2 (3.1 被害 の 概要 ／3.2 人 的 被害 の 状況) ( PDF ( Memento from March 23, 2018 on WebCite )).
  13. ↑ a b 平 成 22 年 国 勢 調査 - 人口 等 基本 集 計 結果 - （岩手 県 ， 宮城 県 及 び 福島 県） ( Memento from March 24, 2018 on WebCite ) (PDF, Japanese), stat.go.jp (Statistics Japan - Statistics Bureau, Ministry of Internal Affairs and communication), 2010 Census, Summary of Results for Iwate, Miyagi and Fukushima Prefectures, URL: http://www.stat.go.jp/data/kokusei/2010/index.html .
  14. ↑ 平 成 23 年 （2011 年） 東北 地方 太平洋 沖 地震 （第 137 報） ( Memento from August 28, 2018 on WebCite ) ( PDF ( Memento from August 28, 2018 on WebCite )), 総 務 省 消防 庁 (Fire and Disaster Management Agency), 137th report, August 25, 2011.
  15. ↑ a b Miyagi driving school ordered to pay damages over 3/11 tsunami deaths ( Memento of March 8, 2016 on WebCite ) , japantimes.co.jp, January 13, 2013.