Jewish elementary school (Baden)

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In the 19th century, the Jewish elementary schools were the denominational schools of the Jewish communities in Baden . These elementary schools were dissolved with the introduction of the simultaneous schools in 1876.

history

With the Baden Jewish edict of 1809 , the Jewish communities in Baden were allowed to set up their own schools, provided they covered the costs. Under these conditions, around 60 Jewish elementary schools were established in the first half of the 19th century. The Upper Council of the Israelites of Baden , which was very concerned about the education and new professional orientation of the Baden Jews, published regulations for the Jewish elementary school system in 1824 with the approval of the Grand Duke. The curriculum , which came into force in 1825 , provided for the following subjects: German and Hebrew reading, writing, arithmetic, religious foundations, biblical history, German, Hebrew, geography, history, natural science , drawing and singing . With the exception of religious instruction, the official textbooks of the Christian schools were adopted. Jewish students were from 1825 as External at teacher training college in Karlsruhe will be admitted and thus the teacher training has been improved and the Jewish teachers. Since 1832, compulsory schooling in Baden has ranged from 6 to 13 years of age for girls and up to 14 years of age for boys.

The sovereign ordinance of 1834 on the establishment of elementary schools now determined the Upper Council of the Israelites of Baden as the high school authority for the Jewish schools. Every Jewish community that had its own school had to set up a school board. This consisted of the local school inspector, the mayor and members of the synagogue council . The teachers only attended the meetings in an advisory capacity and did not have a voice. The first elementary school law enacted in Baden in 1835 regulated the position of schools and teachers within the communities, the number of teachers and their income. It also introduced school funds to finance elementary schools, which had to be borne mainly by the respective Jewish communities.

After a heyday until around 1860, the Jewish school system gradually lost its importance as a result of rural exodus and emigration, especially since assimilated Judaism preferred general public schools in the larger cities. In 1868 there were only 47 Jewish elementary schools in Baden with 1983 students and 50 teachers. Therefore, the Elementary Education Act of 1868 should enable the political communities to merge the local denominational schools into a community school. The city of Mannheim was the first municipality to make use of this in 1870. Nevertheless, in 1876 there were still 28 Jewish elementary schools and 109 religious schools , which were attended by 3,945 Jewish children.

In 1876 the denominational schools in Baden, including the Christian ones, were replaced by simultaneous schools. All lessons, with the exception of religion lessons, were given together.

List of Jewish elementary schools

literature

  • Naphtali Epstein : The legal relationships of the public Israelite schools in the Grand Duchy of Baden. Shown in a collection of the related laws and ordinances. With an attachment . Bielefeld, Carlsruhe 1843.
  • Berthold Rosenthal : Home history of the Baden Jews from their historical appearance to the present . Konkordia, Bühl 1927, (Reprint: Bissinger, Magstadt bei Stuttgart 1981, ISBN 3-7644-0092-7 ).
  • Mordechai Eliav: Jewish Education in Germany in the Age of Enlightenment and Emancipation . Waxmann, Münster et al. 2001, ISBN 3-89325-894-9 , ( Jewish history of education in Germany 2), (at the same time: Jerusalem, Univ., Altered diss., 1958).

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Klaus-Dieter Alicke: Lexicon of the Jewish communities in the German-speaking area. Volume 1: Aach - Groß-Bieberau. Gütersloher Verlagshaus, Gütersloh 2008, ISBN 978-3-579-08077-2 ( online edition ).