Yakut language
| Yakut Саха тыла |
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|---|---|---|
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Spoken in |
 Russia
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| speaker | approx. 450,000 (2010) | |
| Linguistic classification |
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| Official status | ||
| Official language in |
 Sakha Republic (Yakutia)
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| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639 -1 |
- |
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| ISO 639 -2 |
saw |
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| ISO 639-3 | ||
The Yakut language ( Yakut Саха тыла 'Sacha tyla' ) is a language from the group of northeastern Turkic languages (also known as "Siberian Turkic languages"), which is spoken by around 450,000 people as their mother tongue. It occupies a special position within the group of Turkic languages , as it has many features of Old Turkish on the one hand and the neighboring, but not closely related Mongolian and Tungusic languages on the other .
Number of speakers, distribution
Yakut is the mother tongue of the majority of the approximately 444,000 Yakuts and is spoken by a few thousand other people as a second or foreign language. The main area of distribution is the Sakha Republic (Yakutia), there are also speaker communities in the Magadan Oblast , the Evenk Autonomous Okrug , the Amur Oblast and the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug . Many Evenks , Evens and Yukagirs speak Yakut as their first language.
The lexicons , the sound system and the grammar of Yakut are mainly influenced by Mongolian and Tungus , while the basic vocabulary is still predominantly Turkish. In Yakut there are only a few foreign words from Russian. These are mostly technical terms .
Dialects
The article "Yakut Language" by Elizaweta Ubrjatowa in the Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary gives a classification of the Yakut dialect system, in which four groups of dialects are distinguished:
PP Barashkov selected three groups of dialects in the Yakut language: Namsk-Aldan, Viljuisk-Kangalass and Megino-Tatta.
In the classification of MS Voronkin, the dialects of the Yakut language are divided into two large groups of dialects and the Dolgan dialect (Антонов, 1997, p. 514):
- western (surrounding) group of dialects;
- Viljuisk dialects
- northwest dialects
- Eastern (Akoja) dialect group;
- central dialects
- northeastern dialects
- Dolgan dialect / language .
Clearly isolated from other Yakut dialects, Dolganic . The influence of the Evenk language and the long isolated development of Dolgan from other Yakut dialects led to an increase in phonetic , morphological and lexical differences from the classical Yakut language. Some researchers (EI Ubryatova and others) consider Dolgan as a separate Turkish language; others (MS Voronkin) consider the Dolgan dialect to be only slightly different from the Yakut language (Антонов, 1997, p. 523).
There is complete mutual understanding between the speakers of the dialects . Dialectical differences manifest themselves mainly in the field of phonetics and vocabulary (Антонов, 1997, p. 523).
Alphabets
Yakut has only been a written language in the true sense of the word since 1819 , when Russian missionaries introduced a modified Cyrillic alphabet to the Yakuts to write the language.
From about 1917 Yakut was in a specially developed phonetic alphabet written from a selection of characters from the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) and four additional characters for diphthongs existed. These four additional characters have been included in Unicode since version 8.0 (June 2015).
In 1929 this script was replaced by the "New Alphabet for the Turkic Languages" ( Jaꞑalif ).
In 1939, Stalin introduced compulsory Russian lessons for all nationalities in the USSR and thus also introduced a modified Cyrillic alphabet for the Yakuts.
Yakut Latin alphabet (1929–1939) :
| A a | B в | C c | Ç ç | D d | E e | G g | Ƣ ƣ |
| H h | I i | J j | K k | L l | Lj lj | M m | N n |
| Nj nj | Ꞑ ꞑ | O o | Ɵ ɵ | P p | Q q | R r | S s |
| T t | U u | Y y | Ь ь | ' |
Yakut Cyrillic Alphabet (since 1939):
| А а | Б б | В в | Г г | Ҕ ҕ | Д д | Дь дь | Е е |
| Ё ё | Ж ж | З з | И и | Й й | К к | Л л | М м |
| Н н | Ҥ ҥ | Нь нь | О о | Ө ө | П п | Р р | С с |
| Һ һ | Т т | У у | Ү ү | Ф ф | Х х | Ц ц | Ч ч |
| Ш ш | Щ щ | Ъ ъ | Ы ы | Ь ь | Э э | Ю ю | Я я |
Phonetics and Phonology
The Yakut language has an alphabet in which all letters (including long vowels, 2 digraphs, and 4 diphthongs) are read in the same way as they were written (i.e. the letters of the Yakut Cyrillic alphabet). There are no exceptions to the letter and there are no unnecessary rules. Thus, the Yakut texts do not cause reading difficulties.
Vowels
| Short | Long | Diphthongs | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Above |
Middle and lower |
Above |
Middle and lower |
|||
| Front | Unbroken | i | e | iː | eː | ie |
| Ruined | y | O | yː | O | yø | |
| Back | Unbroken | ɯ | a | ɯː | aː | ɯa |
| Ruined | u | O | uː | O | uo | |
The vowelism of the Yakut language is represented by eight short and eight corresponding long vowels. Short letters are referred to as а, ы, о, у, э, и, ө, ү, а ; long - аа, ыы, оо, уу, ээ, ии, өө, үү. In the Yakut language, the so-called primary longitudes are retained: five long vowels ( аа, ыы, уу, ии, үү ) that only occur in the root . Secondary longitudes that result from a contraction can be found in every syllable of a word. In addition, the Yakut language is characterized by four diphthongs, which are identified in letters by two letters: ыа, уо, иэ and үө . The use of vowels follows the vowel harmony rule , in which the vowels in a word follow one another in a precisely defined order. For example, if the previous syllable contains the tone y, the next one can only have either ы or а or ыа : ылыым, ылаар, ылыа, etc.
| Vowels | Possible trailing vowels | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| э, ээ | э, ээ, и, ии, иэ | эргэтээҕи , нэлиэр, биэриим |
| о, оо | о, оо, у, уу, уо | дьолбун , болгуо |
| ө, өө | ө, өө, ү, үү, үө | көмүс , өрөөбүт , өйдүүр , көрүөххүн |
| ы, ыы, ыа | ы, ыы, а, аа, ыа | кылаан , кындыа , кыайаар |
| и, ии, иэ | и, ии, э, ээ, иэ | тириитинэн , иччикэйиэм |
| у, уу, уо | у, уу, а, аа, уо | уҥуоҕун , тускулаах , умуруорума , уонна |
| ү, үү, үө | ү, үү, э, ээ, үө | үстүү , сүһүөхтээх |
Consonants
| labial | Dental | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | ||||||||
| Plosive | p | b | t | d | c | ɟ | k | ɡ | ||||
| Fricative | s | x | ɣ | H | ||||||||
| Approximant | l | j, ȷ̃ | ||||||||||
| Vibrant | ɾ | |||||||||||
In words that have been borrowed from the Russian language, consonant combinations are separated by intervening vowels. For example: «бригада»> б и ригээдэ ('Brigade'), «книга»> к и нигэ ('Book') etc. In the original Yakut words, a combination of more than two consonants is not allowed. At the beginning and at the end of a word consonants (with the exception of a few words) are prohibited, combinations of certain consonants are prohibited. The consonants б, м, к, с, т, х, ч are often used at the beginning of a word. Seldom used: п, г, һ. Ҕ, й, ҥ, р are not used at the beginning of a word. At the end of the word һ, ҕ, г, б, д, ч are not used.
Prosody
The Yakut language (like most other Turkish languages) is characterized by a last (always falling on the last syllable) accent that is not associated with diphthongs and vowel lengths.
grammar
morphology
noun
The Yakut language refers to agglutinative languages . The word formation is based on appendices : балык 'fish' - балыксыт 'fisherman' - балыктааһын 'fishery'.
The gender category is not expressed grammatically, there are no prepositions or prefixes . Similar semantic constructions are also created by affixes.
pronoun
Personal pronouns
Personal pronouns in the Yakut language ( мин min, эн en, кини kini, биһиги bihigi, эһиги ehigi, кинилэр kiniler) differ in persons (first, second, third) and numbers (singular and plural). Plural pronouns are often abbreviated in everyday language, for example: биһиги - биһи, эһиги - эһи .
The declension of personal pronouns:
|
case
( түһүк ) |
Singular | Plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st number | 2nd number | 3rd number | 1st number | 2nd number | 3rd number | |
| I | she | He is she is | We are | she | you are | |
| Nominative ( төрүөт ) | мин | эн | кини | биһиги | эһиги | кинилэр |
| Partitive ( араарыы ) | миигинэ | эйиигинэ | кинитэ | биһигинэ | эһигинэ | кинилэрэ |
| Dative ( сыһыарыы ) | миэхэ | эйиэхэ | киниэхэ | биһиэхэ | эһиэхэ | кинилэргэ |
| Accusative ( туохтуу ) | миигин | эйигин | кинини | биһигини | эһигини | кинилэри |
| Ablative ( таһаарыы ) | миигиттэн | эйигиттэн | киниттэн | биһигиттэн | эһигиттэн | кинилэртэн |
| Instrumental ( туттуу ) | миигинэн | эйигинэн | кининэн | биһигинэн | эһигинэн | кинилэринэн |
| Comitative ( холбуу ) | миигинниин | эйигинниин | кинилиин | биһигинниин | эһигинниин | кинилэрдиин |
| Comparative case ( тэҥнии ) | миигиннээҕэр | эйигиннээҕэр | кинитээҕэр | биһигинээҕэр | эһигиннээҕэр | кинилэрдээҕэр |
Demonstrative pronouns
In the Yakut language there are 3 indicative pronouns, which differ in the degree of distance of the object they designate from the speaker and listener: бу, ити, ол . The first pronoun is used when the subject is next to the speaker, the second is next to the listener, and the third is away from him. Demonstrative pronouns are also necessarily inclined, depending on the case.
Digits
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4th | 5 | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9 | 10 | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| нуул | биир | икки | үс | түөрт | биэс | алта | сэттэ | аҕыс | тоҕус | уон | |||
| 11 | 20th | 30th | 40 | 50 | 60 | 70 | 80 | 90 | 100 | 1000 | 10,000 | 1000000 | |
| уон биир | сүүрбэ | отут | түөрт уон | биэс уон | алта уон | сэттэ уон | аҕыс уон | тоҕус уон | сүүс | тыһыынча ( муҥ ) | уон тыһыынча ( үтүмэн ) | мөлүйүөн |
Plural
The plural in the Yakut language is formed by adding an addition depending on the final sound of the word stem :
| Final sound fundamentals | Attach options | Examples |
|---|---|---|
| Vowels, л | -лар , -лэр , -лор , -лөр | Кыыллар , эһэлэр , оҕолор , бөрөлөр |
| к , п , с , т , х | -тар , -тэр , -тор , -төр | Аттар , күлүктэр , оттор , бөлөхтөр |
| й , р | -дар , -дэр , -дор , -дөр | Баайдар , эдэрдэр , хотойдор , көтөрдөр |
| м , н , ҥ | -нар , -нэр , -нор , -нөр | Кыымнар , илимнэр , ороннор , бөдөҥнөр |
Exceptions: кыыс ('girls') - кыргыттар ('women'), уол ('boy') - уолаттар ('boy').
When expressing a specific amount of an object (or event) or an approximate amount (when adding adverbs ), affixes are not used. Examples: үс оҕо ('three children'), сүүс үлэһит ('one hundred employees'), аҕыйах кус ('few ducks'), элбэх үөрэнээччи ('many students'). This is one of the characteristics of many Turkish languages.
bibliography
- Michel Morvan: Erensuge. In: La Linguistique. 23, 1987/1, 131-136, JSTOR 30248559 .
- John R. Krueger: Yakut Manual (= Research and studies in Uralic and Altaic languages. Volume 63; Indiana university publications: Uralic and Altaic series. Volume 21). Bloomington, 1962, OCLC 185725854 ; Curzon Press, London 1997, ISBN 0-7007-0821-9 (reprint).
- Stanislav Kaluzynski: Mongolian elements in the Yakut language. Mouton et al. a., Warsaw 1962, OCLC 754963360 .
- Ingeborg Hauenschild: Lexicon of Yakut animal names. Harrassowitz Verlag, Wiesbaden 2008, ISBN 978-3-447-05747-9 .
Web links
- Orto Dojdu / Die Mittelwelt - A multimedia, interactive Yakutian-language Internet portal
Individual evidence
- ↑ Yakut in Ethnologue
- ↑ a b Елизавета Ивановна Убрятова: Якутский язык . In: Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь (ЛЭС) ( tapemark.narod.ru [accessed September 2, 2019]).
- ↑ Письменные языки мира. Российская Федерация . Volume 1. Academia, Moscow 2000, ISBN 5-87444-103-4 , p. 583.
- ↑ Елизавета Ивановна Убрятова: Долганский язык . In: Лингвистический энциклопедический словарь (ЛЭС) ( tapemark.narod.ru [accessed September 2, 2019]).
- ↑ Ilya Yevlampiev, Nurlan Jumagueldinov, Karl Pentzlin: Second revised proposal to encode four historic Latin letters for Sakha (Yakut). (PDF; 4.2 MB) ISO / IEC JTC1 / SC2 / WG2, Document N4213R, April 26, 2012, accessed on February 24, 2014 (English).
- ↑ Суорун Омоллоон: Saqa t ь la: Ma ꞑ najg ь oskuolaƣa y ө rener kinige: Grammaat ь ka uonna Orpograap ь yes. Bastak ь caaha ( Саха тыла: Маҥнайгы оскуолаҕа үөрэнэр кинигэ: Граммаатыка уонна Орпограапыйа Бастакы чааһа.) / Учебник якутского языка: Для 1 и 2 класса начальной школы. Грамматика и орфография . Ed .: MK Siipsep. Part 1.Sudaarьstьba Saqa Sirineeƣi Beceettiir Suuta (SSSBS), Çokuuskaj 1935, p. 56 ( nlrs.ru ).
- ↑ a b c Н. Д. Дьячковский, П. А. Слепцов, К. Ф. Фёдоров, М. А. Черосов: Поговорим по-якутски: Самоучитель языка саха . Бичик, Якутск (Jakutsk) 2002, ISBN 5-7696-1650-4 (Red .: П. А. Слепцова).
- ↑ Н. Д. Дьячковский, П. А. Слепцов, К. Ф. Фёдоров, М. А. Черосов, С. К. Колодезников: Поговорим по-якутски: Самоучитель языка саха . 5-е edition. Бичик, Якутск (Jakutsk) 2018, p. 5 (Ed .: П. А. Слепцова).
- ↑ George L. Campbell, Gareth King: Compendium of the World's Languages . Routledge, 2013, ISBN 978-1-136-25846-6 , pp. 1794 .
