Johanna (Hachberg-Sausenberg)

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Johanna von Hochberg

Johanna von Hachberg-Sausenberg (also Johanna von Hochberg ; French Jeanne de Hochberg or Jehanne de Hochberg ) (* between 1485 and 1487; † September 23, 1543 in Époisses ) was the ruling Countess of Neuchâtel from 1503 to 1512 and from 1529 to 1543 .

family

Johanna was the daughter of Margrave Philipp von Hachberg-Sausenberg and Maria von Savoyen. Amadeus IX. of Savoy was her grandfather and Olivier de Hochberg (an illegitimate son of Margrave Rudolf IV of Hachberg-Sausenberg ) was her uncle.

In 1504 she married Louis I of Orléans-Longueville († 1516) from a branch line of the French royal family , with whom she had four children:

  • François II. (* 1513; † 1548) ∞ Jacqueline de Rohan († 1587), daughter of Charles de ( Rohan )
    • Léonor (* 1540; † 1573), Count of Neuchâtel as successor to François III.

The Röttler inheritance dispute

On the basis of a contract concluded in 1490 between the Margraves Philipp von Hachberg-Sausenberg and Christoph I von Baden regarding a union of heirs concerning the mutual possessions in Breisgau , Christoph occupied the dominions of Rötteln and Badenweiler , as well as the Landgraviate of Sausenberg immediately after the death of Philipp became known. Johanna and her mother called the federal estates of Bern, Friborg, Solothurn and Lucerne, with whom they had castle rights. They raised a claim to the inheritance of Philip im Breisgau, since according to the provisions in his marriage contract he should not have entered into the agreement on the union of heirs. After the confederates had initially vehemently advocated the countesses and threatened the margrave with war, the situation relaxed at the end of 1503. Maria and Johanna did not send any more representatives to a scheduled day of negotiations, but they did not waive their claim either. Since Christoph had created facts and the influential Bern did not want war, the status quo remained .

Bern wanted to mediate and took up the plan pursued by Philipp in 1490 of a marriage between Johanna and the House of Baden. The original idea was to marry Christoph's son, Philipp . After this plan had been thwarted by the French king, Philip had married Elisabeth of the Palatinate in January 1503 . Now Bern brought one of Christoph's younger sons, Ernst, into play, but this was rejected by Johanna and her mother.

The legal dispute before the Reich Chamber of Commerce, which began in 1503, was only settled on August 28, 1581 through the mediation of Bern. The custodial government of the Margraviate of Baden-Durlach , represented by the mother of Margrave Ernst Friedrich von Baden-Durlach , Anna von Pfalz-Veldenz , agreed to make a compensation payment of 225,000 guilders to the House of Orléans-Longueville . For the house of Orléans-Longueville, Marie de Bourbon, the widow of Duke Leonor and mother of Henri and François von Orléans-Longueville, waived all claims to the rulers in Breisgau. The House of Orléans-Rothelin , however, continued to carry the title of marquis de Rothelin.

The claims of the House of Châlon on the county of Neuchâtel

Seal of Jeanne de Hochberg after 1504

The lands of the County of Neuchâtel had been an imperial fiefdom to the Counts of Châlon since 1288, which they had given to the Counts of Neuchâtel as an after-fief . When the Counts of Neuchâtel and Countess Isabelle died out in 1395, their nephew, Count Konrad III , inherited . of Freiburg , the county, which was accepted by the feudal lords, although there was no legal claim to the inheritance. Konrad relied on Isabella's will. Secondary lines of the House of Neuchâtel had no claims due to an earlier real division. In contrast, the Counts of Châlon, as fiefdoms, had the right to withdraw the county of Neuchâtel as a settled fiefdom and to give it anew due to the imperial fiefdom law. Count Johann IV of Châlon did not recognize Countess Isabelle's will, but enfeoffed Conrad of Freiburg in an act of grace in 1397 without recognizing his claims. In 1424 Johann von Freiburg undisputedly succeeded his father as Count of Neuchâtel. After Johann died in 1457 without heirs, the county passed to Rudolf IV von Hachberg-Sausenberg according to his decree . The Count of Châlon, Louis II. De Chalon called le Bon , considered the fiefdom to be settled, but Rudolf created a fait accompli and simply took possession of the county. He was supported by the confederates - especially Bern - because the princes of Châlons were seen as an uncomfortable neighbor. On April 7, 1458, Bern recognized the margrave as the legal lord of Neuchâtel and renewed the castle rights with him, whereupon the Neuchâtel residents paid homage to Rudolf . The Count of Châlon tried to get his rights with the help of the Pope and Emperor, but was only delayed everywhere until his death in 1463, so that Rudolf could establish himself as ruler of Neuchâtel.

After the house of Hachberg-Sausenberg with Margrave Philipp died out in 1503 and the heiress Jeanne married Louis I d'Orléans-Longueville in 1504, Claude I of Neuchâtel-Vaumarcus made an attempt in Bern in 1507 for recognition as Lord of Neuchâtel as Fief of the House of Chalon . However, this failed due to resistance from Bern.

The occupation of the county of Neuchâtel by the Confederates (1511–1529)

Jeanne de Hochberg - Detail from a lead-glazed church window in the Church of St-Aspais in Melun .

In 1509 the alliance between France and the Old Confederation concluded at the beginning of the Swabian War expired and both sides showed little interest in renewing it. The French King Louis XII. had approached Emperor Maximilian I ( League of Cambrai ). The confederates took part in the Holy League in 1511 against the expansion policy of Louis XII. in northern Italy.

In November 1511 the Confederates moved across the Gotthard to Milan . During this winter campaign , troops from Bern and Solothurn occupied the county of Neuchâtel in order to secure its border in the north-west against France. Since the husband of Jeanne de Hochberg, Ludwig I of Orléans-Longueville, served in the French army and sold Neuchâtel mercenaries to the French army, the county he co-ruled was declared a security risk. Due to protests from the other cantons, Bern and Solothurn initially agreed with Lucerne and Friborg in July 1512 on a joint occupation, as these four cantons were linked to Neuchâtel by castle law. The Bernese Ludwig von Diesbach was appointed as the first bailiff of Neuchâtel. The other cantons had assumed that Bern and Solothurn were pursuing a self-interested expansion policy under the pretext of the war against France. The inclusion of Lucerne and Friborg changed little in the attitude of the other cantons and there was pressure for a joint administration of Neuchâtel by the Confederation. In the spring of 1513 the other cantons also took part in the administration of Neuchâtel. Jeanne de Hochburg tried constantly with the confederates to achieve a return of the county. After the death of her husband in 1516 the reason for the occupation no longer existed.

On May 12, 1529, the Confederation decided against the vote of Uri to return the county of Neuchâtel to Jeanne de Hochberg, and the handover ceremony took place on August 10. However, Bern retained the role of arbitrator in the event of conflicts between the citizens and the princes. The Countess did not return to Neuchâtel and had the county administered by a governor, Georges de Rive, who held this office until 1552.

reformation

During the federal administration of the county, the Catholic cantons hindered the spread of the Reformation. After Neuchâtel was returned to Jeanne de Hochberg in 1529, the reformers under the protection of Bern gained increasing influence, led by Guillaume Farel . In 1530, most of the communities in the county of Neuchâtel and the rule of Valangin committed to the Reformation and the Église réformée évangélique du canton de Neuchâtel was created. The countess's power - who remained Catholic - continued to decline, which was further accentuated by a new constitution for the city of Neuchâtel in 1537.

Due to financial problems, Jeanne de Hochberg tried to sell the county to Bern after the Reformation. Finally, in 1536–1544, she leased a large part of the income from the county to the city ​​of Neuchâtel .

Succession

Signature of Jeanne de Hochberg

When Jeanne died in 1543, her two eldest sons, Claude and Louis († 1536), were already dead. According to the rules of Primogeniture , her successor was her grandson François, Louis' son. However, the grandson was only 8 years old when Jeanne died and died himself in 1551 at the age of 16.

The third son of Jeanne, François († 1548), took over the government together with his eponymous nephew (the son of his brother Louis) for six months. After that, the grandfather of little François, the Duke of Guise , took over the custodial government alone. The mother, Marie de Guise , had married the Scottish king, Jacob V , in 1538 and lived in Scotland, where after the death of the king (1542) she had to look after her daughter, Maria Stuart (a half-sister of François).

Commemoration

In Neuchâtel there is a rue Jehanne de Hochberg .

literature

Web links

Commons : Jeanne de Hochberg  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ († November 27, 1511) 1. Philipp of Baden-Hachberg; 2. Jacques d'Assay, seigneur du Plessis [1]
  2. ^ From the illegitimate relationship with Françoise Blosset, dame de Colombières et du Plessis Paté comes François († 1600), "le Bâtard de Rothelin" (the bastard of Rötteln ), who founded the Orléans-Rothelin branch.
  3. ↑ s. Chambrier p. 257
  4. ^ Johann Christian Sachs : Introduction to the history of the Marggravschaft and the Marggravlichen old princely house of Baden . Third part. Lotter, Carlsruhe 1769, p. 65–66 ( limited preview in Google Book Search).
  5. ^ Hermann von Schulze-Gävernitz : The constitutional position of the Principality of Neuchâtel in its historical development and current significance. Jena 1854, pp. 42–43 online in the Google book search
  6. ^ Hermann von Schulze-Gävernitz : The constitutional position of the Principality of Neuchâtel in its historical development and current significance. Jena 1854, p. 49 online in the Google book search
  7. ↑ Official Compilation of the older The Swiss Federal farewells. The federal farewells from 1500 to 1520. Volume 3, Section 2. Farewells. (1500–1520.), Farewell from December 17, 1511, p. 590 online at the Düsseldorf University Library
  8. ↑ Robert Glutz von Blotzheim : History of the Confederates from the death of Mayor Waldmann to the eternal peace with France. 'Zürich 1816, pp. 288–290 online in the Google book search ; According to Hottinger pp. 13-14, Ludwig I of Orléans-Longueville had snubbed the federal estates through his behavior on the agenda in Zurich in April 1512
  9. ↑ Waiver of the XII places (without Uri) on the property of the county of Neuchâtel, resp. Restitution to Countess Johanna von Hochberg. In: Anton Philipp von Segesser: Official collection of the older Confederate farewells. The federal farewells from the period 1529 to 1532. Volume 4, Section 1b. (T.2), pp. 1476–1478 online at the Düsseldorf University Library
  10. ↑ Giselle Reutter: L'affaire Collier. In: Musée neuchâtelois, 1966, p. 50 pdf and Anton Philipp von Segesser: Official collection of the elderly confederate farewells. The federal farewells from the period 1529 to 1532. Volume 4, Section 1b. (T.1), No. 88, Farewell to Baden, May 7-13, 1529, p. 169 online at the Düsseldorf University Library
  11. ↑ see Louis Vulliemin : History of the Confederates during the 16th and 17th Centuries , Zurich 1842, p. 51 online in the Google book search
  12. ^ Lionel Bartolini: Rive, Georges de. In: Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz .; Alexendre Daguet: Essai sur Georges de Rive, seigneur de Prangins, second governor de Neuchâtel (1529–1552), et ses relations avec l'avoyer Faulcon (Falk) de Friborg (1516–1519). In: Musée neuchâtelois , Volume 19 (1882), pp. 57–64, 100–104 and 124–128 online
  13. ↑ see farewell on November 4, 1530 in Neuchâtel. In: Anton Philipp von Segesser: Official collection of the older Confederate farewells. The federal farewells from the period 1529 to 1532. Volume 4, Section 1b. (T.2), pp. 832-833 online at the Düsseldorf University Library
  14. ↑ see Karl Rudolf Hagenbach : Church history from the earliest times to the 19th century. In lectures. Volume 3, pp. 473–479 online in the Google book search
  15. ^ Philippe Henry: Johanna von Hochberg. In: Historical Lexicon of Switzerland . Jean-Daniel Morerod, Rémy Scheurer: Neuchâtel (Canton). 2.3 - State formation and government under the d'Orléans-Longueville .. In: Historisches Lexikon der Schweiz .
  16. ↑ Claude died childless.
  17. ↑ s. Chambrier p. 317
predecessor Office successor
Philipp von Hachberg-Sausenberg Countess of Neuchâtel
1503–1512 and 1529–1543
(1504–1512 co-reign of Louis I. d'Orléans-Longueville) 		François III. of Orléans-Longueville
guardian government under Claude de Lorraine, duc de Guise
personal data
SURNAME Johanna
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Hochberg, Johanna von; Hochberg, Jehanne de; Hochberg, Jeanne de
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Countess of Neuchâtel
DATE OF BIRTH between 1485 and 1487
DATE OF DEATH September 23, 1543
Place of death Epoisses