John Charles Phillips

John Charles Philipps (born November 5, 1876 in Boston , † November 14, 1938 near Exeter in southern New Hampshire ) was an American hunter , zoologist , ornithologist and environmentalist .

Live and act

His father, businessman John Charles Phillips, Jr. (1838-1885), married Anna Tucker on October 23, 1874 in London. Phillips himself was a great-grandson of John Phillips (1770-1823), the first mayor of Boston, and a great-nephew of Wendell Phillips (1811-1884).

His training at the college he got at the Milton Academy and made his 1899 university degree at the Harvard University affiliated Lawrence Scientific School . He attended Harvard Medical School , which he graduated with a doctorate in medicine in 1904 . He began a two-year internship at Boston City Hospital , where he never practiced medicine professionally. On January 11, 1908, he married Eleanor Hyde, who was from Bath , Maine . With her he had the children John Charles, Madelyn, Eleanor and Arthur. His wife, three of his children, and brothers William and George Wendell, sisters Anna Bolling and Martha Peters survived him.

With the outbreak of World War I , Phillips wanted to use his medical knowledge to serve the nation. In November 1915 he therefore joined the Second Harvard Surgical Corps . He was made an Honorary Lieutenant in the Royal Army Medical Corps and assigned to General Hospital No. 2 of the British Expeditionary Force . When he finished this service, he returned home. When the United States entered the war in September 1917, Philips was drafted as the first lieutenant in the Medical Corps of the US Armed Forces. In December of the same year he was promoted to captain and in May 1918 to major. Here he acted as the commanding officer of the 33rd field hospital of the fourth division of the professional army. He was part of three major battles in France and part of the army that led to the occupation of Germany. In July 1919 he returned to the United States after twenty-six months of service.

Phillips, the zoologist, hunter, and environmentalist

Representation of labrador ducks. Left to right: male, juvenile male, female. Illustration by Louis Agassiz Fuertes in his work A Natural History of Ducks, 1922

He developed a keen interest in nature from an early age, including hunting, fishing and kayaking. He learned to travel independently at an early age, an experience that later helped him on long-distance excursions. In 1915 he published self-financed Boy journals, 1887-1892 , a work about his most important experiences from his youth.

In various short trips, he visited the western United States and Canada. In 1900 he published two short articles for the first time about his hunting experiences at Wenham Lake and about bighorn sheep ( Ovis canadensis ) in Wyoming . The area of ​​the Glacier National Park fascinated him even before it was placed under protection, and so many geographic features today bear the name he gave them back then. In 1896 he accompanied Robert Edwin Peary (1856–1920) on his Greenland expeditions . Ten years later, he and his friend Theodore Lyman (1874–1954) visited Japan and its colony Chosen with a foray into southern China to hunt tigers. Other excursions he undertook together with Glover Morrill Allen (1879–1942) were between 1912 and 1913 to the valley of the Blue Nile and the border with Ethiopia , and in 1914 to the Sinai Peninsula and Palestine . From both of them he brought important collections of birds and mammals, which were donated to the Louis Agassiz Museum of Comparative Zoology (MCZ). Other trips have taken him to remote areas of North America such as Newfoundland , Alaska and Baja California or he hunted pumas and umbilical pigs in the Arizona mountains in winter . In 1938 he visited Cuba and Florida with Thomas Barbour (1884–1946) . His last long trip took him with his wife and son John from 1923 to 1924 to Kenya via Uganda and the east of the Belgian Congo to hunt African game in its natural habitat, ranging from barren plains to dense forests varied. He was also the first secretary of the Harvard Travelers Club .

In 1932 he published a list of his publications at his own expense, which at the time comprised 169 titles. 35 more publications were added later. Both are now owned by the MCZ. While the first publications were dominated by hunting and field observation, he later shifted his interest to studies on genetic questions with occasional animal and systematic questions . Here it was especially the ducks and geese that occupied him. Later on, the protection of species came more and more to the fore. It was above all the water birds that formed his research focus. On the shores of Wenham Lake, he observed the arrival, departure, changes and fluctuations of geese and ducks. Even though he was a passionate hunter, he viewed nature as a legacy for future generations and tried to protect it in places where he saw it appropriate. This not only brought him friends among his sports colleagues.

In 1910, his first article appeared in The Auk , dealing with the migration of Canada geese ( Branta canadensis ) in the fall in eastern Massachusetts , which was followed by other reports on the migration behavior of waterfowl in the following years. With William Ernest Castle (1867–1962) he published an article in 1911 on germ cell tissue transplantation in guinea pigs , which they expanded in 1913 to include further findings. Together with Clarence Cook Little (1888–1971) he published in the same year on the crossing of Mendelian traits in mice. This was followed by some studies on hybridization in ducks (e.g. A further study of size inheritance in ducks with observations on the sex ratio of hybrid birds) and pheasants (e.g. Reciprocal Crosses between Reeves's Pheasant and the Common Ring-Neck Pheasant Producing Unlike Hybrids). At home he kept a sizable collection of live water birds, pheasants, and cranes. Since 1915 he was more and more concerned with the protection of species. So he expressed himself z. See, for example, his article The Missouri Campaign on How the Midwest Organized Against Federal Migratory Birds Law , or in Conservation of Mammals and Birds for the Conservation of Mammals and Birds . His most important work, however, were his four volumes, which were published under the title A natural history of the ducks between 1922 and 1926 and in which Nagamichi Kuroda (1899–1978), Frank Weston Benson (1862–1951), Allan Cyril Brooks (1869 –1946), Louis Agassiz Fuertes (1874–1927), Henrik Grönvold (1858–1940) and Shigezaku Kobayashi . In 1927 he was awarded the William Brewster Medal for this. In collaboration with Frederick Charles Lincoln (1892–1960), American Waterfowl, an important book about the situation of water birds at the time and their future, followed in 1930 .

His varied interests were also reflected in the historical outlines of natural history . He published about the life of Leonard Baldner in The Auk and at his own expense about George Washington, John Rowe and George Henry Mackay and in 1930 more generally with Classics of the American Shooting Field . The compilation of historical books on the subject, published under the title American Game Birds and Mammals: A Catalog of Books, 1582 to 1925: Sport, Natural History, and Conservation , was also invaluable for future generations .

Memberships and honors

In addition to his publication, he made other public offices. He was a research curator at the MCZ, to whom he gave generous gifts in the form of animal preparations many times . Since 1931 he was a faculty member at the Peabody Museum in Cambridge and for many years President of the Board of Trustees of the Peabody Essex Museum in Salem . He was involved in the Boston Society of Natural History , where he served as a curator for years. He was Chairman of the Massachusetts Conservation Council and President of the Massachusetts Fish and Game Association for six years . As the founder of the American Committee for International Wild Life Protection , he held the office of chairman for seven years and attended many international conferences on wildlife protection as a guest lecturer. In 1915 he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . In 1919 he was elected a member of the Boone and Crockett Club for which he served as Vice President between 1928 and 1932 and for which he sat on the editorial board for many years. In 1904 he became a member of the American Ornithologists' Union , in which he was elected a Fellow in 1925 . Although he was rarely able to attend meetings of the Nuttall Ornithological Club , he was made an honorary member. At the time of his death, he was the director of the National Audubon Society .

Dedication names

Outram Bangs (1863-1932) honored him in 1886 by naming a subspecies of the American Robin ( Turdus migratorius phillipsi ). The species Anthus phillipsi described by Winthrop Spargue Brooks (1887–1965) is now considered a synonym for the subspecies Anthus correndera grayi Bonaparte , which was used by the Correnderapieper in 1850 . Thomas Barbour (1884–1946) named a snake species Atractaspis phillipsi in 1913 and a Leptothyphlops philippsi in 1914 (today a synonym for Myriopholis macrorhyncha ( Jan , 1860)) In 1939, Francis Harper (1886–1972) dedicated the name of the blessbuck ( Damaliscus philippsus pygar ) to the deceased ). With a subspecies of the serval ( Leptailurus serval phillipsi ) Glover Morrill Allen (1879-1942) awarded him in 1914. William Morton Wheeler (1865-1937) and William Montana Mann (1886-1960) named a species of ant Aphaenogaster phillipsi in 1916 , which during an expedition by Phillips in Palestine .

First descriptions by John Charles Philipps

Philip described numerous species and subspecies that were new to science. He also worked with Bangs. The species and subspecies include chronological and a .:

• Spiny owl ( Ciccaba virgata tamaulipensis ( Phillips, JC , 1911))
• Spectacle tibia ( Actinodura ramsayi yunnanensis Bangs & Phillips, JC , 1914)
• Finkenbülbül ( Spizixos canifrons ingrami Bangs & Phillips, JC , 1914)
• Spotted scissors tail ( Enicurus maculatus bacatus Bangs & Phillips, JC , 1914)
• Long-tailed Mennigvogel ( Pericrocotus ethologus Bangs & Phillips, JC , 1914)
• Long-tailed Mennigvogel ( Pericrocotus ethologus favillaceus Bangs & Phillips, JC , 1914)
• Red-bellied bluecatcher ( Niltava sundara denotata Bangs & Phillips, JC , 1914)
• Red-necked saber ( Pomatorhinus ruficollis reconditus Bangs & Phillips, JC , 1914)
• European red- throated quail ( Arborophila rufogularis euroa ( Bangs & Phillips, JC , 1914))
• Black-tailed saber ( Pomatorhinus gravivox odicus Bangs & Phillips, JC , 1914)
• Stripe bulbul ( Pycnonotus striatus paulus (Bangs & Phillips, JC, 1914))
• Kelpgans ( Chloephaga hybrida malvinarum Phillips, JC, 1916)

Works (selection)

• On Eastern Waters . In: Forest and Stream . tape 54 , 1900, pp. 167 ( online [accessed January 31, 2016]).
• After sheep in Wyoming . In: Forest and Stream . tape 54 , 1900, pp. 247 ( online [accessed January 31, 2016]).
• Notes on the Autumn Migration of the Canada Goose in Eastern Massachusetts . In: The Auk . tape 27 , no. 3 , 1910, pp. 263–271 (English, online [PDF; 416 kB ; accessed on January 31, 2016]).
• A Years' Collecting in the State of Tamaulipas, Mexico . In: The Auk . tape 28 , no. 1 , 1911, p. 67–89 (English, online [PDF; 945 kB ; accessed on January 31, 2016]).
• with William Ernest Castle: On germinal transplantation in vertebrates (=  Carnegie Institution of Washington publication . No. 144 ). Carnegie institution of Washington, Washington, DC 1911 ( online [accessed January 31, 2016]).
• A new puma from Lower California . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 25 , 1912, pp. 85-86 ( online [accessed January 31, 2016]).
• Further experiments on ovarian transplantation in guinea pigs . In: Science . tape 38 , no. 7 , 1913, pp. 783-786 , doi : 10.1126 / science.38.987.783 .
• Reciprocal Crosses between Reeves's Pheasant and the Common Ring-Neck Pheasant Producing Unlike Hybrids . In: The American Naturalist . tape 47 , no. 563 , 1913, pp. 701-704 , JSTOR : 2455407 .
• Clarence Cook Little: A Cross Involving Four Pairs of Mendelian Characters in Mice . In: The American Naturalist . tape 47 , no. 564 , 1913, pp. 760-762 , JSTOR : 2455531 .
• with William Ernest Castle: Piebald rats and selection; an experimental test of the effectiveness of selection and of the theory of gametic purity in Mendelian crosses (=  Carnegie Institution of Washington publication . No. 195 ). Carnegie institution of Washington, Washington, DC 1914 ( online [accessed January 31, 2016]).
• A further study of size inheritance in ducks with observations on the sex ratio of hybrid birds . In: Journal of Experimental Zoology . tape 16 , no. 1 , 1914, p. 131-148 , doi : 10.1002 / jez.1400160105 .
• with Outram Bangs: Notes on a collection of birds from Yunnan . In: Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College . tape 58 , no. 6 , 1914, pp. 267-302 ( online [accessed January 31, 2016]).
• Boy journals, 1887-1892 . Cosmos Press, Cambridge 1915.
• A New Form of Chloëphaga hybrida . In: The Auk . tape 33 , no. 4 , 1916, pp. 423–424 (English, online [PDF; 66 kB ; accessed on January 31, 2016]).
• The Missouri Campaign . In: Outing . tape 69 , 1916, pp. 77-78 .
• with Outram Bangs: A new race of Pelzelns Weaver-Finch . In: Occasional papers of the Boston Society of Natural History . tape 5 , 1925, pp. 177 ( online [accessed January 31, 2016]).
• with Frank Weston Benson, Allan Cyril Brooks, Louis Agassiz Fuertes: A natural history of the ducks . tape 1 . Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1922 ( online [accessed January 31, 2016]).
• with Frank Weston Benson, Allan Cyril Brooks, Louis Agassiz Fuertes, Henrik Grönvold: A natural history of the ducks . tape 2 . Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1923 ( online [accessed January 31, 2016]).
• with Frank Weston Benson, Allan Cyril Brooks, Louis Agassiz Fuertes: A natural history of the ducks . tape 3 . Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston 1925 ( online [accessed January 31, 2016]).
• Leonard Baldner, Seventeenth Century Sportsman and Naturalist . In: The Auk . tape 42 , no. 3 , 1925, p. 332–341 (English, online [PDF; 515 kB ; accessed on January 31, 2016]).
• in George Bird Grinnell, Charles Sheldon: Conservation of our mammals and birds in Hunting and Conservation, the Book of the Boone and Crockett Club . Yale University Press, New Haven, CT 1925, pp. 29-65 .
• with Nagamichi Kuroda, Frank Weston Benson, Allan Cyril Brooks, Louis Agassiz Fuertes, Henrik Grönvold, Shigezaku Kobayash: A natural history of the ducks . tape 4 . Houghton Mifflin Compa.
• George Washington, Sportsman . The Cosmos Press, Cambridge 1928.
• John Rowe, at Eighteenth Century Boston Angler . The Cosmos Press, Cambridge 1929.
• The Shooting Journal of George Henry Mackay 1865-1922 . The Cosmos Press, Cambridge 1929.
• Classics of the American Shooting Field . Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Co., Boston 1930.
• American Game Birds and Mammals: A Catalog of Books, 1582 to 1925: Sport, Natural History, and Conservation . Hughton Miffin, New York 1930.
• with Frederick Charles Lincoln: American Waterfowl; Their Present Situation and the Outlook for Their Future . Houghton Mifflin Company, New York 1930.
• Publications by John C. Phillips from 1900-1932 . Private, NA 1932.
• John Eliot Thayer. 1862-1933 . In: The Auk . tape 51 , no. 1 , 1934, p. 46–52 ( sora.unm.edu [PDF; 278 kB ]).
• Wenham Great Pond . Peabody Museum, Salem, Massachusetts 1938.

literature

• Glover Morrill Allen: In Memoriam: John Charles Phillips, MD In: The Auk . tape 56 , no. 3 , 1939, pp. 221–226 (English, online [PDF; 359 kB ; accessed on January 31, 2016]).
• Glover Morrill Allen: Mammals from Blue Nile Valley . In: Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College . tape 58 , no. 7 , 1914, pp. 305–357 ( online [accessed January 31, 2016]).
• NA: Dr. John Charles Phillips . In: The Ibis . tape 79 , no. 1 , 1939, p. 163 ( online [accessed January 31, 2016]).
• Outram Bangs: Three new subspecies of birds from eastern Mexico and Yucatan . In: Proceedings of The Biological Society of Washington . tape 28 , 1915, pp. 125–126 ( online [accessed January 31, 2016]).
• Winthrop Spargue Brooks: Two undescribed birds from Falklands . In: Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club . tape 6 , 1916, pp. 25–27 ( online [accessed January 31, 2016]).
• Porter, Edward Griffin, Robert Charles Winthrop: Memoir of John C. Phillips . John Wilson and Sons, Cambridge 1888 ( online [accessed January 31, 2016]).
• Thomas Barbour: Reptiles and amphibians from eastern Sudan . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 26 , 1913, pp. 145–150 ( online [accessed January 31, 2016]).
• Thomas Barbour: Notes on some Reptiles from Sinai and Syria . In: Proceedings of the New England Zoological Club . tape 5 , 1914, pp. 73-92 ( online [accessed January 31, 2016]).
• Thomas Barbour: John Charles Phillips (1876-1938) . In: Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences . tape 74 , no. 6 , 1940, p. 155-157 , JSTOR : 20023384 .
• Francis Harper: The name of the blesbok . In: Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington . tape 52 , 1939, pp. 89-91 ( online [accessed January 31, 2016]).
• William Morton Wheeler, William Montana Mann: The ants of the Phillips expedition to Palestine during 1914 . In: Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College . tape 60 , 1916, pp. 165–174 ( online [accessed January 31, 2016]).
• Theodore Sherman Palmer: The Forty-Fifth Stated Meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union . In: The Auk . tape 45 , no. 1 , 1928, pp. 70–82 (English, online [PDF; 618 kB ; accessed on January 31, 2016]).

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Glover Morrill Allen (1939), p. 221.
2. ↑ Thomas Barbour (1940), p. 155.
3. ↑ ^{a b} Glover Morrill Allen (1939), p. 223.
4. ^ Glover Morrill Allen (1939), p. 222.
5. ↑ ^{a b c} Glover Morrill Allen (1939), p. 224.
6. ^ Theodore Sherman Palmer, p. 71.
7. ^ Glover Morrill Allen (1939), p. 225.
8. ^ Outram Bangs, p. 125.
9. ↑ Winthrop Spargue Brooks, p. 26.
10. ↑ Thomas Barbour (1914), p. 148.
11. ↑ Thomas Barbour (1914), p. 87.
12. ^ Francis Harper, p. 91.
13. ^ Glover Morrill Allen (1914), p. 337.
14. ^ William Morton Wheeler et al. a., p. 168.

Remarks

1. ↑ A more extensive bibliography on the father can be found in the Memoir of John C. Phillips .