Julian Veneto
| Julian Veneto | |
|---|---|
| Biggest town: | Trieste (Italian Trieste, sl./kr. Trst) |
| States: |
 Italy , Slovenia , Croatia 
|
| Surface: | 9,850 km² |
| Population: | 1,060,500 |
| Languages: | Italian , Slovenian , Croatian , Istriotisch , Istrorumänisch , Friulian , Venetic |
Julisch Venetien ( Italian Venezia Giulia , Slovenian and Croatian Julijska Krajina ) is a historical region on the Upper Adriatic in Central Europe .
The region is bordered in the north by the Julian Alps and in the south by the Gulf of Trieste and the Kvarner Gulf . It includes the catchment area of the Isonzo , the karst highlands in the hinterland of Trieste , the Istrian peninsula , the city of Fiume / Rijeka and a small part of Dalmatia (the city of Zara / Zadar , the islands of Cherso / Cres and Lussino / Lošinj in the Kvarner Bay and the islands of Cazza / Sušac , Lagosta / Lastovo , Pelagosa / Palagruža and Saseno / Sazan in the southern Adriatic).
The term Julisch Venetien was proposed in 1863 by the Italian linguist Graziadio Ascoli , but it was not until 1921, after the fascists came to power in Italy , that it became official language to denote the areas in northeastern Italy in the post-war borders. Until 1918, the region that was then part of Austria was known as the Austrian Coastal Region (Italian Litorale austro-illirico , Slovenian Primorje ). In Italian, the term Venezia Giulia quickly became dominant, while in Slovene and German the older (and official until the end of the Habsburg monarchy ) was used. In Slovenia, Primorska refers to a Slovenian region to this day, while Julijska Krajina also includes large parts of the Italian region of Friuli-Venezia Giulia . Both Slovenian names contain no references to Venice or the Veneto .
Today, Venezia Giulia is divided into the states of Italy (former provinces of Gorizia and Trieste in the Friuli-Venezia Giulia region), Slovenia ( Primorska ) and Croatia ( Istria County and parts of Primorje-Gorski kotar County ). The area with an area of approx. 9,850 km² has around 1.1 million inhabitants. Main town is still Trieste, which function as economic and cultural center of the region, however, hard hit by the 1945 / 1946 has suffered completed division.
Hans Goebl considers the term Julisch Venetien to be grossly misleading. Its widespread use represents a propaganda success of the Italian irredentist Ascoli. The term suggests that the entire area designated in this way belongs (or should belong) to Venice, ie to Italy. In fact, the city of Trieste joined the Habsburg Empire in 1382 "with absolutely anti-Venetian intentions" and belonged to it until 1918.
history
Until the First World War , Venezia Giulia belonged to Austria-Hungary . With the Treaty of Saint-Germain in 1919, the area was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy. Administratively, the area was divided into the provinces of Gorizia , Trieste , Pola ( Pula ) and Zara ( Zadar ). In 1924 the province of Fiume ( Rijeka ) was added.
At that time, the area was roughly half Italian and half Slavic . The Italian population concentrated on the larger cities and coastal towns, while the Karst hinterland was mainly populated by Slovenes (in the north) and Croats (in the south). The massive Italianization policy of the Mussolini regime in the 1920s and 1930s with its systematic persecution of the Slavic population led on the one hand to the emigration of tens of thousands of Slovenes and Croats to Yugoslavia , on the other hand to the resistance of the militant Slovenian-Croatian underground organization TIGR .
After World War II , Veneto was divided by the Paris Peace Treaty in 1947, and most of the area became part of Yugoslavia. 200,000 to 350,000 Italians were displaced, many of whom fell victim to the Foibe massacres .
The Free Territory of Trieste (FTT), which included Trieste and northwestern Istria, represented a certain approach to an at least partially unified, multi-ethnic Julian Veneto . The police in the British-American occupied part of this territory even bore the name of the area: Venezia Giulia Police Force (VGPF). The FTT experiment failed, however, and in 1954, by the London Memorandum , Venezia Giulia was divided between Italy and Yugoslavia : the city of Trieste and a narrow corner of land as a connection to the rest of Italy were assigned to Italy, all of Istria and the areas east of Gorizia were assigned to Yugoslavia. This division was finally fixed bilaterally between Italy and Yugoslavia in 1975 by the Treaty of Osimo . Since the independence of Slovenia and Croatia in 1991, the region has been divided into three states.
Today there are gradually increased cultural and economic contacts between the long-time connected areas. The respective linguistic minorities are protected by the state: Slovene is the official language in Friuli Venezia Giulia , Italian is a recognized minority language in parts of Slovenia and Croatia. The relationship between the Slavic and Italian populations, which had been problematic for a long time, is starting to relax again.
Austrian Coastal Country : Ethnic Composition 1880
The "three Veneto" 1918–1947 (Triveneto): Tridentine Veneto, Euganean Veneto and Julian Veneto
Division of Venezia Giulia after World War II
.JPG)
See also
literature
- Kurt F. Strasser, Harald Waitzbauer : Across the borders to Trieste. Hikes between the Carnic Alps and the Adriatic Sea. Böhlau, Vienna 1999, ISBN 3-205-99010-2
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hans Goebl: Conflicts in Pluriethnische Staatswesen. Selected case studies from Austria-Hungary (1848-1918). Section 3.2: Potential for conflict with names: the case of the choronym Venezia Giulia . In: Friedemann Vogel / Janine Luth / Stefaniya Ptashnyk (eds.): Linguistic approaches to conflicts in European language areas Corpus - pragmatics - controversial . University Press Winter. Heidelberg 2016, p. 213 [15]