Budapest-Albertfalva Castle

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Budapest – Albertfalva Castle
limes Pannonian Limes
section 5
Dating (occupancy) Vespasian
until AD 259/260
Type Cohort and Alenkastell
unit a) Unknown troop formation
b) Cohors Thracum veterana equitata  ?
c) Cohors I. Montanorum  ?
d) unknown troop formation
e) Ala I Flavia Gaetulorum  ?
f) unknown troop formation
g) Cohors milliaria Numidarum  ?
size a) 166.5 × approx. 190 m (= around 3.16 ha)
b) 186 × approx. 210 m (= around 3.90 ha)
Construction a) wood-earth
b) stone
State of preservation Remnants of the walls of the fort and the civil settlement have been preserved, but have not yet been preserved for visitors.
place Budapest -Albertfalva
Geographical location 47 ° 26 '21.2 "  N , 19 ° 2' 48.4"  E
height 96  m
Previous Castra Aquincum (north)
Contra Aquincum (north)
Subsequently Campona Fort (southwest)
Location of the fort on the Lower Pannonian Danube Limes.

The Budapest-Albertfalva Castle was a Roman military camp that was built for security and surveillance purposes on the Pannonian Limes ( Limes Pannonicus ) . The river formed the Roman frontier in large sections. Albertfalva ( Sachsenfeld in German ), which is part of the 11th district of the Hungarian capital Budapest, is located south of the historic city center of Buda .

location

The region around Albertfalva was already settled during the early Bronze Age . The fort site, initially occupied by a unit still unknown to this day, was located on the western bank of the western arm of the Danube, around 13 kilometers south of the Aquincum legionary camp . On the opposite eastern riverbank, the further north beginning, around 48 kilometers is a long time - even in ancient times existing - Csepel Island , according to the marcomannic wars (166-180) by the Romans for military restricted area for those living on the east bank Sarmatian Jazyges explained has been.

The fort, the ancient name of which has not been passed down, was founded on the banks of the Danube near the southwestern rise to the Tétényi plateau near Budafok (Promontor). To the south of it is the confluence of the Hosszúréti brook, which flows down from the Buda Mountains from the west, into the Danube. The great Roman military and trade route along the Danube Limes ran south of Gellért Hill roughly under the route of today's Budafoki Street and stretched south of Albertfalva - probably under today's main road - to the northern border of Budapest-Nagytétény in the 22nd district. The nearest fort of the Danube Limes was located there.

Research history

Map by Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli with the entry of the fort on the left (Roman. Antiq.) And a possible bridgehead on the right bank.
Since the start of the motorway construction in 1990 and the associated designation of new commercial areas, large parts of the fort and its camp village have been destroyed. View from the north of the excavation zone in 2008. The fort was partially preserved under the green area on the right.

After its abandonment by the Romans, the fort town of Albertfalva remained a landmark that could be seen from afar, the entrenchments of which were still clearly visible in the 17th century. This is illustrated by a detailed map by Luigi Ferdinando Marsigli . An L-shaped trench that he also depicted southeast of these jumps on the east bank of the Danube near Dunaharaszti is marked with the declaration “Roman monument”. The archaeologist Zsolt Visy named this presumed Roman site Burgus Albertfalva . Possibly this was a bridgehead-like ship landing , as it has been explored several times, especially in the area of ​​the Szentendre Island to the north . The village of Albertfalva / Sachsenfeld itself was founded by Duke Albert Casimir von Sachsen-Teschen (1738–1822) as a result of the devastation caused by the Turkish occupation in the course of resettlement measures. The first excavations took place from 1947. The archaeologist Tibor Nagy was able to examine parts of the fort and large sections of the camp village ( vicus ) from 1954 to 1971 . It was not until 2008 that research was carried out again in the fort area under the direction of József Beszédes from the Archaeological Institute of the Budapest History Museum (BTM).

The fort area and a smaller part of the vicus remained undeveloped until the late 20th century , but there was no way of preserving the remains of the wall; For a long time the ruins lay completely open and unprotected. Further excavations took place under the direction of Krisztina Szirmai between 1990 and 1991 due to the construction of the M 6 motorway and in 1994 and 1996 around 200–250 meters northwest and 150–200 meters southeast of the fort in the camp village. Then the researchers were again engaged in emergency excavations in the vicus in 1999, 2001 and most recently in 2002 . Since then, the last larger parts of the previously undeveloped area have also been destroyed by the construction of a new industrial area. Some remains of the walls of the fort and the civil settlement have been preserved, but cannot yet be presented to the public.

Building history

Wood and earth fort

During his excavations, Tibor Nagy was able to determine that the later stone fort was preceded by a structure built using wood and earth technology. As the first Roman fortification at this place, he was able to prove a fortification that he dated to the Claudian period (41–54), 166.5 × approx. 190 meters (around 3.2 hectares). However, more recent research is based on a later Vespasian foundation (69–79). The early fort was surrounded by two bottom trenches, the inner trench 4.5 meters wide and 3.34 meters deep and the outer trench 4.2 meters wide and 3.26 meters deep below the present surface. In addition, traces of the wooden principia (staff building), the barracks, the wooden palisade wall and a side gate, the Porta principalis sinistra , were found. The pile construction of the palisade was particularly well preserved on the southern wall.

During an attack by Jazygen 91/92, in the course of which the Legio XXI Rapax near Brigetio had been destroyed, the fort was damaged by fire. After the victory of Emperor Domitian (81–96), reconstruction work was necessary, during which some buildings were given a stone foundation or some of them were completely rebuilt in stone. This did not change the dimensions of the camp. Due to the washing away of the eastern side of the camp with the Praetorial Front, the side facing the enemy, after the Roman military left the site, structural details from this area remain unknown and can only be explored in broad outline due to the well-known, extensive standardization of this type of fort.

Stone fort

Excavations in the fort until 2008
Visible traces of the foundations in the terrain (2013)
Further traces of the ancient use of the area (2013)

Enclosure

In the late phase of the reign of Emperor Trajan (98–117) or at the beginning of the reign of Emperor Hadrian (117–138), the fort was rebuilt at the same location in stone to meet the needs of the troops barracked here. The rectangular fort, now 186 × approx. 210 meters (= around 3.90 hectares), which lay almost exactly in an imaginary north-south or west-east axis, then had the - at the latest for the middle imperial period - typical playing card-shaped floor plan with rounded corners. The new defensive walls built on the clay ridge of the filled trenches of the predecessor camp were 1.35–1.4 meters thick. Since the eastern front of the camp was also destroyed by the Danube after the garrison was abandoned, only schematic additions are possible for the eastern front part of the camp (praetentura) .

Towers and gates

Nagy obviously could not reveal any intermediate or corner towers; For this reason, only statements can be made about the gates located on the three preserved sides, as their foundations could be uncovered by the archaeologists. Each of the three gates was flanked by two rectangular side towers, some of which had very irregular floor plans that were shifted to the neighboring tower. On the outside the towers were flush with the wall, on the inside they jumped back about the width of the earth ramp that lay behind the defensive wall. This ramp, sloping towards the inside of the camp, usually consisted of the excavation of the fort ditches in front of it and carried the battlements.

At the north gate, the Porta principalis sinistra in Albertfalva , Nagy also found a separating pillar (spina) between the gate towers . This makes it clear that the building must have been equipped with two passages. In a subsequent excavation carried out in 2008, the west tower was measured with 6 × 4.5 meters and the east tower with 6.2 × 4.1 meters. The distance between the two towers was around 7 meters. The better preserved eastern tower had a terrazzo floor . According to Nagy , the distance between the side towers of the south gate, the Porta principalis dextra , was roughly the same width as the north gate, but there was no evidence of a spina here . As is very often observed with this type of fort, the rear camp gate in the west, the Porta decumana, was only laid out in one lane. From this gate the Via decumana led to the staff building in the center of the fortification. The big difference in the size of the smaller northern to the larger southern gate tower was particularly striking.

Weir ditch

As the excavations in 2008 showed, the stone fort was surrounded by up to four moats. Terra sigillata shards from Rheinzabern ( Tabernae ), which date from the beginning of the 3rd century, were discovered in one. Broken roof tiles and larger, rounded objects, possibly catapult projectiles, were also discovered. So far, research has been based on two double pointed trenches, of which the inner one was 4.6 meters wide and 3 meters deep and the outer one 2.9 meters wide and 2.8 meters deep.

Interior development

Principia

Nagy was also able to completely or at least partially uncover some of the buildings inside the fort. The 35 × 36 meter principia , the staff building with its administration wings and service rooms, turned out to be at least unusual in comparison to many contemporary buildings of this type. The findings did not allow any statements as to whether there was also a vestibule in Albertfalva , as it would have been typical for Pannonia at the time. The elongated rectangular vestibules, often the largest roofed-over buildings in a fort, usually stood with their longitudinal axis over the Via principalis , the main street of the camp. This street connected the Porta principalis dextra with the Porta principalis sinistra . With the obvious absence of this building, the rectangular Principia - courtyard in Albertfalva a way which is completely open to the east square and could from the Via principalis be viewed from. This type of construction is usually found in many early staff buildings from the 1st century AD. The administration rooms were grouped around the inner courtyard, whereby the transverse hall (basilica) of the Principia , which covered the entire rear wing of the building, was apparently attached to the north and south side wings without any partition walls. On the other hand, in the room suite adjoining the transverse hall to the west, it was possible to differentiate between four further rear office and meeting rooms. In the middle of this flight, on the axis of the fort between the Porta decumana and the Porta praetoria , was the relatively large, rectangular sanctuary with a flag (Aedes principiorum) , which in its design without a semicircular apse is typical of the period before the middle of the 2nd century.

Valetudinarium?

Another, only partially dug, rectangular building, which joined the Principia in the middle of the camp immediately to the north and was approximately the same size, was interpreted by Nagy as the camp's hospital ( Valetudinarium ) . The building, which is only fully known in its southern part, had four closed wings, which were grouped around an inner courtyard. Inside, these were divided into more or less equally large rectangular rooms. A function of the building as a granary ( horreum ) of the courtyard type would also be possible.

Praetorium

Another - only partially known - stone building was cut south of the Principia and, according to its individual building structures, could have been the Praetorium , the home of the site commandant.

Barracks? Other parts of the Principia?

Opposite the staff building on the other side of Via principalis was another, also only partially cut, building complex which, as a special feature, had a suite of rooms that extended beyond the width of the Principia and covered Via praetoria along Prinzipalstrasse . This second main camp road usually led from the main gate of the fort, the Porta praetoria , which was washed away by the Danube in Albertfalva along with the entire east side of the complex, to the main entrance of the staff building.

Late and late

During the Marcomann Wars (166–180), in which the Jazygens living on the eastern bank of the Danube were again among the main Roman opponents, the camp was again badly damaged in 178. Subsequently, some major alterations were made to the fort. a. Some floors have also been raised or given a rolled-in terrazzo flooring. In the politically insecure 3rd century, the Jazygens, together with their ally, the Roxolanen 259/260 , exploited the Roman military weakness caused by civil wars for new raids, during which they were able to advance to the southwestern edge of the Roman province of Pannonia superior (Upper Pannonia) . Albertfalva was also completely destroyed by a fire disaster. Afterwards, the site was not rebuilt by the Romans, probably also for changed military strategic reasons, but instead finally abandoned.

Troop

Due to the negative evidence of the military diplomas found in Albertfalva , the first consideration was that no auxiliary troops were stationed at this location at first , but rather a vexillation of the Legio II Adiutrix stationed not too far away in the legionary fort of Aquincum . The archaeologist Krisztina Szirmai was based on Nagy's excavation report of 1976 assumes that in the early phase of an unknown fort today ala quinqenaria and since the Stone extension to the end of the camp an ala milliaria was quartered in Albertfalva. This assumption could be specified a little later, according to which a 500-man cavalry unit should initially have been stationed in the wood-earth fort.

The following units replaced each other at this location in the order given:

Time position Troop name comment
AD 70-83 Troop unit of unknown name
83-92 AD Cohors VI Thracum veterana equitata ? The cohort was probably moved from the province of Germania inferior (Lower Germany) to Pannonia (Pannonia) after the Chatten War (83 AD ), possibly on a section of the Limes opposite the Sarmatic settlement area. It was there until 92 and was then assigned to Moesia superior (Upper Moesia ).
92-106 ? A.D. Cohors I Montanorum ? In the late Flavian period, this cohort was initially stationed in the Klosterneuburg fort and then in the vicinity of Aquincum, possibly in Albertfalva. Cornacum on the Croatian Danube Limes could also be used as another simultaneous location for this troop .
106 ? –113/114 AD Troop unit of unknown name
AD 113 / 114–118 / 119 Ala I Flavia Gaetulorum ? The cavalry troops relocated here from the province of Moesia inferior (Lower Moesia ) could also have been stationed in the Danube fort Nagytétény (Campona) south of Albertfalva and were probably only located here during the Trajan Parthian Wars . Another location of this troop at the same time could have been Cornacum on the Croatian Danube Limes .
118 / 119-180 AD Troop unit of unknown name
from 180 AD ? Cohors milliaria Numidarum ? After the end of the Marcomannic Wars, this cohort was moved to the province of Pannonia inferior (Lower Pannonia). Their inscriptions were found in Aquincum and at Nagytétény Castle , which almost certainly suggests that they were stationed in the greater Aquincum area . Albertfalva is therefore a very likely location for this unit.

Camp village

During their excavations, Tibor Nagy and the subsequent archaeologists were able to examine large parts of the extensive, 720,000 square meter vicus . A good part of the Limes Road also emerged.

Flavian foundation

Examples of mine houses from Germany and Great Britain

Like the found material, etc. a. the discovered pottery suggests, the vicus was built during the early Flavian period (69–96) south, west and north of the fort, which was built only a little earlier. In the run-up to its emergence, according to Nagy, after the Pannonian uprising (6-9 AD) against the Romans, a large part of the late Celtic Eravisker living in the Celtic oppidum on the southern slopes of the Gellértberg north of Albertfalva moved to the area around the later fort Budapest-Albertfalva, another in the area of ​​Aquincum and at the Vetus Salina fort south of Albertfalva . The Gellértberg, probably called Mons Teutanus by the Romans , remained inhabited by this people until after the middle of the 3rd century. The early vicus was therefore largely influenced by the Eraviskern, but when the camp village was founded in the 1960s, not only the soldiers' relatives but also some Sarmatian settlers came to Albertfalva, as the finds show.

Remnants of the early settlement could be found south, west and north of the garrison. The changes in the course of the Danube have destroyed all references to the eastern residential areas. In addition, not only is there no knowledge of the overall extent of the vicus , the overall structural appearance has also remained unknown. In addition to the massive modern settlement pressure, which only allows temporary emergency excavations, the reasons are also the leveling of the site during the Roman period before the war-related reconstruction after 91/92.

In the settlement area around the fort, simple, sunk two-room dwellings with a rising two-post construction and masonry made of air-dried bricks, which are attributed to the Eraviskern, were found in the late 1st century . In addition to these buildings, several similarly constructed cellars came to light. Remnants of the hinged iron plate that served as a cover were discovered on one of them. In addition to the Eravisker dwellings, there were houses made of wickerwork and adobe bricks as well as economic and industrial buildings. In addition, remains of hearths and fireplaces, sewer ditches and wells, including one built in stone, were found for the Flavian period. This stone fountain cut through an even older annealing furnace from the early Vicus period. The Jazygen attack of 91/92 put an end to the early settlement.

War-related reconstruction

Stone building with a well from the post-Flavian phase
1st century pits and 2nd century stone buildings

After the violent demise of the Flavian buildings and their leveling, an overlying east-west road in the extension of the Via decumana marked a new period. Both the north and south sides of this route were accompanied by a number of newly erected buildings with stone foundations and rising mud brick walls. Part of the image of the camp village was the regularity of its structural appearance. The remains of a stone-walled canal and heatable portico houses in the northern part of the vicus are evidence of the high level of comfort of the infrastructure. In particular, to the south and south-west of the fort, residential houses that had been renovated several times were excavated, equipped with wall paintings and baths. The military diploma of veteran Octavius ​​Quintus der Ala I Thracum veterana sagittaria from the year 139, which was recovered in 1949 and was found in the collapsed rubble of a workshop once above this cellar, came from the southern Vicus district. In addition to this civil rights charter, another fragmented diploma was discovered, which is not exactly dated to 160.

The stone building of a pottery was found on the western edge of the camp village. A manufacturer produced there with the Hilarus brand . Other industries in this zone were a tannery and metalworking factories. The western part of the north-western artisan quarter, on the other hand, could not be excavated because it was under modern development.

Stone buildings and industrial structures were also excavated north of the garrison, including tanneries and foundries with wells. As is so often the case at Roman military sites, a road station ( mansio ) and a sanctuary were built here in the 2nd century .

Renewed destruction

During the renewed reconstruction after the Marcomann Wars, the orientation of the buildings and also the settlement structure changed only slightly. In the Antonine era (138–192) the amount of ceramics recovered reached its peak. Even before the construction of the M 6 motorway, it was possible to uncover a stone building to the west of the fort that was built several times using good craftsmanship, but the purpose of which remained closed due to the inadequately explicable ground plan. In 259/260 the Sarmatians finally destroyed Albertfalva.

A marching camp?

In the south-western part of the vicus , the archaeologists were able to identify the remains of a coherent system of fortifications that belonged to a presumed marching camp. The section of the trench was between 2.20 and 2.80 meters wide. Its distance from the presumed interior of the camp was around 230 meters in a north-south direction. In the backfilling of the trench, a noteworthy find was found belonging to the environment of the Pannonian manufacturer Resatus with stamped ornaments, a fluted and a raw clay-colored wall fragment, a deep, dark gray bowl and the remainder of an undecorated Rheinzabern terra sigillata . As the previous find observations showed, the trench was filled in in the 2nd half of the 2nd century.

Pet husbandry and nutrition

The evaluation of the bones recovered from the vicus between 1990 and 1991 showed up to 2004 that the animal species used by the camp village residents are more or less similar to the images found in other Roman settlements in Pannonia. Due to the overall low bone yield in Albertfalva, only a few animal species could be identified. During all periods in Albertfalva the cattle predominated in the context of livestock farming . Goat husbandry was apparently in almost a balanced relationship with pig fattening, with too few bones to distinguish sheep from goats. Compared to Aquincum, however, the occurrence of horse bones was unusually high, which could perhaps also be explained by the fact that some horse skeletons that had been completely immersed in the ground were already destroyed and widely scattered during the Roman era due to repeated construction work. Of course, the relatively high number of bones in equidae - including the mule bones that are not always easily recognizable - could also indicate the number of animals used for military purposes, especially in transport. In this context, no remains of donkeys have so far been discovered. The bone finds from the fort area already published by the paleozoologist Sándor Bökönyi (1926–1994) in 1974, which also suggest a high proportion of horses, also indicate the special importance of this animal in Albertfalva, especially since the fort crew was at least partially mounted at least for a time. Bökönyi also claims to have found a large number of auroch bones in the fort . The animal was completely absent from the animal bones from the vicus analyzed decades later . This disproportion is possibly related to the scientific methods that have now expanded considerably. The databases now make the distinction between domesticated and wild species much easier. It is therefore possible that the aurochs from the fort were more like cows. In addition to dog bones, cat bones were also discovered, which Bökönyi considered to be derived from domestic cats. This was doubted early on and there was talk of wildcats. In addition, there were hunted remains of a red deer , a roe deer and wild boar . In addition, the scientists identified bones from various fish such as a sturgeon . There was also a conch shell.

More finds

Find material that came to light in the homes of the presumed late Celtic population was artistically influenced in many ways by their formal language. One of the glass finds was a fragment with floral decorations from the castle. In addition, stone evidence such as a 22 centimeter high woman's head, the remains of a statue from the 3rd century, and other objects were recovered. The metal objects of military and civilian stamping made up an important part of the finds, including a fragmented statue and the copper-alloyed cheek area of ​​a masked helmet discovered in 1949 , which came from Tibor Nagy's excavations and survived for decades in the depot of the Aquincum Museum in Budapest. The ceramics of daily use, including mugs, jugs, dishes but also a cake pan with a Minerva representation, were either imported from other provinces, came from the Pannonian region or were also made on site.

Lost property

Numerous pieces can be found in the depots and exhibition rooms of the Archaeological Department of the Historical Museum and the Aquincum Museum in Budapest.

Limes course between Fort Budapest-Albertfalva and Fort Campona

Traces of the military structures along the Limes Road and the Danube
route Name / place Description / condition
5 Budatétény Krisztina Szirmai was able to prove the Limes road running along the Danube near Budatétény. Their findings were supported by three milestones found in this area, known since the end of the 19th century.
5 Nagytétény The Campona fort is located around eight kilometers southwest of Albertfalva.

Monument protection

The monuments of Hungary are protected under the Act No. LXIV of 2001 by being entered in the register of monuments. The Albertfalva Castle and all the other Limes facilities are archaeological sites according to Section 3.1 and are nationally valuable cultural assets. According to § 2.1, all finds are state property, regardless of where they are found. Violations of the export regulations are considered a criminal offense or a crime and are punished with imprisonment for up to three years.

See also

literature

  • Alice Mathea Choyke: Animal Bones from the Albertfalva vicus (Excavations years 1990-91). In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 1994. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda, Budapest 2005, pp. 51–60.
  • Ulrich Brandl: Card 6: Brick stamp distribution of the Legio II Adiutrix. In: ders., Investigations into the brick temples of Roman legions in the north-western provinces of the Imperium Romanum. Catalog of the Julius B. Fritzemeier Collection. Rahden / Westfalen 1999, p. 68; No. 14.
  • Dénes Gabler : Terra sigillata in the western part of the vicus of Albertfalva. In: Budapest régiségei 40, 2006, pp. 71–93.
  • Dénes Gabler: Samian vare from the vicus of Albertfalva. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 1994, (2005), pp. 61–79.
  • Friderika Horváth : Albertfalva, bennszülött durva kerámia. (Handmade vessels from Albertfalva). In: Budapest Régiségei 33, 1999, pp. 367-379.
  • László Kocsis : A cavalry sports helmet find from Albertfalva. In: Antaeus 24, 1997, pp. 242-246.
  • Tibor Nagy : Some more important results of the excavation of the Eravisker settlement of Albertfalva. Archaeological Conference of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest, 3. – 6. October 1955. Budapest 1955, pp. 192-204.
  • Tibor Nagy: The military diploma of Albertfalva. In: Acta Archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae . Vol. 7, 1956, pp. 17-71.
  • Kristina Szirmai: New archaeological data to the research of the Albertfalva vicus (1990-1991) . In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 1994. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda, Budapest 2005, pp. 50–51.
  • Krisztina Szirmai: Auxiliary fort and vicus in Albertfalva. In: Paula Zsidi : Research in Aquincum, 1969–2002. In honor of Klára Póczy. Budapesti Történeti Múzeum 2003, ISBN 963-9340-23-5 , p. 93 ff.
  • Krisztina Szirmai: Roman-era metal finds from the vicus of Albertfalva . In: Budapest Régiségei 35, 2002, p. 303 ff.
  • Krisztina Szirmai: New Metal Finds from Albertfalva. In: Kölner Jahrbuch . Vol. 33, 2000, pp. 375-382.
  • Krisztina Szirmai: The vicus of Alberfalva (1994, 1996). Preliminary summary. In: Attila Gaál (Ed.): Pannoniai kutatások. A Soproni Sándor emlékkonferencia előadásai (Bölcske, 1998. October 7th) . Szekszárd 1999, pp. 225-241.
  • Krisztina Szirmai: A new find from the Military Vicus of Budapest / Albertfalva. In: Roman Frontier Studies 17/1997. Zalau 1999, pp. 691-697.
  • Krisztina Szirmai: Small bronze and iron finds from the vicus of the military fort Budapest-Albertfalva . In: Acta of the 12th International Congress on Ancient Bronzes. Nijmegen 1992 (1995), pp. 427-433.
  • Zsolt Visy : The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , pp. 87-89.

Web links

Commons : Budapest-Albertfalva Castle  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g Krisztina Szirmai: Auxiliary fort and vicus in Albertfalva. In: Paula Zsidi : Research in Aquincum, 1969–2002. In honor of Klára Póczy. Budapesti Történeti Múzeum 2003, ISBN 963-9340-23-5 , p. 93.
  2. ^ Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 63.
  3. ↑ Eckhard Grunewald (Red.): Immanuel-Kant-Sipendien - reports on current research. In it: Norbert Spannenberger: Migration and settlement of Germans in Hungary. The manorial colonization activity of the Esterházy princes in southern Transdanubia in the 18th century. In: Reports and Research. Vol. 11. Federal Institute for Culture and History of Germans in Eastern Europe. Oldenbourg Verlag, Munich 2003, p. 202.
  4. ↑ a b c d e Jenő Fitz : The Roman Limes in Hungary . Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, 1976, p. 91.
  5. ↑ a b Krisztina Szirmai: Auxiliary fort and vicus in Albertfalva. In: Paula Zsidi : Research in Aquincum, 1969–2002. In honor of Klára Póczy. Budapesti Történeti Múzeum 2003, ISBN 963-9340-23-5 , p. 93 (footnote).
  6. ↑ József Beszédes: Kutatások az albertfalvi Római tábor védműveinél , excavation report, the Historical Museum Budapest. (in Hungarian)
  7. ↑ a b c d Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 89.
  8. ↑ Marcelo Tilman Schmitt: The Roman Foreign Policy of the 2nd Century AD. Franz Steiner Verlag, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-515-07106-7 , pp. 84–85.
  9. ↑ a b Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 87.
  10. ↑ a b c Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Konrad Theiss Verlag, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 88.
  11. ^ Anne Johnson (German adaptation by Dietwulf Baatz ): Römische Kastelle . Verlag Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1987, ISBN 3-8053-0868-X , p. 152.
  12. ↑ Kurt Genser: Origin and Development of the Middle Danube Limes. Nordico Museum of the City of Linz, 2001, p. 28.
  13. ^ Krisztina Szirmai: Small Bronze and Iron Finds from the vicus of the Military Fort Budapest-Albertfalva. In: Acta of the 12th International Congress on Ancient Bronzes, Nijmegen 1992. Amersfoort 1995, p. 427.
  14. ↑ Barnabás Lőrincz : The Roman auxiliaries in Pannonia during the Principate's time. Part I: The Inscriptions. Forschungsgesellschaft Wiener Stadtarchäologie, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086-02-5 , p. 43.
  15. ↑ a b Barnabás Lőrincz: The Roman auxiliary troops in Pannonia during the principle time. Part I: The Inscriptions. Forschungsgesellschaft Wiener Stadtarchäologie, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086-02-5 , p. 81.
  16. ↑ Barnabás Lőrincz: The Roman auxiliaries in Pannonia during the Principate's time. Part I: The Inscriptions. Research Society of Vienna City Archeology. Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086-02-5 , p. 90.
  17. ↑ Barnabás Lőrincz: The Roman auxiliaries in Pannonia during the Principate's time. Part I: The Inscriptions. Research Society of Vienna City Archeology. Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086-02-5 , p. 19.
  18. ↑ Barnabás Lőrincz: The Roman auxiliaries in Pannonia during the Principate's time. Part I: The Inscriptions. Research Society of Vienna City Archeology. Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086-02-5 , p. 40.
  19. ↑ a b c Kristina Szirmai: New archaeological data to the research of the Albertfalva vicus (1990-1991) . In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 1994. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda, Budapest 2005, p. 50.
  20. ↑ a b Krisztina Szirmai: Auxiliary Vicus Albertfalva. In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 1999. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda, Budapest, p. 77.
  21. ^ András Mócsy: The population of Pannonia up to the Marcomann Wars. Hungarian Academy of Sciences Publishing House, Budapest 1959, p. 65.
  22. ^ Zsolt Mráv: Castellum contra Tautantum. To identify a late Roman fortress. In: Ádám Szabó , Endre Tóth (ed.): Bölcske. Roman inscriptions and finds - In memoriam Sándor Soproni (1926–1995) Libelli archaeologici Ser. Nov. No. II. Hungarian National Museum, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-9046-83-3 , p. 354.
  23. ↑ CIL 16, 175 .
  24. ^ AE 1998, 1059 .
  25. ^ Kristina Szirmai: New archaeological data to the research of the Albertfalva vicus (1990-1991) . In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 1994. Népművelési Propaganda Iroda, Budapest 2005, p. 51.
  26. ↑ a b Krisztina Szirmai: Auxiliary fort and vicus in Albertfalva. In: Paula Zsidi : Research in Aquincum, 1969–2002. In honor of Klára Póczy. Budapesti Történeti Múzeum 2003, ISBN 963-9340-23-5 , p. 95.
  27. ↑ Alice Mathea Choyke: Animal Bones from the Albertfalva vicus (Excavations years 1990-91) . In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 1994 . Népművelési Propaganda Iroda, Budapest 2005, p. 53.
  28. ↑ Alice Mathea Choyke: Animal Bones from the Albertfalva vicus (Excavations years 1990-91) . In: Communicationes archeologicae Hungariae 1994 . Népművelési Propaganda Iroda, Budapest 2005, p. 54.
  29. ^ László Barkóczi: Pannonian glass finds in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1988, ISBN 963-05-4286-2 , p. 51.
  30. ↑ Route = numbering follows Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary (Theiss 1988) and Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary (Akadémiai Kiadó 2003).
  31. ↑ Kastell CAMPONA at 47 ° 23 '26.87 "  N , 18 ° 59' 4.69"  O .