Vetus Salina Castle

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Vetus Salina
Alternative name Vetus Salina , Vetusallo
limes Pannonian Limes
section 6th
Dating (occupancy) Vespasian (69–79)?
until the beginning of the 5th century
Type a) cohort fort
b) unknown Burgus
unit a) Cohors I (Ulpia) Brittonum milliaria equitata
b) Cohors I Alpinorum equitata
c) Cohors III Batavorum milliaria equitata
d) Equites Dalmatae
size can no longer be determined
Construction a) wood-earth
b) stone
State of preservation nothing received above ground; most of it was washed away by the Danube
place Adony
Geographical location 47 ° 7 '47.1 "  N , 18 ° 51' 54.3"  E
height 97  m
Previous Matrica Fort (north)
Subsequently Intercisa Fort (southeast)
The location of Vetus Salina on the Lower Pannonian Danube Limes.

The Vetus Salina fort was a Roman military camp whose crew was available for security and surveillance tasks on the Pannonian Danube Limes ( Limes Pannonicus ) . The river formed the Roman frontier in large sections. The remnants of the fort, located directly on the Danube, are located in the boundaries of the Hungarian municipality of Adony in Fejér County . The excavation site became known nationwide for its Jupiter Dolichenus sanctuary .

location

In the area of ​​the fort and the camp village, prehistoric graves from the early Iron Age were discovered during the excavations . However, no traces of a settlement from this era were found. The ancient situation of the fort site, which was founded on the flat west bank of the Danube, can only be partially understood today, as the river in this area has changed its river bed several times since ancient times and thus destroyed a large part of the Roman evidence. The fortification was once located across from Csepel Island , which was around 48 kilometers long and already existed in antiquity and flows a little further downstream. After the Marcomann Wars (166–180), this island was declared a military zone for the Sarmatian Jazygens living on the east bank . Despite an official alliance commitment to Rome, this tribe was often ready to revolt and a constant threat to the neighboring provinces .

In post-Roman times, the Danube must have pushed itself directly over the garrison from the Middle Imperial period, as nothing has survived apart from its southwest corner. Significant parts of the camp village ( vicus ) were also destroyed as a result. Today the corner of the fort that has been preserved lies under a cultivated field that is directly adjacent to Landstrasse 6 in the west. To the south and west of the rectangular usable agricultural area, the buildings on Adony have already moved up to the fort area, to the north a gas station has been built directly at the exit of the village. To the east of the highway, in the area of ​​the excavated Roman building remains, there is a 30 to 40 meter wide wooded fringe, which in turn is followed by an old Danube. This side arm separates a small island from the shore. To the west of the corner of the fort, Limesstrasse is assumed.

Surname

Vetus Salina (Vetusallo) - between Aquincum and Annamatia (today Baracs) - in the upper part of the picture of the Tabula Peutingeriana .

Vetus Salina is mentioned in some of the most important extant ancient sources. For example in the Atlas Geographike Hyphegesis by Claudius Ptolemy from the 2nd century, in the Itinerarium Antonini , a directory of the most important Roman imperial roads from the 3rd century, the late antique road map Tabula Peutingeriana from the 4th century, the likewise late antique state manual Notitia dignitatum and the Byzantine one Geographer of Ravenna who wrote in the 7th century. In addition, the name of its inhabitants was found on a building inscription that was carried off to Dunaújváros as Vetussalinenses.

Research history

As early as 1780, the Jesuit and antiquarian Stephan Schönwiesner (1738–1815) proved in his geographical commentary In Romanorum iter per Pannoniae Ripam… Commentarius Geographicus based on the various preserved ancient writings and local findings, the correspondence of Adony with the ancient Vetus Salina. In 1835 the Austrian National Encyclopedia noted that Adony had some Roman antiquities. In 1846 Elek Kovács published a description of the ruins of the former Roman colony and in 1856 the board of the kuk Gouvernements-Bausection in Hungary reported on the ancient settlement, along with other Roman finds that were current at the time. The most extensive excavations took place from 1949 to 1950 and 1954 in the remaining fort area under the direction of László Barkóczi , before the new construction of Highway 6 could be led through this zone. In the vicus area, among other things, an emergency excavation was carried out in 1975 under the archaeologist Zsuzsanna Bánki at a Jupiter Dolichenus sanctuary. Further research in this area took place in 1997 and 2001.

From June to November 2009, the Intercisa Museum in Dunaújváros hosted a comprehensive exhibition on the finds discovered up to then and the state of research in Adony.

Building history

Sketch of the overall excavation plan with some research results.

In 1969, north of the stone fort, immediately west of the road 6 at the junction to Iváncsa, the outlines of an approximately 230 × 270 meter large, rectangular wood-earth store were taken from the air, but no research has yet been carried out on it . It is possible that this system dates back to the 1st century. The four corners of this camp are almost exactly in a west-east or north-south direction. The east corner marks the intersection and the Szalma csárda, originally built there in 1726. The modern road to Iváncsa runs over the western corner. A stream flows past north of the camp. The old arm of the Danube, which cuts through the stone fort, is located in the east, the Limes road coming from the north could be detected until shortly before the camp.

The extent to which this wood-earth system, discovered to the north, has structural history to do with Vetus Salina is unknown, perhaps it comes from a marching camp that was occupied for a short time. As a topographical connection between the two fortifications, however, their overall orientation can be recorded. Both locations are aligned with their axes in a south-west-north-east direction, which can give an indication of the Danube course, which has changed significantly today. The predecessor buildings of the stone fort of Vetus Salina, which can still be proven, could be found under the preserved southwest corner. The small number of sigillates from Adony was of some importance for the timing of the various construction phases.

Wood-earth phase

Sketch for the first construction phase.

A total of three consecutive periods of wood-earth stock were found in Vetus Salina, which could be dated between the middle of the 1st century and the 2nd decade of the 2nd century.

Phase 1a and 1b

The later built towers of the oldest complex, each 25 meters apart, clearly protruded from an earth wall, probably supported by stones and beams, and had an inner diameter of 3.40 meters. During the investigation, the simple trench was still preserved to a depth of 0.80 meters and was 1.50 meters in front of the fort wall. After the towers were in place, they reached the middle of the earliest trench and were recognizable to the archaeologists as wooden structures through four post holes. The subsequent installation of the towers clearly showed that what was previously only a provisional warehouse was now turned into a facility intended for longer-term use.

The stratigraphic stratification relevant for this phase shows clear traces of fire in several places. Coins from the time of Emperor Claudius (41–54), Padan sigillates and glasses were found, which indicate a date before Emperor Domitian (81–96) took office. In accordance with the temporal comparable development and the more recent research at the castle Budapest – Albertfalva to the north, Vetus Salina can also be assumed to be founded under Emperor Vespasian (69–79), as suggested by Barkóczi. The traces of fire in the camp could be related to the major attack by the Jazygens in 91/92, who advanced as far as Brigetio and destroyed the Legio XXI Rapax in the process .

Phase 2

According to Barkóczi, this phase is the only one that did not take place on the site of the later stone fort, but a little further south, because another wood-earth fort was discovered there, which, according to evidence, was documented towards the end of the 1st century. The ancient level of walking could no longer be determined, but the approximate chronological assignment could be determined via the ceramics that were recovered in the 4 meter wide and 1.8 meter deep trench surrounding the fortification. In his description of Vetus Salina in 1988 , Zsolt Visy only mentioned this third fort site near Adony in passing, but nevertheless removed it from the context of the actual garrison.

Phase 3

The subsequent phase was again built on the site of the first fort directly above its floor plan, with all buildings obviously being completely rebuilt. The palisade with the battlement now consisted of a double row of posts one behind the other, which was supported on the Via Sagularis (Lagerringstrasse) with slanted beams. The distance between these support beams was 1.5 meters. A rectangular tower was examined in the area of ​​the south-west corner of the fort. The newly erected buildings behind Lagerringstrasse - inside the fort - were built on stone foundations, as could also be seen in Albertfalva. There, the archaeologists put the corresponding new building program in the period after the Jazygen attack in 91/92. The finds from the stratigraphic layer of this phase contained coins of the emperors Nerva (96–98) and Trajan (98–117) as well as southern Gaulish terra sigillata from Banassac . This pottery site gained importance in the late first century. The only trench in this facility was 3 meters wide and 2 meters deep. This, as well as the next two construction phases, were all estimated in the past in the reign of Emperor Hadrian (117-138).

Phase 4

Even in this phase, the fence still consisted of a double row of posts. Their pits were partially dug into the filled trench of the third camp. The piles, which were 35 to 40 centimeters in diameter, had been driven into the ground at a distance of 1.4 meters. The depth of the two rows of posts, between which the former earth-piled parapet walkway lay, was up to 1.2 meters and, as in phase 3, was secured with inclined support beams towards the inside of the fort. According to Barkóczi, these support beams were overlaid by the inward sloping earth ramp of the battlement. A new feature on the preserved south side of the fortification was the foundations of a 4-meter-wide round tower, consisting of small stones, with a wall thickness of 70 centimeters. In addition, the remains of buildings could be found inside the fort. The double trench identified for this phase was 10 meters wide. The first trench was measured at a depth of 2.5 meters, the second at 2 meters. The gray-burned, smooth bowl shape Drag belongs to this phase . 44 , which is dated to the first half of the 2nd century. In addition, Terra Sigillata with the stamps of Severus and Ianus was discovered. The places of manufacture of goods with the Ianus stamp can be found before 95 in the Terra Sigillata Center in Lezoux near Clermont-Ferrand in Central Gaul and then in Heiligenberg in Alsace . In AD 160 at the latest, this manufacture moved to Rheinzabern ( Tabernae ). Severus also worked in Heiligenberg.

Stone construction phase

As Visy noted in 1988, the stone reconstruction is said to have taken place under Emperor Antoninus Pius (138-161). Barkóczi differentiated two stages of development and starts the last one after the Marcomann Wars (166–180). Since the publication of his excavation report in 1954, among other things, the classification of the terra sigillata has been refined and changed considerably, so that a number of important fixed points that Barkóczi set with the help of ceramics are no longer valid today.

Phase 1

The running level of the last wood-earth expansion remained at this time; The crew also retained the round tower and the moat. The most important innovation for this phase was the complete expansion of the weir system in Stein. The wall now in front of the earth ramp with the battlement was 0.8 meters thick. As Barkóczi discovered, the interior of the older wood-earth warehouse was still used.

In addition to numerous fragments of vessels, the finds also contained some sigillates from Lezoux and from the large companies in Rheinzabern. This type of pottery began in Lezoux as early as the 1st century AD, and customers throughout the empire were supplied into the 3rd century. The Rheinzabern production is said to have started around 150 AD and was probably ended in the years 260/270 AD. On the fragment of a Terra Sigillata bowl of the shape Drag. 37, which was found on the back road, the Via decumana , had received the stamp of the Rheinzabern potter Augustalis . This producer probably worked in the late 2nd and early 3rd centuries. In addition to the datable ceramics, brick stamps of the Cohors III Batavorum milliaria (3rd double cohort of the Batavians) were found.

Phase 2

Barkóczi assumed that in all probability there must have been a second phase of stone construction. The first stone warehouse was destroyed during the Marcomann Wars "and not only because the entire Limes was exposed to general devastation at that time, but because even the slightest trace of it, which can be found in the III. Century. "

The stratigraphic stratification of this phase was already destroyed when it was found; also no finds could be recovered. The area was leveled in Roman times, with all stones removed in advance. The double trenches belonging to this fort building were each 10 meters wide and 4.5 meters or 2 meters deep and were also filled in in ancient times. The stone building existed until the second half of the politically uncertain 3rd century. At that time, the Jazygen, together with their ally, the Roxolans , took advantage of the Roman military weakness caused by civil wars in 259/260 for new raids, in the course of which they were able to advance to the southwestern edge of the province of Pannonia superior . It is possible that Vetus Salina and Albertfalva were destroyed in this attack.

Late antique Burgus

The burgus for the Equites Dalmatae (Dalmatian riders) stationed here in late antiquity has not yet been found. Either the Danube washed him away or he is to be looked for in another place. The leveling layer at the fort showed, however, that new development was planned at this point. It is possible that the military buildings (?) That were built there later also fell victim to the medieval and modern stone robbery. This place was probably occupied by a Roman occupation until the early 5th century.

Troops and military personnel

The various auxiliary units stationed in Vetus Salina can be at least partially reconstructed using the brick stamps found . During the second half of the first century, the approximately 1000-strong Cohors I Brittonum milliaria equitata (1st partially mounted double cohort of the Brittons) lay here in garrison. The archaeologist Barnabás Lőrincz (1951–2012) assumed that the Brittons stayed at this place for a long time.

Then the Cohors I Alpinorum equitata (1st partially mounted cohort of the Alpine countries) could have moved up. It is also mentioned in an inscription in Adony. Following this, the future regular garrison of the fort, the Cohors III Batavorum milliaria equitata (Antoniniana) - 3rd partially mounted double cohort of the Batavians "the Antonine" is secured by several inscriptions in Vetus Salina. Perhaps the Batavians still have the last wood-earth camp, but they certainly have already built the stone fort. The proven repair work can also be attributed to this cohort. With the end of the fort in the late 3rd century, the traces of the tribal unit of Vetus Salina at this location are also lost. The late Roman complex was probably built by the Equites Dalmatae , who may have stayed here until the early 5th century.

In 2001 Lőrincz published the following list of possible crews for Adony:

Time position Troop name comment
AD 70–85 Troop unit of unknown name
C 85-101 Cohors I (Ulpia) Brittonum milliaria equitata The cohort was set up around 85 and immediately deployed in Pannonia, where it was in Vetus Salina until the beginning of the 2nd century. After their departure from Adony, the unit came to Moesia superior (Upper Moesia ). In Bologa (Sebesvár) in Transylvania , once Dacia , two roof tiles with the stamp of this cohort were discovered in the second camp, the timing of which is uncertain. In August, 106 soldiers all this cohort were the basis of merit during the Dacian wars against Decebalus the Roman citizenship .
AD 101–118 / 119 Cohors I Alpinorum equitata From 41 (?) To 54 this cohort was in the Danube fort Dunaszekcső (Lugio) and was possibly assigned to Carnuntum from 54 to 69 . Between 70 and 101 it can be detected in the Hungarian inland fort Gorsium, from where it then came to Vetus Salina. At the same time there was a cohort of the same name, which can be found in 103-106 in Upper Moesia. Then the Alpine countries have. in Kastell Százhalombatta-Dunafüred made Service (Matrica) and remained there until the start of Marcomannic wars.
from 118/119 AD Cohors III Batavorum milliaria equitata The cohort was stationed in Britain in the 1st century - parts of it in the Vindolanda fort - and was probably moved to Raetia under Trajan . There she is proven by identification of the previously known military diplomas from 107 to 116 and was possibly barracked in the Ruffenhofen Fort . Between 116 and 122/124 the troops were relocated to Vetus Salina as a regular crew.

In 1999 the broken grave inscription of the 37-year-old deceased Valeria Aemilia was found in the Danube bed, which her husband, the cohort tribune Valerius Timotheus, put on his "dearest wife". Valerius Timotheus was in his time commander of the Cohors III Batavorum milliaria. Unfortunately, an exact chronological assignment of the stone is not possible. In the same year the portrait stele of the late Titus Aelius Karus came out of the river. The dead man, a veteran of the 3rd Batavian cohort, is shown as a full figure in his service uniform with tunic and paenula . Karus was excavated in Raetia at the earliest in the last years of Trajan’s reign and in Lower Pannonia at the latest in the mid-30s of the 2nd century. The heavily fragmented inscription of Claudius Tyrannus from the courtyard of the former post office in Adony, published in the 19th century, also testifies to a once important military figure of Vetus Salina. The deceased had come to Pannonia as the legionary tribune of the Legio XVI Flavia company stationed in the Middle East and had taken on the post of the cohort tribune of the 3rd Batavian cohort. According to Lőrincz, his stele was built between 100 and 200 AD.

Border patrol commanders of the Cohors I (Ulpia) Brittonum milliaria equitata

Surname rank Time position comment
Plautius ? 105 Only part of his name was preserved on a military diploma.

Border patrol commanders of the Cohors III Batavorum milliaria equitata (Antoniniana)

Surname rank Time position comment
Marcus Flavius ​​Miles Praefectus cohortis 27 Dec. 157/159 Part of the name of this knight (Miles) had already been known since 1830 from the fragmentary diploma CIL 16, 113. When 24 Spolien (older inscriptions that had been dragged away for construction) were discovered on the late antique bridgehead-like ship landing of Bölcske further to the south, a limestone altar came to light that gave the prefect's full name, rank and troops. In September 1994 two more altars by this prefect were found in Bölcske.
Valerius Timothy Tribunus cohortis ? His wife Valeria Aemilia died in Vetus Salina.
Claudius Tyrannus Tribunus cohortis 100-200 He came as a knightly legionary tribune from Syria to the province of Pannonia Inferior (Lower Pannonia) and took over the leadership of the garrison in Vetus Salina. When he died there during his service, he left behind his wife Ulpia Saturnina and his son, the eques Romanus (Roman knight) Claudius Concordianus, who set his grave stele for him. The deceased may have come from Ephesus . If so, his tombstone was erected in the last third of the 2nd century.

Vicus

The largely unknown camp village with its grave fields was discovered especially on the west and south sides of the stone fort. In addition to simple pit and wooden houses, there were also lavishly designed properties in Vetus Salina that were furnished with hypocausted rooms and frescoes. Barkóczi noted that late Celtic settlers can be found at the time of the oldest camp, but even more so during the subsequent wood-earth camp.

During an emergency excavation by archaeologists Zsolt Visy and Eszter B. Vágó, Roman graves were found in the northern half of the camp village. In addition to the Jupiter Dolichenus sanctuary mentioned below, there were other temples in this vicus. A building inscription designed as tabula ansata or donation consecration for the genius of Vetus Salina possibly names a temple and the statue or an altar of the genius. Due to the mention of Aquincum (Budapest) as a Municipium , this inscription can be assigned to the period between 118 and 194. Unfortunately, the damage to parts of the inscription is too severe to be able to decipher the text exactly. The reading according to Géza Alföldy is reproduced here:

[Templum et statu] on the Geni civib (us) R (omanis)
[consistentib (us) terri] t (orii) Vetuss (alinensium) quae M (arcus) Ulp (ius)
[--- datis ex tes] t (amento) HS X (decem milibus) n (ummum) fieri iusserat
[M (arcus) Ulpius --- IIvir?] M (unicipii) Aq (uincensium) d (ecurio) col (oniae) Murs (ensium) sacerd (os)
[prov (inciae) Pann (oniae) infer (ioris) trib (unus) l] eg (ionis) XII fulm (inatae) in memoriam
[patris loco publico te] rritori (i) ex HS XXXX (quadraginta milibus) n (ummum) fec (it)

Translation:

“The temple and the statue of the Genius was ordered by Marcus Ulpius to build the [= temple and statue] from the 10,000 sesterces given in his will for the Roman citizens who are resident in the territory of Vetus Salina Ulpius -––, Duumvir of the Municipiums Aquincum, Decurio of the Colonia Mursia, priest of the province of Lower Pannonia, Tribune of the Legio XII Fulminata , in memory of his father on public land in the territory for 40,000 sesterces. "

  • Building of the first construction phase

  • Findings of a wooden house.

  • Examples of mine houses from Germany and Great Britain.

Jupiter Dolichenus Sanctuary

The temple according to the excavation plan from 1975 with partially reconstructed foundation walls.

In the course of the construction of a waterworks, a sanctuary for Jupiter Dolichenus belonging to the vicus was discovered in 1975, which was located about 30 meters west of the preserved southwest corner of the fort and had been built by the Cohors III Batavorum milliaria equitata . The work on the waterworks had destroyed the west side of the ancient structure with a 7–8 meter wide and 3 meter deep trench. With its rectangular floor plan, the temple, possibly built in the last quarter of the 2nd century, was oriented east-west. As the archaeologist Zsuzsanna Bánki discovered during the emergency excavation, the fall of the sanctuary under Emperor Gordian III. (238–244) start with a fire disaster.

The important and high-quality finds from the temple include votive offerings, such as a later restored votive triangle consisting of 1000 fragments, the bronze, 5 cm high statuette of a horse, a 12 cm diameter, chased medallion with the bust of the god Sol , a badly damaged one 13.40 centimeter bronze votive hand with traces of the fire disaster, two bronze eagle statuettes and three bronze statuettes of the goddess Victoria . In addition, two badly damaged bronze sign holders and several fragments of other sign holders were found. A also salvaged, 8.7 centimeter high silver letter P is regarded as the last remnant of an inscription in or on the sanctuary.

The cult's decline began after 235 with the end of the Severan dynasty. Most of the sanctuaries were abandoned or burned down. There is very little evidence of the worship of Jupiter-Dolichenus from the following epoch.

More finds

In addition to the terra sigillata and folded cups, the finds from Adony include a wide variety of other objects of daily use, including gold-plated bronze hairpins, fibulae, brooches, bracelets and horn combs.

Ceramics

As in Budapest-Albertfalva, a significant part of pottery with a strongly indigenous character was also found in Vetus Salina at the fort and at the vicus . The shape of these gray vessels with smoothed decoration can evidently be derived from the traditional design principles of the late Celtic Eravisker , who owned their oppidum on Gellért Hill, probably called Mons Teutanus , in today's Budapest . After the Pannonian uprising (6-9 AD), at least parts of this tribe were resettled by the Romans in the surrounding area. It is possible that the early vicus of Vetus Salina, as in Albertfalva, was also influenced by the Eraviskern. In Fejér County, to which Adony belongs, the late La Tène forms can be traced back to the 2nd century.

Glass

From the early fort area of ​​the 1st century come some fragments of glass vessels that are important for the temporal determination, such as the shard of a hemispherical, deep bowl with a drawn-in edge. Together with the other glass finds at the same time and the Padanian Terra Sigillata, which also comes from the same strata, the early trade relations with Italy become visible.

Inscriptions

A large number of different inscriptions are known from Vetus Salina. In addition to the brick stamps and consecration stones for deities, three bronze military diplomas are of considerable scientific value. One is possibly from the year 105, another can be dated to the year 157 or 159, and the third belongs to the years 192–193. There were also two milestones from the Limes Road. One was built under Emperor Mark Aurel (161–180), but no longer gives any distances because this part is damaged, the other comes from the time of Emperor Decius (249–251). Measured from Aquincum, this stone gives a distance of 36 Roman miles (around 53.28 km).

Lost property

The valuable finds from the Jupiter Dolichenus sanctuary are now in the István Király Museum in Székesfehérvár . Most of the stone inscriptions as well as the military diplomas came to the Hungarian National Museum in Budapest. The inscription CIL 3, 10305 can be studied in the Intercisa Museum in Dunaújváros (New Town on the Danube).

Limes course between the Vetus Salina fort and the Intercisa fort

Traces of the road towers along the Roman road between Adony and Dunaújváros
route Name / place Description / condition
6th Lórév At Lórév, on the Danube island Csepel opposite the Vetus Salina fort , the foundations of a possible burgus were mentioned in the past.
6th Adony South (Burgus Vetus Salina 1) An aerial photo shows a possible Burgus in a low-lying area south of Adony. The building is located on an agriculturally used area on the west side of the north-south Limes road that has been preserved under the ground here. The almost square external dimensions of the trench are approximately 50 × 50 meters, its internal dimensions are given as 28 x 28 meters. In the center of the system, the actual tower can be seen as a dark discoloration. Typologically, it could be a Valentine Burgus. But excavations are still missing today.
6th Adony-Süd (Burgus Vetus Salina 11) Vetus Salina 11 was discovered in 2008 by aerial archeology. The tower is located on the west side of the Limesstrasse under an agricultural area. He had a double square moat. The outer trench was 48 meters, the inner 26 meters. Two late antique bronze coins emerged from the ground as reading finds. They come from the reigns of the lower emperor Crispus (317–326) and the emperor Constantine II (337–340).
6th Adony Szentmihály Hill (Burgus Vetus Salina 2) An aerial photo from 1940 shows possible traces of a double trench that could belong to a tower site. The place becomes visible to the west of the Limesstrasse - which here almost coincides with the modern Landstrasse 6. It is located in a narrow depression between the striking Szentmihály Hill to the west of the road and a plateau to which the ancient route and the road 6 that covers it rise. This depression is so central in terms of traffic engineering that an important railway line and the M6 motorway , which went into operation in 2006, squeeze through it. The tower with its rectangular moat could have stood on the rising foot of the hill. The outer circumferential trench has a side length of around 43 meters, the inner one around 25 meters. Overall, the trenches were around five to six meters wide. Due to its location, a good view to the north, south and east was possible. Field inspections yielded ceramic shards that were atypical for Roman times. Archaeological evidence could therefore not be provided. The alleged location was subsequently destroyed by the construction of the motorway.
6th Kulcs , Landstrasse 6, kilometer stone 57/58 (Burgus Vetus Salina 3) This site is located on a modern field path coming from the southwest that leads to Landstrasse 6. The dirt road - still marked on older maps - was abandoned in the second half of the 20th century and is paved over. The municipality boundary between Kulcs and Adony still follows its course today. The tower site, which was discovered on an aerial photo, has a more or less rectangular structure. The ancient Limes road runs almost exactly next to the modern route in this area. The actual road tower is about 60 meters west of the Roman road from its center. The external dimensions of the system are given as 36 × 36 meters. Between 2008 and 2010, the location of the tower was unequivocally identified. At the same time, some building remains were discovered north of the facility, but their purpose has yet to be researched.
6th Rácalmás (Burgus Vetus Salina 5) A Roman guard is believed to be at the highest point there on a hill in the vicinity of the old train station of Rácalmás. This hill, which is located around 100 meters north of the train station, was cut on its eastern flank during the road works for Landstrasse 6 that began in 1949. At that time, the track system was also relocated to the west - outside the town. When in 1971 an emergency excavation had to be carried out in the Avar cemetery near Rácalmás-Rózsamajor, an excavation worker accidentally came across fragments of Roman roof tiles near the old train station, which may have come here during the work on the hill. Since then, however, no more bricks have been discovered on site. The discovery of several Roman milestones in this area is remarkable. They come from the reigns of the emperors Septimius Severus (193-211) and Caracalla (188-217), Macrinus (217-218) and Severus Alexander (222-235). In this area, the Limes Road ran a little further to the east, parallel to today's country road.
6th Rácalmás (Burgus Vetus Salina 8) In the summer of 1994 the aerial archaeologist Otto Braasch discovered a previously unknown watchtower west of Rácalmás. It is located near the east side of today's Landstrasse 6. The ancient Limesstrasse ran parallel to Landstrasse 6 in this area, but a little further east in the field, so that Vetus Salina 8 is now between the two routes. The facility has a square double moat. The outer trench is 55 meters in diameter, the inner 30 meters. The tower in the center is about 60 meters from today's street. Its dark discoloration in the aerial photograph indicates that it was made of wood. The finds picked up during field inspections date to the 4th century. The most important pieces are a small bronze coin from the reign of the Under Emperor Crispus (317-326) and a 9.60 centimeter by measuring dulcimer , which was used as a percussion instrument in pairs. With a view of the square moat, which is not pierced by an entrance, the watchtower, which is not visible above ground, could be assigned to the Valentine period.
6th Dunaújváros pentele (Burgus Vetus Salina 6) The location of a Burgus located on the Limes Road on a hill that is now built over just before the Intercisa fort is secured by an aerial photo. To the south of the tower, the land slopes down into a small valley that leads southeast to the Danube. On the opposite side the terrain rises to the plateau of the Öreghegy (Old Mountain), on which the ancient Intercisa lay. A double moat surrounded the square residential and watchtower of Vetus Salina 6, which, thanks to its characteristic shape, can be classified as belonging to the reign of Emperor Valentinian I.
6th Dunaújváros pentele (Burgus Intercisa 16) From the beginning of the Szalki peninsula - also known under the name Ifjúság - numerous Roman remains from the 19th century near the Danube are known. The range of finds at that time consisted mainly of stone and brick fragments. The site is interpreted either as a possible Burgus or as one of those bridgehead-like counter-fortresses that are so typical of the late ancient Pannonian Danube Limes in Hungary. In order to correctly assess this interpretation, however, it is important to know that the majority of the finds were used for secondary purposes and from the ruins of the Greek Orthodox women's monastery Monasterium S. Pantaleonis de insula Danubii (Monastery of Saint Pantaleon on the Danube Island), which was abandoned in the Middle Ages . came from. The historic place was later destroyed by a flood of the Danube.
6th Dunaújváros To the south of the last Burgus are the remains of the Intercisa Castle, which can be visited in part, with the Intercisa Museum.
Traces of the watchtowers along the Danube between Dunaújváros and Baracs
route Name / place Description / condition
6th Kulcs (Burgus Vetus Salina 4) In the area of ​​Kulcs, close to the bank of the Danube, a Valentine Burgus could be identified according to surface finds . The tower would thus be the only known one on the Vetus Salina – Intercisa route that was part of the border security system close to the shore. This chain of posts is much better documented on the following route between Intercisa and Annamatia. The site north of a modern access to the Danube was discovered by workers and other observers when earthworks were being carried out in a recreation area of ​​Kulcs. Together with some finds that come from this area, the idea of ​​a watchtower that could have stood here on the shore solidified. Since the exact location of the site discovered during the construction work can no longer be reconstructed for archeology afterwards, it can only be assumed that a tower located later in the site is identical to the older finding. An aerial photo taken in 1940 shows no traces of a tower in the entire area. The place itself - on a hill above the Danube - would be well suited for a Roman watchtower. To the southeast is the southern tip of the large Csepel Island that divides the river. A Roman casting crucible, which was discovered 300 meters north on the elevated terrain, also fits the find area. Possibly a reference to an ancient settlement.
6th Dunaújváros South of the Burgus, in Dunaújváros, are the remains of the Intercisa Castle, which can be visited in part, with the Intercisa Museum.

Monument protection

The monuments of Hungary are protected under the Act No. LXIV of 2001 by being entered in the register of monuments. The Burgus Dunakeszi as well as all other Limes complexes belong to the nationally valuable cultural property as archaeological sites according to § 3.1. According to § 2.1, all finds are state property, regardless of where they are found. Violations of the export regulations are considered a criminal offense or a crime and are punished with imprisonment for up to three years.

See also

literature

  • Zsuzsanna Bánki: Sanctuary of Iuppiter Dolichenus in Vetus Salina. In: Alba Regia. 19, 1981, pp. 95-113.
  • László Barkóczi, Éva B. Bónis : The early Roman camp and the settlement of Adony (Vetus Salina). In: Acta archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 4, 1954, pp. 129-199.
  • Tamás Bezeczky: Amphorák az adonyi. (Vetus Salina) korarómai táborból - Amphorae from the Auxiliary Fort of Adony (Vetus Salina). In: Archaeologiai Értesítő. 117, 1990, pp. 96-102.
  • Tamás Bezeczky: P. Iturius S. amphorája Vetus Salinában - P. Iturius Sabinus' amphora from Vetus Salina. In: Folia Archaeologica. 36, 1985, pp. 69-74.
  • Ulrich Brandl: Card 6: Brick stamp distribution of the Legio II Adiutrix. In: Investigations into the brick temples of Roman legions in the north-western provinces of the Imperium Romanum. Catalog of the Julius B. Fritzemeier Collection. P. 68. No. 17.
  • Jan Burian: Vetus Salina. In: The New Pauly (DNP). Volume 12, Metzler, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-476-01470-3 , column 157.
  • Jenő Fitz (Ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary (= Bulletin du musée roi Saint Etienne. Series A, Volume 22). Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, Székesfehérvár 1976, p. 99.
  • Elek Kovács: Some data on the ruins of the former Roman colony near the market town of Adony. In: Pannonia. 42, 1846 as well as in: Oesterreichische Blätter für Literatur und Kunst. 3, No. 67, 1846.
  • Barnabás Lőrincz: The troops and the troop commander of the diploma recipient CIL XXVI 113. In: Acta classica universitatis scientiarum Debreceniensis. 33, 1997, pp. 241-248.
  • Balduin Saria: Vetus Salina. In: Paulys Realencyclopadie der classischen Antiquity Science (RE). Volume VIII A, 2, Stuttgart 1958, Sp. 1905 f.
  • Zsolt Visy : The Pannonian Limes in Hungary. Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , pp. 96-98.

Remarks

  1. ↑ a b László Barkóczi, Éva B. Bónis: The early Roman camp and the settlement of Adony (Vetus Salina). In: Acta archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 4, 1954, p. 148.
  2. ↑ Ptolemy 2:15 , 3.
  3. ^ Itinerarium Antonini 254, 4.
  4. ↑ Notitia dignitatum occ. 33, 37.
  5. ↑ Geogr. Rav. 220, 8.
  6. ↑ a b c d e f g h Jenő Fitz (ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary . Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, 1976, p. 99.
  7. ↑ a b CIL 3, 10305 .
  8. ↑ Oesterreichische National-Encyklopädie Friedrich Beck'sche Universitäts-Buchhandlung, Vienna 1835, p. 22.
  9. ↑ Note sheet. Supplement to the archive for customers of Austrian historical sources. 6, 1856, p. 522.
  10. ↑ Jenő Fitz (ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary. Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, 1976, p. 8.
  11. ↑ a b Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 97.
  12. ↑ Vetus Salina, North Castle, at 47 ° 8 '26.09 "  N , 18 ° 51' 28.81"  O .
  13. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 96.
  14. ^ Dénes Gabler: Terra Sigillata research since István Paulovics . In: Acta classica universitatis scientiarum Debreceniensis. Vol. 30, 1994, pp. 83-105; here, p. 89.
  15. ↑ Marcelo Tilman Schmitt: The Roman Foreign Policy of the 2nd Century AD. Steiner, Stuttgart 1997, ISBN 3-515-07106-7 , pp. 84-85.
  16. ↑ a b c d e f g h Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 98.
  17. ^ Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 87.
  18. ^ László Barkóczi, Éva B. Bónis: The early Roman camp and the housing estate of Adony (Vetus Salina). In: Acta archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 4, 1954, p. 152.
  19. ↑ Stefan Groh, Helga Sedlmayer: Research in the Mautern-Favianis fort. The excavations in 1996 and 1997 . Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 2002, ISBN 3-7001-3078-3 , p. 176.
  20. ^ László Barkóczi, Éva B. Bónis: The early Roman camp and the housing estate of Adony (Vetus Salina). In: Acta archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 4, 1954, p. 153.
  21. ↑ Andrea Faber: The Roman auxiliary fort and the vicus of Regensburg-Kumpfmühl. Beck, Munich 1994, ISBN 3-406-35642-7 , p. 189.
  22. ^ A b c László Barkóczi, Éva B. Bónis: The early Roman camp and the settlement of Adony (Vetus Salina). In: Acta archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 4, 1954, p. 157.
  23. ^ Karl Strobel (Ed.): Research on the Roman ceramic industry. Production, legal and distribution structures. von Zabern, Mainz 2000, ISBN 3-8053-2666-1 , p. 177.
  24. ↑ Paul Karnitsch: 1962. The start of sigillata production in Rheinzabern is to be set around 150 AD, see also Ch. Fischer: 1968, pp. 322–323; H. Simon in Dietwulf Baatz: 1973, p. 96; H. Bernhard: 1981, p. 87; F. Reutti: 1983, p. 44.
  25. ↑ Werner Zanier : The Roman fort Ellingen. Zabern (Limes Research Series, Volume 23), Mainz 1992, ISBN 3-8053-1264-4 , p. 124.
  26. ^ László Barkóczi, Éva B. Bónis: The early Roman camp and the housing estate of Adony (Vetus Salina). In: Acta archaeologica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae. 4, 1954, p. 162.
  27. ↑ Barnabás Lőrincz: The Roman auxiliaries in Pannonia during the Principate's time. Part I: The Inscriptions. Forschungsgesellschaft Wiener Stadtarchäologie, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086-02-5 , p. 104.
  28. ↑ Barnabás Lőrincz: The Roman auxiliaries in Pannonia during the Principate's time. Part I: The Inscriptions. Forschungsgesellschaft Wiener Stadtarchäologie, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086-02-5 , p. 32.
  29. ↑ Bologa. Brick stamp of the cohors I Brittonum. In: Studies on the military borders of Rome II. Lectures of the 10th International Limes Congress in the Germania inferior. Rheinland-Verlag, Cologne 1977, ISBN 3-7927-0270-3 , pp. 320–321.
  30. ↑ CIL 16, 160 .
  31. ↑ Ioan Piso: Fasti Provinciae Daciae. The senatorial officials. Habelt, Bonn 1993, ISBN 3-7749-2615-8 , p. 11.
  32. ↑ Barnabás Lőrincz: The Roman auxiliaries in Pannonia during the Principate's time. Part I: The Inscriptions. Forschungsgesellschaft Wiener Stadtarchäologie, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086-02-5 , p. 51.
  33. ↑ Ioan Piso: The military diploma from Drobeta In: On the northern border of the Roman Empire. Selected studies (1972–2003). Steiner, Stuttgart 2005, ISBN 3-515-08729-X , p. 126.
  34. ^ Péter Kovács : New Roman inscriptions in the Matrica Museum (Százhalombatta). In: Acta antiqua. Academiae scientiarum Hungaricae. 36, 1995, p. 255.
  35. ↑ Konrad Stauner: The official written system of the Roman army from Augustus to Gallienus (27 BC – 268 AD). An investigation into the structure, function and importance of the official military administrative documentation and its writers. Habelt, Bonn 2004, ISBN 3-7749-3270-0 , p. 87.
  36. ↑ Nicole Lambert, Jörg Scheuerbrandt : The military diploma: source for the Roman army and documents. Theiss, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8062-1726-2 , p. 55.
  37. ^ Péter Kovács : The Roman inscriptions of Hungary. Supplementum 1. In: Antik Tanulmányok. Vol. 47, No. 2, Dec. 2003, pp. 319-322.
  38. ↑ AE 2003, 1453 .
  39. ↑ AE 2003, 1454 .
  40. ^ Barnabás Lőrincz: On the crews of the auxiliary fort in Eastern Pannonia. In: Miroslava Mirković (ed.): Roman cities and fortresses on the Danube. Files of the regional conference organized by the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Belgrade, 16. – 19. October 2003. Alexander von Humboldt Foundation, Bonn 2005, ISBN 86-80269-75-1 , pp. 53-66; here, p. 59.
  41. ↑ CIL 3, 10329 .
  42. ↑ a b AE 1999, 1258
  43. ↑ a b CIL 16, 113
  44. ^ Barnabás Lőrincz: The troops and the troop commander of the CIL XXVI 113. In: Acta classica universitatis scientiarum Debreceniensis. 33, 1997, p. 242.
  45. ↑ Inscriptions from Ephesos 704 = AE 1939, 127, statue honoring for a son-in-law of Mark Aurel by Publius Claudius Tyrannus.
  46. ^ Jenő Fitz, Mátyás Esterházy: The administration of Pannonia in Roman times. Volume 2. Encyclopedia 1993, ISBN 963-8477-00-8 , p. 756.
  47. ↑ Barnabás Lőrincz: The Roman auxiliaries in Pannonia during the Principate's time. Part I: The Inscriptions. Forschungsgesellschaft Wiener Stadtarchäologie, Vienna 2001, ISBN 3-902086-02-5 , p. 114.
  48. ↑ Monika Hörig, Elmar Schwertheim: Corpus cultus Iovis Dolicheni (CCID), Volume 106. Brill, Leiden 1987, ISBN 90-04-07665-4 , p. 123.
  49. ↑ Monika Hörig, Elmar Schwertheim: Corpus cultus Iovis Dolicheni (CCID), Volume 106. Brill, Leiden 1987, ISBN 90-04-07665-4 , pp. 124-129.
  50. ↑ Péter Kiss, Réka Mladoniczki, Jörg Scheuerbrandt, Eszter Harsányi: The Colonia Claudia Savaria from the middle of the 1st to the 3rd century AD Colonia Claudia Savaria a Kr. U. 1. sz. közepe és a 3rd sz. között. In: On behalf of the eagle. A római sas szolgálatában. Publius Ferrasius Avitus. Book accompanying the German-Hungarian special exhibition 2012, ISBN 978-3-00-037759-4 , p. 90.
  51. ^ András Mócsy: The population of Pannonia up to the Marcomann Wars. Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Budapest 1959, p. 65.
  52. ^ Zsolt Mráv : Castellum contra Tautantum. To identify a late Roman fortress. In: Ádám Szabó , Endre Tóth (ed.): Bölcske. Roman inscriptions and finds - In memoriam Sándor Soproni (1926–1995) Libelli archaeologici Ser. Nov. No. II. Hungarian National Museum, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-9046-83-3 , p. 354.
  53. ^ Éva B. Bónis: Roman ceramic research in Hungary. In: Rei Cretariae Romanae Fautorum Ubique Consistentium acta. 1958, p. 9.
  54. ^ László Barkóczi: Pannonian glass finds in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 1988, ISBN 963-05-4286-2 , p. 56.
  55. ^ Barnabás Lőrincz: The troops and the troop commander of the CIL XXVI 113. In: Acta classica universitatis scientiarum Debreceniensis. 33, 1997, p. 241 ff.
  56. ↑ CIL 16, 132
  57. ↑ CIL 3, 10632
  58. ↑ CIL 3, 3723 .
  59. ↑ a b route = numbering follows Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary (Theiss 1988) and Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. (Akadémiai Kiadó 2003)
  60. ↑ a b Jenő Fitz (ed.): The Roman Limes in Hungary . Fejér Megyei Múzeumok Igazgatósága, 1976, p. 100.
  61. ^ Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 76.
  62. ↑ Burgus Vetus Salina 1 at approximately 47 ° 5 '55.73 "  N , 18 ° 52' 15.5"  E ; Limes Road immediately south of Adony at 47 ° 6 ′ 44.91 ″  N , 18 ° 52 ′ 4.27 ″  E ; Limesstraße on Burgus Vetus Salina 1 at 47 ° 5 '59.5 "  N , 18 ° 52' 18.51"  O .
  63. ↑ a b Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 74.
  64. ↑ Burgus Vetus Salina 11 at 47 ° 5 '7.26 "  N , 18 ° 52' 32.45"  E ; Limes Road at 47 ° 5 ′ 29.29 "  N , 18 ° 52 ′ 27.16"  E ; Zsolt Máté (Ed.): Frontiers of the Roman Empire - Ripa Pannonica in Hungary (RPH), Nomination Statement, Vol. 2 , National Office of Cultural Heritage, Budapest 2011, p. 120.
  65. ↑ Róbert Loki, Máté Szabó, Zsolt Visy: A PTE kutatócsoportja által felmért lelőhelyek latalógusa. In: Zsolt Visy (ed.): A Danube Limes program régészeti kutatásai 2008–2011 között. University of Péc, Péc 2011, ISBN 978-963-642-447-3 , pp. 53–99; here, p. 76.
  66. ↑ Burgus Vetus Salina 2 at about 47 ° 4 '32.1 "  N , 18 ° 52' 39.56"  O .
  67. ↑ The construction history of the M6 ​​on the website of the M60 motorway (www.m60.hu) , accessed on May 24, 2014.
  68. ↑ Burgus Vetus Salina 3 approximately at 47 ° 3 '44.75 "  N , 18 ° 53' 27.43"  O .
  69. ↑ a b Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , plate 19: The area of ​​Rácalmás.
  70. ↑ a b c d e f Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 75.
  71. ↑ Zsolt Visy, Máté Szabó, Róbert Lóki, Annamária Priskin: Scientific Report of the University of Pécs (PP6) for the period between October 1, 2008 and March 31, 2010. Published research report by the University of Pécs
  72. ↑ Burgus Vetus Salina 5 at approximately 47 ° 1 '27.1 "  N , 18 ° 55' 4.44"  O .
  73. ↑ AE 1953, 00011 ; AE 1982, 00811 ; AE 1969/70, 00529 ; AE 1980, 00716 .
  74. ↑ Burgus Vetus Salina 8 at 47 ° 0 '59.94 "  N , 18 ° 55' 31.12"  E ; Limesstraße at 47 ° 1 '8.76 "  N , 18 ° 55' 28.26"  O ; Limes Road at 47 ° 0 ′ 56.12 "  N , 18 ° 55 ′ 37.63"  E ; Limes road bend to the southwest at 47 ° 0 ′ 46.88 "  N , 18 ° 55 ′ 44.02"  E ; Limesstrasse shortly before overlapping with Landstrasse 6 at 47 ° 0 ′ 40.13 ″  N , 18 ° 55 ′ 45.52 ″  E
  75. ^ Zsolt Visy: A ripa Pannonica Magyarországon . Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2000, ISBN 963-05-7691-0 , p. 70; Róbert Lóki, Máté Szabó, Zsolt Visy: A PTE kutatócsoportja által felmért lelőhelyek latalógusa. In: Zsolt Visy (ed.): A Danube Limes program régészeti kutatásai 2008–2011 között. University of Péc, Péc 2011, ISBN 978-963-642-447-3 , pp. 53–99; here, p. 76.
  76. ↑ Róbert Loki, Máté Szabó, Zsolt Visy: A PTE kutatócsoportja által felmért lelőhelyek latalógusa. In: Zsolt Visy (ed.): A Danube Limes program régészeti kutatásai 2008–2011 között. University of Péc, Péc 2011, ISBN 978-963-642-447-3 , pp. 53–99; here, p. 76 and p. 163.
  77. ↑ Burgus Vetus Salina 6 at approximately 46 ° 59 '16.04 "  N , 18 ° 55' 43.98"  O .
  78. ↑ a b Zsolt Visy: The Pannonian Limes in Hungary . Theiss, Stuttgart 1988, ISBN 3-8062-0488-8 , p. 100.
  79. ↑ Monasterium S. Leoni Panta de insula Danubii (Burgus Intercisa 16) at 46 ° 59 '5.54 "  N , 18 ° 56' 45.17"  O .
  80. ↑ a b Zsolt Visy: The ripa Pannonica in Hungary. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest 2003, ISBN 963-05-7980-4 , p. 81.
  81. ↑ Endre von Ivánka : Essays on Byzantine culture . Hakkert, Amsterdam 1984, ISBN 90-256-0889-2 , p. 21.
  82. ↑ a b Kastell Intercisa at 46 ° 58 '34.52 "  N , 18 ° 56' 12.39"  O .
  83. ↑ finding area Burgus Vetus Salina 4 at 47 ° 3 '42.74 "  N , 18 ° 54' 54.09"  O .