Long threads

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Long threads
Combretum zeyheri

Combretum zeyheri

Systematics
Rosids
Eurosiden II
Order : Myrtle-like (Myrtales)
Family : Winged family (Combretaceae)
Subfamily : Combretoideae
Genre : Long threads
Scientific name
Combretum
Loefl.

The long filaments ( Combretum ) are a genus of plants in the winged family (Combretaceae). The other German trivial name "wing nuts" should be avoided, as it is already assigned to the plant genus Pterocarya .

description

Illustration of Combretum coccineum from The Botanical register consisting of colored figures ... , 1815
Appearance of Combretum fruticosum as a liana
Inflorescence and flowers in detail from Combretum malabaricum
Foliage leaves and winged fruit of Combretum collinum

Appearance and leaves

The evergreen or deciduous Combretum species are always woody plants that rarely grow as independently upright trees or bushes to semi-shrubs , but mostly as lianas . The thin hairs ( trichomes ) are unicellular.

The opposite, whorled, rarely alternate arranged on the branches of leaves usually have petioles that sometimes, especially in climbing species as more or less hooked thorns remain. The mostly simple leaf blades are very variable in shape depending on the species, most often they are elliptical, elongated-elliptical or broad-ovoid. The leaf surfaces are bald or hairy and often conspicuously scaled. The leaf blades often have domatia .

Inflorescences and flowers

The final, pendant, or between the nodes ( Nodien standing) ährigen , traubigen or rispigen inflorescences are simple or compound.

The hermaphroditic flowers are radial symmetry or, more rarely, slightly zygomorphic and four or five-fold with a double flower envelope . The flower cups (Hypanthium) is in the lower flower cups, of the ovary , divided and surrounds upper multitubular flower cups, which is often brightly colored. The mostly four or five, seldom more, sepals are inserted on the upper end of the flower cup and overgrown to a length of no more than 2 centimeters in a funnel to bowl shape and somewhat contracted above the ovary, usually with four or five, rarely more triangular to primate or thread-like to scale-like calyx teeth. The usually four to five petals can be conspicuous and protrude beyond the calyx teeth or be small and inconspicuous or even absent. The colors of the petals range from white to yellow and orange to red or purple. There are usually one or two circles, each with four or five stamens , which usually protrude above the calyx tube. There may be a bald or hairy discus. The unicameral ovary is subordinate. The stylus sometimes ends in a more or less extended scar .

Fruits and seeds

The maximum short-stemmed, seeded false fruit (Pseudokarp) is usually dry, rarely fleshy and longitudinally four- to fünfflügelig to -kantig. So samaroid wing nuts are formed. The pericarp is usually thin and papery, sometimes leathery, rarely fleshy. The fruits usually remain closed even when ripe.

ecology

The few species whose flowers have clearly developed, showy petals are pollinated by swarmers ( Sphingidae ).

The caterpillars of Coeliades forestan and Pseudaphelia apollinaris feed on some Combretum species .

Depending on the species, the diaspores spread in very different ways.

distribution

The approximately 250 Combretum species are widespread in the tropics and subtropics . It occurs mainly in tropical and southern Africa , also in the Neotropic , in tropical Asia and in Madagascar . A center of biodiversity lies in the afrotropic area. There are no natural occurrences of Combretum in Australia and the Pacific Islands. It represents some of the most important woody species of the Sudano-Zambian savannas .

Systematics

The genus Combretum was established in 1758 by Pehr Löfling in Iter Hispanicum , p. 308. Type species is Combretum fruticosum (Loefl.) Stuntz . Synonyms for Combretum Loefl. are: Aetia Adans. , Bureava Baill. , Cacoucia Aubl. , Calopyxis Tul. , Campylochiton Welw. ex Hiern , Campylogyne Welw. ex Hemsl. , Chrysostachys Pohl , Cristaria Sonn. , Embryogonia flower , Forsgardia Vell. , Gonocarpus Ham. , Grislea L. , Hambergera Scop. , Kleinia Crantz , Physopodium Desv. , Poivrea Comm. ex Thouars , Schousboea Willd. , Seguiera Rchb. ex Oliv. , Sheadendron G. Bertol . , Sphalanthus Jack , Udani Adans. The approximately 17 species of the genus Quisqualis L. have also belonged to the genus Combretum since 2010 .

The genus Combretum belongs to the subtribe Combretinae from the tribe Combreteae in the subfamily Combretoideae within the family Combretaceae . Combretum is the type genus of the Combretaceae family .

The genus Combretum is divided into three sub-genera:

  • Subgenus Apetalanthum Exell & Stace :
    • It contains only one species: Combretum apetalum Wall. ex short .
  • Subgenus Cacoucia (Aubl.) Exell & Stace : It contains 13 sections with a total of about 78 species:
    • Section Poivrea (Comm. Ex Thouars) Eichler : It contains about 31 species.
    • Section Conniventia Engl. & Diels : It contains about 20 species.
  • Subgenus Combretum : It contains about nine sections with about 170 species:
    • Section Angustimarginata Engl. & Diels : It contains about six South African species.
    • Section Ciliatipetala Engl. & Diels : It contains about ten species in Africa and on the Arabian Peninsula.
    • Section Macrostigmatea Engl. & Diels : It contains about four species.
    • Section Spathulipetala Engl. & Diels : It contains only one species.
    • Section Hypocrateropsis Engl. & Diels : It contains about six species.
    • Section Glabripetala Engl. & Diels
    • Metallicum Exell section
    • Section Campestria Engl. & Diels
    • Section Breviramea Engl. & Diels
Inflorescence of Combretum aculeatum
Fruits of Combretum acutum
Inflorescences of Combretum albidum
Fruit clusters of Combretum albidum
Combretum apiculatum
Combretum bracteosum
Inflorescences of Combretum coccineum
Combretum collinum
Inflorescences of Combretum constrictum
Inflorescences of Combretum fruticosum
Combretum hereroense
Inflorescences of Combretum holstii
Inflorescences of the Rangoon loop ( Combretum indicum )
Combretum kraussii
Combretum lanceolatum
Combretum latifolium
Combretum malabaricum
Habit of Kinkéliba ( Combretum micranthum )
Kinkéliba leaves and fruits ( Combretum micranthum )
Inflorescences of Combretum microphyllum
Combretum molle
Inflorescences of Combretum mossambicense
Inflorescences of Combretum paniculatum
Combretum punctatum
Combretum quadrangulare
Inflorescences of Combretum rotundifolium
Combretum zeyheri

The genus Combretum contains about 250 species. Here is a selection of species:

The following species is assigned to a different genus and family:

  • Combretum macrocarpum P.Beauv. : Is now Petersianthus macrocarpus (P.Beauv.) Liben and is classified in the family Lecythidaceae.

use

Numerous species, such as Kinkéliba ( Combretum micranthum ), are used in traditional medicine in Africa and India.

swell

  • Jie Chen, Nicholas J. Turland: Combretaceae. , P. 316 text online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 13: Clusiaceae through Araliaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7 . (Sections Description and Distribution)
  • AW Exell: Flora Zambesiaca , Volume 4, 1978: Combretaceae : Combretum Loefl. (Section description)
  • Olivier Maurin: Dissertation, University of Johannesburg, December 2009: A phylogenetic study of the family Combretaceae with emphasis on the genus Combretum in Africa : PDF . (Sections Description, Systematics and Distribution)

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Robert Zander : Zander. Concise dictionary of plant names. Edited by Walter Erhardt , Erich Götz, Nils Bödeker, Siegmund Seybold . 17th edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-8001-3573-6 .
  2. ^ Entry in the Flora of Mozambique .
  3. ↑ Combretum at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis
  4. ↑ a b c d e f Combretum in the Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN), USDA , ARS , National Genetic Resources Program. National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland.
  5. ↑ Oliver Maurin, Mark W. Chase, M. Jordaan, Michelle van der Bank: Phylogenetic relationships of Combretaceae inferred from nuclear and plastid DNA sequence data: implications for generic classification , In: Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , Volume 162, Issue 3 , 2010, pp. 453-476. doi : 10.1111 / j.1095-8339.2010.01027.x PDF.
  6. ↑ a b Oliver Maurin, AE VanWyk, M. Jordaan, Michelle van der Bank: A new species of Combretum section Ciliatipetala (Combretaceae) from southern Africa, with a key to the regional members of the section , In: South African Journal of Botany , Volume 77, Issue 1, 2011 pp. 105–111: PDF .
  7. ↑ a b c d e f Jie Chen, Nicholas J. Turland: Combretaceae. , P. 316 text online with the same text as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 13: Clusiaceae through Araliaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis, 2007, ISBN 978-1-930723-59-7 .

Web links

Commons : Long threads ( Combretum )  - collection of images, videos and audio files