List of Anatolian kingdoms
This list of Anatolian kingdoms is an overview of all small states and empires in the area of Asia Minor (Anatolia) from the first mention to the conquest by the Persians in 550 BC. Chr.
Kingdoms until 2022 BC Chr.
Earliest city-states or kingdoms to the fall of the Akkadian Empire around 2022 BC BC or in the course of the Amorite expansion. The international trade language is Akkadian.
| kingdom | Alternative name | Capital | Existence from-to | National language | Vassal of | Successor state |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hatti | upper land | Ḫattuša | 2500-1780 | Hattisch | Hittites | |
| Purušḫanda | lower land | Purusha | 2000-1800
1800-1220 |
Luwisch, Pisidian | Hittites | |
| Neša | Kaniš | 2800-1720 | Luwisch (Nesili) | Hittites |
Kingdoms 2020 BC Chr. – 1200 BC Chr.
Kingdoms during the Babylonian-Assyrian Empires until the collapse of the Hittite Empire in the early 12th century BC. BC Internal Trade language. Is predominantly Akkadian well, with the rise of the Hittites is in Central Anatolia Hittite predominant.
Although there were no capitals at that time, the seat of the king can be considered the capital. Like kingdom, the title king is also used inflationary for city princes (vassals) and tribute-paying countries.
Alternative Hittite historical geography .
| kingdom | Alternative name | Royal seat | Existence from-to | National language | Vassal of | Successor state |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Achaia (?) | heth. Aḫḫiyawa | probably Thebes or Mycenae | approx. 1450-1200 | Mycenaean Greek | ||
| Kaškia | Ullama
Gasges, Zalpuwa Kaška agypt. Keshkesh lat.Komana Pontika |
Zalpa , Nerik | 1450-? | Kaškäern | ||
| Pala | Paphlagonia | ? -1178 | Palaic | Hittites | ||
| Maša | Mysía , Manisa , Bithynia | Nicomedia | ? -1178 | Hittites | ||
|
Troas
Iliad |
Troy , great Ilium, heth. possibly Wilusa | ? -12. century | ||||
| Mira | Milawanda, Mira-Kuwaliya | Bergama | ? -1178 | Hittites | ||
| Seha | Lydia |
Magnesia on Sipylos , Smyrna
mythol. gr. tantalis on sipylos |
? -1178 | Luwish | Lydia | |
| Karia | het. Karkišša or Karkiša,
Minoan Karuwa, heth. Arzawa |
Aphasa (Ephesus) | 1800-1200
1300-1250 1250-560 |
Luwisch (Karisch) | ||
| Lukka | Lycia, lat.Lycia | Xanthos (city) | 2000-1183 | Luwisch, Lycian | ||
| Cypros | het. Alisia
gr. Kyprus |
Enkomi or Alassa | 1700-1200 | Eteocyprian | Phoenike | |
| Tarḫuntašša | Tarhuna, Tarusia, lat.Lycaonia, Isauria | Lušna | 1600-1220 | Luwish | Hittites | |
| Kizzuwatna | Kilikia, Latin Cilicia, Tuwanna | Tuwanuwa , Tarša , Tyana | 1600-1490 | Luwish | Hittites | |
| Purušḫanda | lower land, heth. Pitašša, Pisidia, Pamphylia | Purusha | approx. 1800-1450 | Pisidian | Hittites | |
| Ḫatti | upper land,
Ḫatti, Egypt. Cheta |
Hattusa | circa 1629-1490 | Hattisch | Hittites | |
| Hittites | Ḫatti
egypt. Cheta |
Hattusa | from approx. 1490-1180 | Hittite (Nesili) | Phrygia | |
| Kanesha | Neša
luw. Nenašša |
Kaniš | from approx. 1490-1180 | Hittite (Nesili) | Phrygia | |
| Alziya | KUR-Zingum
Shad |
1600-1220 | Luwish | |||
| Hajaša (Hayaša) and Azzi (Asa) | assyr. Azzi or Hayaša-Azzi
gr.Cappadocia |
1500-1290 | Hurrian, Province of Uratri | Uratri | ||
| Maitani | Hanirabat (wrong reading Ḫani.GAL.bat) | Waššukanni , later Taite (= Talhayum) | 1690-1300 | Hurrian, Luwish (?) | Uratri | |
| Isuwa | Išua , ia. Ašwa, Elazığ | Enzite | 1630-1200 | Hurrian, Luwish (?) | Uratri | |
| Shubria | Sumerian Šubur (KUR SU.BIR), akkad. Subartu, altassyr. Subari,
Suḫme , Shulme, central Assyr. Shubria or Shupria, New Assyr. Suti , aram. Bit Zamani , Egypt. Shobro associated with KUR.nugia (Sumerian underworld on the Chabur) |
Uaštal | 1630-1200 | Hurricane called SuKI / SU.BIR4.AKI by Sumerians | Uratri |
Kingdoms 1200 BC BC – 550 BC Chr.
From 1200 BC The Phoenicians experienced their rise. With the fall of the Hittites and Mitanni, various small states shaped the region of Anatolia, Northern Syria and Armenia. Post-Hittite kingdoms and small or city-states are mentioned 5 Muški countries (presumably Luwish speakers) and 8 Nairi countries from 1273 BC, 23 countries from around 1114 BC and Uruartri from 1070 (probably Hurrian / Urartean speakers). Tukulti-Ninurta I then calls himself “Conqueror of the lands of Mari, Ḫana, Rapiqu and the mountains of the Ahlamu” (Ahlamu = Aramu = Aramean). The most important battle is the battle on Mount Kaššiari on Karacadağ in 1114 BC. When Assyria came to power. Another wave of conquests by Assyrians followed around 800 BC. Until then, Luwisch is still documented, u. a. in Matalya (Melid, Kammanu), Gurgum, Karkemish, Melid, Que, Sa'mal, Pattina. From 800 BC Aramaic becomes the international language of trade.
Several kings are recorded at the same time in Tabal and Rusa I claims to have defeated 23 kings, which corresponds to the Assyrian sources with 40 Nairi countries in some cases. This inflation of kings indicates a lot of city-states with various kings. Wikipedia has so far treated Tabal as an empire with one king, in reality it is more of an Assyrian generalization of the Tabal region with many kings, similar to the Nairi countries. Seen in this way, the title Great King of Tabal is to be regarded as the hegemon of various Luwian minor kings, and the King of Uratru is probably the hegemon of various Hurrian city-states (Nairi countries). The first Urartian Empire existed from the 9th century to the 6th century BC. However, these great kings are vassals of Assyria. Presumably this fragmentation also applies to the inflationary kings of the Aramaeans and could also apply to Phrygian kings, whereby information about Phrygia is predominantly mythologically legendary. Likewise, the Lukka countries point to a fragmentation under the rule of Lydia, so that a subdivision into linguistic areas presumably under the leadership of the respective hegemonic power makes sense. During the New Assyrian Empire there is a new division into Assyrian provinces and the like. a. Upummu and Kulimmeri (location unknown). The Babylonian Nabupolassar conquered Assyria and his vassals in the year 609. This could be the source of the biblical confusion of languages in the Tower of Babel.
After that, the conquest by the Persian Achaemenids around 550 BC. BC or its forerunners the Medes the region with which an Indo-Iranian language gains influence.
| kingdom | Alternative name | Capital | Existence from-to | National language | Vassal of | Successor state |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (Mesech countries) | ||||||
| Phrygia | bibl. Mesech | Gordion | ? -696/697 | Phrygian | Til-Garimmu (Cimmerian Conquest), | |
| Gamirk | Til-Garimmu, assyr. Gamirru, bibl. Thogarma | Gordium (?) | 697-644 | Cimmerian | conquered by Phrygians, withdrawal to Paphlagonia | |
| Lukka countries | ||||||
| Lycia | Lukka, Lycia | Xanthos , Patara in Lycia | 1250-546 | Lycian | Persia | Persia |
| Lydia | Lyconia
het. Seha |
Sardis | ? -546 | Lydian | Persia | Persia |
| kingdom | Alternative name | Capital | Existence from-to | National language | Vassal of | Successor state |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Neo-Hittite states | ||||||
| Carchemical | het. Karkamiš
Latin Europus |
Carchemical | 1180-700 | Luwish | until 627 BC BC Assyria | |
| Diauehi | 1118-760 | |||||
| Gurgum | Maraş | Marqas | 1190 (?) -711 | Luwish | Persia | |
| Kammanu |
Malatya assyr. Melid
Urartian Kumaha or Qumaha, Roman commagene |
Melid (Meliddu, Melitene) | 1190-612 | Luwisch, Hurrian-Urartian, | Cow (?) | Assyrians, Persia |
|
Kummuh (Kummukhi, Kummuhu)
assyr. Kudmuhi and Kašiari (Kaššiari) and Kakia or Kiakki from the town of Šinuhtu |
Cum
identical with |
Cow | 900-705 | Hurrian-Urartian table |
Kammanu (?)
Battle of the Karacadağ 1114 BC Chr., |
Persia |
| Tabal | Tubal, bibl. Thubal | approx. 900-660 | Luwish, Aramaic | asked for Assyrian protection around 660 | Persia | |
| Tuwana | assyr. Tuḫana, Tyana, Greek tyanitis | Tuwanuwa | Luwish, Aramaic | Tabal | Persia | |
| Turira | biblical Thiras , after Herodotus Turuscha | approx. 900–? | Luwish, Aramaic | from 6th century Persia | Persia | |
| Hubušna | ( Kybistra ), Konya | Luwish | Tabal | Persia | ||
| Hilakku , | (Khilakku), Kundi and Sissu, Bit Burutaš, Roman Kilikia Tracheia | Adana | 713 | Luwian, Aramaic, Hurrian | Tabal | Persia |
| Qu'e | possibly Qurhi , Roman Kilikia Pedias | luw. Azatiwataya (Azatiwada) aka mitan. Sanduarri | Luwish | from 6th century Persia | Persia | |
| Pattina , KUR hat-ti-na-aa (Hattina) | assyr. Unqi , (Assyr. Muški = hurrit. Mudra)
Mitannish Padasatini or Palistin (old readings) aram. ʿMq (= Amuq?) |
Kinalua (Kunalua) | 870 - to 738 | Luwish, Hurrian | Bit Agusi | from 11th century part of the Mitanni empire
from 738 conquered by Assyrians |
| Aramaic lands | ||||||
| Bit Agusi | Arpad | Halab | Luwish, Aramaic | from 6th century Persia | Persia | |
| Bit Gabbari | Ya'diya (based on (Yamshad)) | Zincirli corresponds to Sa'mal (Yaudi) | Luwish, Aramaic | from 6th century Persia | Persia | |
| Bit Adini | Til Barsip (Tell Aḥmar) alias luw. Mazuwati (Masuwari) | Aramaic | from 856 BC Assyria, from 6th century Persia | Assyria, Persia | ||
| Bit Zamani | approx. 886-799 | Hurrian, Luwish, Aramaic | from 799 BC Assyria, from 6th century Persia | Persia | ||
| Bit Bahiani | Nairi countries (?) | Sikan , (Tell Fecheriye), Guzāna (Gozan) | approx. 900-706 | Hurrian (Biainili), Aramaic | Assyria, from 6th century Persia | Assyria, Persia |
| Bit Halupe | Ḫana , Mari, Terqua or Emar region (?) | approx. 900 | Aramaic | Assyria, from 6th century Persia | Assyria, Persia |
| kingdom | Alternative name | Capital | Existence from-to | National language | Vassal of | Successor state |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nairi countries | ||||||
| Tušḫan, | Uraštu (renamed to Armen ), Uratri successor, Nairi countries (?) | Tušpa , Arzaškun , Muṣasir | approx. 900-677 | Hurrian (Biainili) | Assyria, from 6th century Uraštu (renamed to Armen), | Persia |
| Hubuškia (Kubuchkia) | Hakkari | up to approx. 800 | Hurrian (Biainili) | Uraštu | Persia | |
| Zamua (Kubuchkia) | Hakkari | 900-700 | Hurrian (Biainili), Guatean, Elamite | Assyria | Persia | |
|
Qulḫa , KUR Qulḫa
(Kulcha, Kulicha or Kolcha) |
KUR Qu-ul-ḫa-ḫa-li-ei, KUR Qul-ḫa-i, KUR Qu-ulḫa-i-di | Meša or Ildamuša | approx. 900–? | Hurrian | Uraštu | Persia |
| Huša KUR | (Hušaḫli), ev. Hasanlu alias Mannai , Nairi countries | approx. 900–? | Hurrian | Uraštu | Persia | |
| Hajaša | approx. 900–? | Hurrian | Uraštu | Persia | ||
| Izalla | Azalzi, Alziya, Alzi KUR Azallu / Azalli, Nairi countries (?) | approx. 900–? | Hurrian, Aramaic | Uraštu | Assyria, Persia | |
| Subria | Šupria, Šubria-Enlil, Šupa, Sutu, Šabirēšu (?) | Subria-Enlil | approx. 900-680 | Hurrian (Biainili), Aramaic | Assyria, from 6th century Persia | Assyria, Persia |
| kingdom | Alternative name | Capital | Existence from-to | National language | Vassal of | Successor state |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hellenic coast | ||||||
| Aeolia | Smyrna | 8-6 century | Ionic | Persia | ||
| Ionia | ind. Yavana | Delos | 1070-545 | Ionic | Persia | |
| Miletus | het. Millawanda | Miletus | ? -545 | Ionic | Persia | |
| Doria | gr. Dodecanese | 1190 (?) - 580 | Doric | Persia |