Hittite historical geography

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Hittite geography according to current research. Some geographical names, especially in Western Anatolia, cannot yet be precisely located or their location is, e.g. B. at Wiluša , disputed.

The main source of knowledge of Hittite geography are texts in Hittite cuneiform and Luwian hieroglyphs, especially reports of campaigns and visits by kings to cult sites for various festivals, such as the KI.LAM festival , the nuntarriyašḫaš festival, the purulli festival or the AN.TAḪ.ŠUM festival . Other references to the location of cities in particular are documents found on site.

The work by John Garstang , which his nephew O. Gurney published posthumously in 1959 , is still the most important overview, albeit out of date in many ways .

Research history

From the discovery of the Bogazköy archives up to the 1920s, three assignments in particular formed the framework of Hittite geography ( Hugo Winckler , Bedřich Hrozný , John Garstang 1923 and Götze):

Hittite geography, around 1930 .

After Sydney Smith and Götze had argued convincingly for a location of Kizzuwatna in Cilicia, the other localizations also had to be reconsidered. From Aḫḫijavā was known that it was on the border of Arzawan. The name seemed to some researchers to be associated with the Greek Achaeans , a thesis which was first put forward in 1924 by the ancient orientalist Emil Forrer , but which was often rejected early on by philologicalists.

Hittite geography, around 1960 .

In 1961, Hans Gustav Güterbock had to discover that only two cities in Central Anatolia had been identified with certainty, namely Ḫattuša and Kaneš . Recent excavations have now significantly expanded this picture.

Lists

Comment on the lists: The first column gives the place name in the most well-known form and the location refers to information that can be found in Hittite documents. The ancient name is given because it is sometimes equated with ancient names, although the place cannot be located. The information in the Region column relates to traditional landscapes.

Cities

Hittite name location ancient name modern name region status
Alalḫa     Tell Açan Syria archaeol. secured
Ankuwa     Alişar Höyük Cappadocia pretty sure
Apaša Arzawa Ephesus Ephesus Caria pretty sure
Arimmata Tarḫuntašša border   Eflatun Pinar Isauria probably
Arinna     Alaca Höyük or Eskiyapar Galatia probably
Aripša northeastern Anatolia Kerasous Giresun Pontus unsure
Ataniya   Adana Adana Cilicia probably
Atria   Idrias / Stratonikeia Eskihisar Caria unsure
Attarimma Lukka Telmessos Fethiye Lycia controversial
Awarna Lukka Xanthos -Arne   Lycia for sure
Durḫumit     Merzifon level Pontus probably
Ḫaḫḫum     at Samsat Commagene  
Ḫakmiš , Ḫakpiš northern Anatolia     Pontus  
Ḫalpa     Aleppo Syria archaeol. secured
Ḫanaknak     Kadışehri level Galatia probably
Ḫarrana   Karrhai Harran Mesopotamia archaeol. secured
Ḫatenzuwa          
Ḫattuša     Boğazkale Galatia archaeol. secured
Ḫinduwa Western Anatolia Kindya   Caria unsure
Ḫupišna   Kybistra Ereğli (Konya) Lycaonia probably
Ḫurama     in Elbistan Elbistan probably
Ikkuwaniya   Iconion Konya Lycaonia probably
Imralla between Ḫattuša
and Ankuwa		     Galatia  
Ištanuwa     possibly on the Sakarya (river) Galatia unsure
Iyalanda Lukka Alinda Karpuzlu Lycia, Caria controversial
Kaneš , Neša   Anisa Kültepe Cappadocia archaeol. secured
Karaḫna Kaškäerland Karana Sulusaray Pontus probably
Karkamiš on the Euphrates     Mesopotamia archaeol. secured
Katapa     at Çorum    
Kiršu     Meydancıkkale Cilicia archaeol. secured
Kummani 1 Kizzuwatna Commana Şar Cilicia pretty sure
Kummani 2   Komana Pontika   Pontus pretty sure
Kuššara       Cappadocia  
Kutupa Harbor at Ura Korykos   Cilicia unsure
Lalanda   Lalandos   Phrygia probably
Lamiya   Lamos   Cilicia  
Lawazantiya Kizzuwatna   Sirkeli Höyük  ? Cilicia unsure
Liḫzina Northern Anatolia   possibly on the Black Sea Pontus? unsure
Lušna   Lystra   Lycaonia probably
Malatiya   Melitene Malatya Melitene for sure
Mazuwata   Til Barsip Tell Aḥmar Mesopotamia for sure
Millawanda Western Anatolia, by the sea Miletus   Caria pretty sure
Mutamutašša Arzawa Mylasa   Caria possible
Naḫida     Niğde Lycaonia probably
Nenašša       Cappadocia  
Nerik     Oymaagac Pontus probably
Parḫa on the Kaštaraya river Perge   Pamphylia pretty sure
Patara Lukka Patara   Lycia plausible
Pittiyarik northern Anatolia        
Purušḫanda     at Bolvadin Phrygia unsure
Šallapa     at Kayseri Cappadocia unsure
Salatuwar     at Sivrihisar Phrygia probably
Samuḫa     Kayalıpınar Cappadocia probably
Šanaḫuitta       Cappadocia unsure
Šapinuwa     Ortaköy on Çekerek Çayı Pontus for sure
Šarišša     Kuşaklı Cappadocia archaeol. secured
Šuppiluliya     Yassıhöyük Galatia unsure
Taggašta Kaška lands, on Halys Arch        
Talmaliya on Mount Ḫaḫarwa        
Tanizila at Ziḫḫana, on the Ḫaḫarwa        
Tapikka     Maşat Höyük Pontus archaeol. secured
Tarša   Tarsus tarsus Cilicia for sure
Taḫurpa Ḫatti        
Tarḫuntašša Southern Anatolia     Cilicia, Lycaonia  
Tauriša Ḫatti        
Tawiniya   Tavium ? Büyüknefes Galatia possible
Tegarama Eastern Anatolia     Melitene  
Tlawa Lukka Tlos   Lycia pretty sure
Tumanna   Domanitis   Paphlagonia probably
Tuwanuwa   Tyana   Lycaonia probably
Uda   Hyde Emirgazi Lycaonia probably
Ullama     at Aksaray or Acemhöyük Cappadocia probably
Usa          
Utima Western Anatolia Idyma Akyaka Caria unsure
Waliwanda   Alabanda   Caria problematic
Wallarimma Arzawa Hyllarima   Caria possible
Wilusa Western Anatolia Ilion Troy Troas controversial
Wiyanawanda Lukka Oinoanda   Lycia probably
Zalpa / Zalpuwa Delta des Halys   İkiztepe near Bafra Pontus controversial
Zippalanda     Çadır Höyük Galatia possible
Zumarri   Limyra   Lycia unsure

Regions and empires

Hittite name location status
Aḫḫiyawa Greece most likely
Alašija Cyprus for sure
Arzawa western Asia Minor for sure
Aššuwa Western Anatolia exact location in western Anatolia disputed
Azzi Northeast Anatolia probably
Ḫapalla    
Hajaša Northeast Anatolia probably
Išuwa Eastern Anatolia for sure
Kalašma / Kalašpa    
Karkiša Caria controversial
Kizzuwatna Flat Cilicia for sure
Lazpa Lesbos for sure
Luḫma    
Lukka Lycia safe, but not safe to extend to the north
Luwiya    
Maša Mysia controversial
Mira-Kuwaliya Maiandros valley most likely
Pala Blaëne in Paphlagonia probably
Pitašša    
Tarḫuntašša Rough Cilicia for sure
Taruiša Troas controversial
Ura Rough Kiliken, Kalykadnos Delta probably

Rivers

Hittite name ancient name modern name status
Aštarpa      
Daḫara   Devrez Çayı  
Ḫulana Tembris Porsuk Çayı probably
Ḫulaya   Çarşamba  
Kaštaraya Kestros Aksu Çayı for sure
Kumešmaḫaš   Kelkit Çayı unsure
Mala Euphrates Euphrates (middle course) for sure
Maraššantiya Halys Kızılırmak for sure
Purana Pyramos Ceyhan (Cilicia) probably
Saḫiriya Sangarios Sakarya probably
Samra Saros Seyhan probably
Šeḫa Hermos Gediz probably
Zuliya iris Çekerek Çayı probably

mountains

Hittite name ancient name modern name location status
Arinnanda Mycale Dilek Dağları   probably
Ašḫparpaya     between Pala and the lands of the Kaška  
Ḫarki Argaios Erciyes Dağı probably
Ḫaḫarwa   Ada Dag at Devrez unsure
Ḫazzi Kasion Keldag Syria pretty sure
Ḫulla   Kalehısar with Arinna possible
Šakkadunwa     Kaškäerland, on the Zuliya
Sarpa Ardistama Arısama Dağı at Emirgazi probably
Sarpunwa     Kaškäerland, on the Zuliya  
Šišpinuwa     Kaškäerland, on the Zuliya  
Taḫa Pteria Kerkenes Dağı , ancient: Pteria at Zippalanda probably
Uparpašša   Binboğa Dağ? Kizzuwatna unsure

literature

  • Sedat Erkut: Hitit cagini önemli cools kenti Arinna'nin yeri. In: Heinrich Otten et al. (Ed.): Hittite and other Anatolian and Near Eastern Studies in Honor of Sedat Alp. Türk Tarih Kurumu, Ankara 1992, 159-165.
  • Emil Forrer : The provincial division of the Assyrian Empire. JC Hinrichs, Leipzig 1920.
  • Max Gander: The geographic relations of the Lukka countries . Texts of the Hittites, issue 27 (2010). ISBN 978-3-8253-5809-9
  • John Garstang , OR Gurney: The geography of the Hittite empire. British Institute of Archeology at Ankara, London 1959.
  • Albrecht Götze : Review of: John Garstang / OR Gurney, The Geography of the Hittite Empire. In: Journal of Cuneiform Studies 14, 1960, 43-48.
  • Hans Gustav Güterbock : The North-Central Area of ​​Hittite Anatolia. In: Journal of Near Eastern Studies 20, 1961, 85-97.
  • Roger Matthews: Landscapes of Terror and Control: Imperial Impacts in Paphlagonia. In: Near Eastern Archeology 67, 2004, 207.
  • Maciej Popko : Zippalanda and Ankuwa once more. In: Journal of the American Oriental Society 120, 2000, 445-448.
  • Kaspar K. Riemschneider : Hittite fragments of historical content from the time of Hattušilis III. In: Journal of Cuneiform Studies 16, 1962, 110–121.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ JEA 8, 1922
  2. ↑ 1940
  3. ↑ Emil O. Forrer: Prehomeric Greeks in the cuneiform texts of Boghazköi . In: Mitteilungen der Deutschen Orient-Gesellschaft zu Berlin , 63, 1924, pp. 1–24. Ders .: The Greeks in the Boghazköi texts , Orientalische Literaturzeitung , 27, 1924, p. 113 ff.
  4. ^ Especially Ferdinand Sommer : The Aḫḫijavā documents . In: Treatises of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences , Phil.- hist. Dept. NF6, Munich 1932.
  5. ↑ Güterbock 1961, p. 85.