List of Christian communities in Russia
The List of Christian Communities in Russia lists Christian communities and movements in Russia from the 14th century to the present day. Most existed or exist outside the Moscow Patriarchate .
history
middle Ages
In the Middle Ages there were first oppositional movements within the Orthodox Church in Russia, especially in monasticism ( Nil Sorski ).
Old Believers since the 17th century
In the 17th century, numerous smaller Orthodox communities emerged in Russia, which rejected the reforms of Patriarch Nikon since 1652 ( Old Believers ). In 1667 they were expelled from the Russian Orthodox Church. In the centuries that followed, further communities were formed which deviated greatly from orthodox traditions in their views and spiritual practice (old believers without priests).
Since the 18th century, some Protestant communities have also formed in Russia, initially mainly through German settlers.
Catacomb Church and Church Abroad in the 20th Century
In the 1920s, underground opposition communities emerged in the Soviet Union that refused to allow the Russian Orthodox Church to approach the government. ( Catacomb Church ). In the United States and Western Europe, the Russian Orthodox Church was established abroad , with many congregations of Russian exiles.
Startups since 1990
In 1990 the Russian Orthodox Church abroad also created structures in the Soviet Union and accepted many independent congregations of the catacomb churches. In the following years some new churches emerged from this, most of which lost their response after a few years.
In 2007, many congregations separated from the Russian Orthodox Church abroad after it had joined the Russian Orthodox Church, and submitted to other churches ( Russian Orthodox Church Abroad under Agathangelus ).
Orthodox communities up to the 17th century
- Strigolniki ( Стригольники ), since the 14th century, monastic movement
- Judaizing (Жидовствующие), since the 15th century, monk movement with a focus on Jewish rituals, after monk Zacharias Skara (Schara)
- Josephians ( Iossifljane , иосифляне ) or Stjaschateli ( Стяжатели ), monastic movement since the end of the 15th century, for an outwardly formal monastic life, according to Joseph Wolozki
- Disinterested ( Nestjaschateli , Нестяжатели ), Monk movement in the late 15th century, for ascetic and eremitisches life
Old Believer Communities
Since 1666/67 various communities split off from the Russian Orthodox Church, following the reforms of Patriarch Nikon. These were called Old Believers ( Starovery , староверы ) or Old ritualists ( Staroobrjadčestvo , Старообрядчество ). Also discrediting as Raskolniki ( split off , Raskol'niki , Раскольники ).
They were divided into two groups:
Priestly Old Believers
The priestly Old Believers ( Popowzy ) adhered to the old rite that had applied before the reforms. They were orthodox.
- Onuphrios Community ( Onufrievščina , Онуфриевщина ), also Avvakum Community ( Avvakumovščina , Аввакумовщина )
- Semejskije Familiare , ( Semejskie , Семейские ), also Tschasowennyje ( Časovennye , Часовенные , from Часовня - chapel)
Today there are the churches
- Russian Old Orthodox Church ( Russkaja Drevlepravoslavnaja Cerkov ' , Русская Древлеправославная Церковь )
- Russian Orthodox Old Ritualist Church ( Русская Православная Старообрядческая Церковь )
- Orthodox old ritualistic church
Old Believers without priests
The priestless Old Believers ( Bezpopovcy , беспоповцы ) were numerous smaller communities, some of which developed doctrines and beliefs that differed greatly from orthodoxy. They were mostly ascetic, often with ecstatic elements.
- Aaronowzen ( Aaronovcy , Аароновцы ), also Aaronovo soglasie ( Аароново согласие ),
- Abissinzy ( Abissincy , Абиссинцы )
- Ancient Israel ( Staryj Izrail ' , Старый Израиль )
- Antipowo Soglassije (Besdeneschniki) ( Antipovo Soglasie (Bezdenežniki) , Антипово Согласие (Безденежники) )
- Babushkiny (grandmotherly, Babuškiny , Бабушкины )
- Beglopopowzy (defector priest) ( Beglopopovcy , Беглопоповцы )
- Begunski tolk ( Begunskij tolk , Бегунский толк )
- Beguny (fugitive, runner, fleeing, wandering) ( Beguny , Бегуны ), also Begonny
- Butter eater, see Maslowzi
- Černobol'cy ( Чернобольцы ), see Tschernobolzy
- Chlysten ( Chlysty , Хлысты ), also People of God (Ljudi božii)
- Dunka's trust
- Dyrniki ( Dyrniki , Дырники ) or Dyromoljai (hole or hole prayers)
- Fedorowzy ( Fedorovcy , Федоровцы ) ( Fedor Rybalkin )
- Ilyinists ( Il'incy , also Ilintsy, Ильинцы ), also Jehovists (Ijegowisty-Iljinzy, Iegovisty-il'incy , Иеговисты-ильинцы )
- Lipovan Christian Church of the Old Rite
- Lutschinkowzy ( Lučinkovcy , Лучинковцы )
- Luschkowzy (Luzhkovtsy, Lužkovcy , Лужковцы )
- Melchizedeki
- Morelschiki (self-sacrificing)
- Motschalniki (Always Silent)
- Nemolyaks , Nemolyaki ( Немоляки ) ("non- prayers ")
- Nenaschi (not-ours)
- Neplatelschtschiki ( Neplatel'ščiki , Неплательщики )
- Netowzen ( deniers , Netovcy , Нетовцы ) or Spassowzen ( Spasovskij )
- New Israel ( Novyj Izrail ' , Новый Израиль )
- Obschtschieje
- Paniyashkowzy
- Pastuchowo soglasie ( Shepherds Convention ) (Pastuchovo soglasie)
- Philippons ( Филипповцы , Filippovcy), also Filippians
- Podpol'niki
- Pomors ( Pomorcy , Поморцы ), also Pomorjanen , also Danilowzen ( Danilovščina , Даниловщина ), today Old Orthodox Pomoric Church
- Postniki ( Postniki , постники )
- Priguny (Springer)
- Pustynniki ( Pustynniki , Пустынники )
- Rjabinowzy (Ebereschler) ( Rjabinovcy , Рябиновцы )
- Samokreschtschenzy (self- buffers ) (Samokreshhency; scientific transliteration Samokreščency , Самокрещенцы , see Babuschkiny )
- Shchelniki (cave or crevice gazer)
- Self- baker , see Samokreščency
- Sighing, see Wosdychanzi
- Those who make sacrifices, see Morelschiki
- Skitalzi (straying), see Beguny
- Skopzen ( cut offs , self- mutilators , Skopcy , Скопцы )
- Sopelkowzy ( Sopelkovcy , Сопелковцы )
- Sredniki (midweekers)
- Stranniki ( Stranniki , Странники ) (pilgrims), see Beguny
- Theodosians ( Fedoseevcy , Федосеевцы )
- Titlowzy ( Titlovcy , Титловцы )
- Tokarevcy ( токаревцы ) (followers of Grigory Tokarev )
- Trjassuny (tremor)
- Troparschiki ( Troparščiki , Тропарщики ). See also troparion .
- Tschernobolzy ( Černobol'cy , Чернобольцы )
- Wosdychanzy or Wosdüchanzü (sigh)
- Shiver, see Trjassuny
- Ziwyje Pokojniki (who came to rest alive)
18th century
- Duchoborzen , since the early 18th century
- Subbotniki (Субботники), Judaizing community since around 1796
19th century
- Aristovts ( Aristovcy , Аристовцы ), since the 19th century, split from Theodosians in St. Petersburg
- Kapitonen (( Kapitony , Капитоны )), 19th century, after Starez Kapiton
- Shaloputs ( Šaloputy , Шалопуты , Spiritual Christians or Brothers of Spiritual Life ), since about 1875
- White shirts ( Beloriszy , Белоризцы), since around 1880
Further movements
- The Syutayev Movement (Сютаевцы), 1876-1892 in the Tver Governorate, by Vasily Sjutajew, ethically oriented, active in love, influenced LN Tolstoy
- Tolstoyans ( Tolstovcy , Толстовцы ), since the 1880s, emerged from the teachings of Lev Tolstoy, simple life in mutual love
- Abstinence ( Trezvenniki , Трезвенники or Čurikovcy , Чуриковцы ) since the 1880s in Samara Governorate and Saint Petersburg, completely renouncing alcohol
- Podgorny Movement ( Podgornovcy , Подгорновцы ), late 19th century in Kharkov Governorate, community of women founded by Vasily Podgorny
- Enochians ( Jenochowcy , Еноховцы), since 1897, Astrakhan and Samara Governorate, apocalyptic, until the 1930s
- Dobroljubovians ( Dobroljubovcy Добролюбовцы ), since 1899 in the Governments of Samara and Orenburg, mystical, by poet Alexander Dobroljubow,
- Johanniten ( Ioannity , Иоанниты), early 20th century, follower of John of Kronstadt
- Innocentists ( Innokent'evcy , Иннокентьевцы ), since 1908 in Bessarabia, by the monk Innocent, renunciation of property
After 1917
- Living Church (Живая церковь), also Renewal Movement (обновленчество), churches split off in 1917
- Catacomb Church (катакомбная церковь), an underground church since the 1920s
- True Orthodox Church (Истинно-православная церковь), various churches since the 1920s, until today
- Apocalyptists ( Apokalipsisty , Апокалипсисты ), since 1923 in Ukraine, apocalyptically oriented
- Russian Orthodox Church Abroad , since 1927, Foreign Church , since 2007 in the Patriarchate of Moscow
- Russian Autonomous Orthodox Church (Российская Автономная Православная Церковь), split off from the Russian Orthodox Church abroad in 1995
Protestant communities
- Baptists ; also Evangelical Christians-Baptists , since the 19th century, initially of German origin
- Lutheran congregations
- Maljowanzen (Малёванцы), since 1880s in Ukraine and Belarus, Baptist
- Mennonites , Russian mennonites , since the 18th century, of German origin
- Molokans (Молокане), since the second half of the 18th century, of Orthodox origin
- Mormons ( Mormony , Мормоны ), also Samara Mormons ( Mormony samarskie , Мормоны самарские )
- Murashkovians ( Muraškovcy , Мурашковцы ), since the 1920s in Belarus and Ukraine, evangelical-apocalyptic, today small groups in Ukraine, Belarus
- Pashkovians ( Paschkowzy , Пашковцы), active in missionary work since around 1875
- Quaker
- Reformed churches
- Seventh-day Adventists
- Skakunen ( Skakuny , Скакуны ), since 1872 in Estonia and St. Petersburg
- Stundists ( Stundisty , штундисты ), also Stundobaptists, since the 19th century, Russian communities
- Uschkowaiset ( Uškovajzet , Ушковайзет ), since 1875 in Karelia,
- Jehovah's Witnesses ( Свидетели Иеговы )
Catholic communities
- Old Catholic Church of the Mariavites , legalized by the Duma as a "tolerated sect" in 1906 (Eastern Polish Mariavites were then on Russian territory)
Churches and Communities of the Present
Orthodox churches and communities
Canonical churches
- Russian Orthodox Church , since 988
- Russian Orthodox Church Abroad , since 1927, to Russian Orthodox Church since 2007
Old Believer Churches
- Russian Old Orthodox Church ( Русская Древлеправославная Церковь ), priestly Old Believers
- Russian Orthodox Old Ritual Church ( Русская Православная Старообрядческая Церковь ), priestly Old Believers
- Old Orthodox Pomoran Church , Old Believers without priests
Other churches
- Orthodox Society of Christian Abstinents of Brother John Churikov (Православное Общество Христиан-Трезвеников Братца Иоанна Чурикова), abstinence from alcohol since 1991
- Russian Orthodox Autonomous Church , split from the Russian Orthodox Church abroad since 1994
- Russian True Orthodox Church (Русская Истинно-Православная Церковь), split off from the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad in 1997
- Russian True Orthodox Church (Российская Истинно-Православеая Церковь), split off from the Ukrainian Autocephalous Orthodox Church in 1997
- Orthodox Church of Russia (Православная Церковь России), split off from the Russian True Orthodox Church under Metropolitan Rafail in 1999
- Russian Orthodox Church in exile , also the Russian Orthodox Church abroad under Vitali (Русская Православная Церковь Заграницей под омофором Метрофором Метрополита Виталита Виталита, 2001), church split from Russian Orthodox abroad
- True Russian Orthodox Church , 2003, apocalyptic communion
- Russian Orthodox Church Outside Russia under Antonius (Русская православная церковь зарубежная (Антония)), officially Russian Orthodox Church (Российсская Православная Церковь), from 2006 Russian Orthodox Church Abroad (Vitaly) split
- True Orthodox Church of Moldova , split off from the Russian Orthodox Church Abroad (Vitali) in 2007
- Russian Orthodox Church Abroad under Agathangelos (Русская Православная Церковь Заграницей под омофором Агафангела), split off in 2007 from the Russian Orthodox Church abroad with the Russian Orthodox Church abroad
- True Orthodox Church of Russia (Истинно-Православная Церковь России), 2008. True Orthodox Church of Greece (Synod Kirykos) formed
Protestant churches and communities
- Evangelical Lutheran Church in Russia , largest Lutheran church
- Evangelical Lutheran Church of Ingermanland in Russia
Catholic Churches and Communities
Communities within the Patriarchate of Moscow
- Josephians ( Iossifljane , иосифляне ) or Stjaschateli ( Стяжатели ), monastic movement since the end of the 15th century, for an outwardly formal monastic life, according to Joseph Wolozki
- Disinterested ( Nestjaschateli , Нестяжатели ), Monk movement in the late 15th century, for ascetic and eremitisches life
- Jedinowerzy (Believers, Believers) ( Edinovercy , Единоверцы ), Old Believers within the Patriarchate of Moscow
- Belief in names (Imjaslawije), from 1907, theological direction in Russian Orthodox theology, especially among monks on Mount Athos
Literature (selection)
- Philipp Strahl : Contributions to Russian Church History ; Hall 1827
- Johannes Gehring : The sects of the Russian Church ; Leipzig: Ms. Richter, 1898 digitized
-
Karl Konrad Grass : The Russian sects . 2 volumes. Hinrichs, Leipzig 1907–1914 (reprint: Zentralantiquariat der DDR, Leipzig 1966)
- Volume 1: The People of God or Chlüsten together with Skakunen , Maljowanzü , Panijaschkowzü and others 1907 ( digitized version )
- Volume 2 The white doves or Skopzen together with clergymen Skopzen , Neuskopzen, etc. With a picture of the founder . 1914 ( digitized version )
- Materialy k istorii i izucheniyu russkogo sektantstva i raskola (materials on the history and study of Russian sectarianism and Raskol), ed. Vladimir Bonch-Bruevich (Saint Petersburg 1908 ff.)
- Frederick Cornwallis Conybeare: Russian Dissenters ; 1921
- Emanuel Sarkisyanz : Russia and the Messianism of the Orient ; 1955
- Bernard Marchadier: Opposition et dissidence traditionalistes dans l'Église orthodoxe en URSS ; Cahiers du monde russe et soviétique 16 (1975), edition 3/4; Pp. 365-382
- Christel Lane: Christian religion in the Soviet Union ; London 1978. Online: Old Russian Sects
- Church in the East. Studies on Eastern European Church History and Church Studies , 21/22 (1978/1979)
- Kimmo Käärriäinen: The Russian Orthodox Church and its relationship to other denominations . BIOst report No. 41/1995
- Angela Rustemeyer, Diana Siebert: Everyday history of the lower classes in the Russian Empire 1861–1914 ; 1997. Section 4.2. Religious sects, p. 173 ff.
- Peter Hauptmann : Russia's Old Believers ; Göttingen 2005
See also
Web links
- Raskólniken Meyers Universal Lexicon 1905
- В. С. Булгаков: Справочник по ересям, сектам и расколам ( Directory of Heresies, Sects and Divisions ) with links to individual historical Russian communities
- Divisions and Conflicts in the History of the Russian Orthodox Church (Russian)
- Russian churches and communities of today Overview of around 40 communities (Russian)
- Конфессиональный состав России почти не изменился с дореволюционных времен . Благовест-инфо, 02/04/2005
Individual evidence
- ↑ Strigolniki . In: Heinrich August Pierer , Julius Löbe (Hrsg.): Universal Lexicon of the Present and the Past . 4th edition. tape 16 . Altenburg 1863, p. 928 ( zeno.org ).
- ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m S. W. Bulgakow: Sprawotschnik po jeresjam, sektam i raskolam (reference work on heresies, sects and church divisions); Moscow: Sovremennik 1994 ( Memento of the original from March 13, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c d Mstislaw Voskressensky: Православие и христианские разделения ; Moscow: St. Philaret Institute for Theological Studies in Moscow ( Memento of the original of September 27, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ a b c d e f John Chrysostom: Less known groups among the Old Believers ; in: Church in the East. Studies on Eastern European Church History and Church Studies 21/22; Göttingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1979; ISBN 3-525-56377-9 ; Pp. 247-259.
- ↑ International Communities : Fedorovtsy. Staraya Tishanka, province of Voronezh, Russian Federation ( Memento of the original from June 5, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ www.byzcath.org: Old Believer groups in The Byzantine Forum. Discussing on the Christian East
- ↑ Article Philippowzy ; in: Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon, Volume 15; Leipzig 1908; P. 787
- ↑ Исторический словарь - поиск: Article Поморский Толк ; on: MirSlovarei.com: Мир словарей - Коллекция словарей и энциклопедий.
- ↑ Article самокрещенцы on http://dic.academic.ru/
- ↑ Исторический словарь - поиск: article Федосеевцы ; on: MirSlovarei.com: Мир словарей - Коллекция словарей и энциклопедий.
- ↑ Исторический словарь - поиск: Article Титловцы ; on: MirSlovarei.com: Мир словарей - Коллекция словарей и энциклопедий.
- ^ Oleg Tarasov, RR Milner-Gulland: Icon and devotion ; Reaction Books, 2002; ISBN 1-86189-118-0
- ↑ С. В. Рудаков (SW Rudakov): Старообрядческие толки и согласия на территории Нижегородской области: локальные традиции общеконфессиональной культуры ( Memento of 22 February 2006 at the Internet Archive )
- ↑ Исторический словарь - поиск: article Тропарщики ; on: MirSlovarei.com: Мир словарей - Коллекция словарей и энциклопедий.
- ↑ z. B. Малеванцы: Article Истинно Православные Христиане-молчальники ; on: MirSlovarei.com: Мир словарей - Коллекция словарей и энциклопедий.
- ↑ [1]
- ↑ Малеванцы Мир словарей - Коллекция словарей и энциклопедий
- ↑ OJHGsgbb8KHSBg & sa = X & oi = book result & ct = result & resnum = 2 # PPA303, M1
- ↑ [2] ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ James Scott: Review of SV Bulgakov: Schisms, Heresies and Sects ( Memento of the original from July 24, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. . And: James Scott: Russian Mormons ( Memento of the original from July 24, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Мурашковцы academic.ru
- ↑ Мурашковцы Мир словарей - Коллекция словарей и энциклопедий.
- ↑ Murashkovtsy Christian Holy Zionists (Ivan Murashko) ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as broken. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ [3]
- ↑ Murashkowtsy ( page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (English)
- ↑ [4]
- ↑ Русская Истинно-Православная Церковь
- ↑ Российская Истинно Православная Церковь Hierarchy
- ↑ Православная Церковь России
- ↑ Waiting for the Apocalypse Tagesspiegel, March 30, 2008