List of governments in exile during World War II

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In the Second World War 1939–1945, numerous governments in exile were founded. They represented partly occupied states, partly warring states as counter-government,

Their own names varied a lot: some called themselves national or liberation committees, freedom council or similar, others just representation. Only the cabinets referred to in research as the government in exile are listed here, with Ethiopia and India being controversial.

Almost all of the countries listed are in Europe . This is explained by the fact that the occupied areas in Africa and Asia were predominantly European colonies without self-government that could have fled into exile.

Countries occupied by the Axis powers

Ethiopia

Government in exile of the Empire of Ethiopia
Emperor
Period Surname
April 3, 1930 - September 12, 1974 Haile Selassie I. (Ras Tafari)
(May 2, 1936 - May 5, 1941 in exile
briefly in Jerusalem ,
then Bath , England,
and later in Sudan)
Chief Minister
Period Surname
May 1, 1936–1942 Wolde Tzaddick
(in exile 1936–1941)

Belgium

Belgian government in exile
king
Period Surname
February 23, 1934 - July 16, 1951 Léopold III.
(May 28, 1940 - May 8, 1945 German prisoner,
May 8, 1945 - July 22, 1950 in exile in Switzerland)
September 20, 1944 - July 18, 1950 Charles Théodore Henri Antoine Meinrad, Prince of Belgium, Count of Flanders (Regent)
Prime Minister
Period Surname Political party
February 22, 1939 - February 12, 1945 Herzog [from 1944] Hubert Pierlot
(25 May 1940 - 8 September 1944 in exile,
first in France,
from 25 October 1940 in London)
PCS-KVV
July 5, 1940 - October 31, 1940 Marcel-Henri Jaspar
(in exile in London,
in opposition, not recognized)
CP

CP = Parti Catholique (Catholic Party); PCS-KVV = Parti Catholique Social - Katholieke Vlaamsche Volkspartij (Social Catholic Party - Catholic Flemish People's Party)

Denmark

Danish Freedom Council
Chair of the Danish Freedom Council
Period Surname Political party
September 30, 1940 - May 15, 1942 Karl Gustav Anker-Petersen (executive)
(in London)
May 15, 1942 - May 5, 1945 John Guido Leo Christmas Møller (executive)
(in London)

France

National Committee Free France and Provisional Government
Chair of the National Committee for Free France
Period Surname Political party
September 24, 1941 - June 3, 1943 Charles de Gaulle
(in London)
military
June 3, 1943 - November 9, 1943 Charles de Gaulle + Henri Honoré Giraud
(in Algiers )
military
November 9, 1943 - June 3, 1944 Charles de Gaulle
(in Algiers)
military
Chairman of the Provisional Government
Period Surname Political party
June 3, 1944 - January 26, 1946 Charles de Gaulle independent

Greece

Greek government in exile
king
Period Surname
November 10, 1935 - April 1, 1947 Georgios II
(April 22, 1941 - September 27, 1946 in exile:
from April 22, 1941 - end of May 1941 in Crete ,
then in Cairo and Johannesburg ,
from September 22, 1941 in London,
and from March 1943 in Cairo)
December 30, 1944 - September 27, 1946 Archbishop Damaskinos (Regent)
Prime Minister
Period Surname Political party
April 21, 1941 - April 29, 1941 Emmanouil Ioannou Tsouderos
(continued to rule in exile until April 13, 1944,
first in Crete,
then in Cairo and Johannesburg,
from September 22, 1941 in London,
and from March 1943 in Cairo)
independent
April 13, 1944 - April 26, 1944 Sophoklis Eleftheriou Venizelos
(in Cairo)
Theatrical Version
April 26, 1944 - January 3, 1945 Georgios Andreou Papandreou
(until October 18, 1944 in Cairo)
Heads of the Political Committee of National Liberation (government of the resistance-controlled areas, so-called mountain government , joined the government in exile)
Period Surname Political party
March 10, 1944 - April 18, 1944 Evripidis Bakirtzis military
April 18, 1944 - September 2, 1944 Alexandros Svolos

KF = Comma Fileleftheron (Liberal Party)

Yugoslavia

Yugoslav government in exile
king
Period Surname
October 9, 1934 - November 29, 1945 Petar II
(from April 13-14, 1941 in London,
October 1943 - March 1944 in Cairo,
then again in London)
Provisional regency
March 2, 1945 - August 8, 1945 Srđan "Sascha" Budisavljević
Dušan Sernec
Ante Mandic
Prime Minister
Period Surname Political party
March 27, 1941 - January 12, 1942 Dušan T. Simović
(from April 1941 in London)
military
January 12, 1942 - June 26, 1943 Slobodan Jovanović
(in London)
independent
June 26, 1943 - August 10, 1943 Miloš Trifunović
(in London)
SNRS
August 10, 1943 - July 8, 1944 Božidar Purić
(in London; October 1943 - March 1944 in Cairo)
independent
July 8, 1944 - January 30, 1945 Ivan Šubašić
(in London)
HSS
January 30, 1945 - March 7, 1945 Drago Marušić
(in London)

HSS = Hrvatska Seljačka Stranka ( Croatian Peasant Party ); SNRS = Srpska Narodna Radikalna Stranka (Serbian Radical People's Party)

Luxembourg

Luxembourg government in exile
Grand duchess
Period Surname
January 15, 1919 - November 12, 1964 Charlotte (9 May 1940 - 14 April 1945 in exile:
France, from August 1940 London,
from 4 October 1940 New York,
from November 1940 Montreal )
Prime Minister
Period Surname Political party
November 5, 1937 - December 29, 1953 Pierre Dupong
(May 10, 1940 - September 23, 1944 in London;
according to other sources, initially in Paris,
later in Canada)
PD; 1944 CSV

CSV = Chrëschtlech Sozial Vollekspartei / Parti Chrétien-social (Christian-Social People's Party, Christian-Democratic); PD = Parti de la Droite (right-wing party, conservative, renamed CSV in 1944)

Netherlands

Dutch government in exile
queen
Period Surname
November 23, 1890 - September 4, 1948 Wilhelmina
(May 13, 1940 - March 13, 1945 in London)
Prime Minister
Period Surname Political party
August 10, 1939 - September 3, 1940 Dirk Jan de Geer
(from May 13, 1940 in London)
CHU
September 3, 1940 - June 24, 1945 Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy
(until May 23, 1945 in London)
ARP

ARP = Anti-Revolutionaire Partij (Anti-Revolutionary Party, Protestant); CHU = Christelijk Historische Unie (Christian-Historical Union)

There were four 'London Cabinets' .

Norway

Norwegian government in exile
king
Period Surname
November 25, 1905 - September 21, 1957 Håkon VII.
(April 9 - June 7, 1940 on the run in Norway,
June 7, 1940 - June 7, 1945 in London)
Prime Minister
Period Surname Political party
March 20, 1935 - June 25, 1945 Johan Nygaardsvold
(April 9 - June 7, 1940 on the run in Norway,
June 7, 1940 - May 31, 1945 in London)
DnA
managing for Nygaardsvold
May 9, 1945 - May 14, 1945 8 Rådmenn
Alv Helland independent
Carl Platou independent
Sverre Iversen independent
Per Preben Prebensen independent
Reidar Tønnesson independent
Halvdan E. Stokke independent
Egil Sundt independent
Nikolai Schei independent
May 14, 1945 - May 31, 1945 Oscar Fredrik Torp DnA

DNA = Det Norske Arbeiderparti (Norwegian Workers' Party, social democratic)

Philippines

Government-in-exile of the Philippines
President
Period Surname Political party
November 15, 1935 - August 1, 1944 Manuel Luis Quezón Antonio y Molina
(from January 3, 1942 in Washington, DC )
PN
August 1, 1944 - May 28, 1946 Sergio Osmeña
(until October 20, 1944 in Washington, DC)
PN
US High Commissioners
Period Surname
1939 - September 7, 1942 Francis Bowes Sayers
(from February 23, 1942 in the USA)
September 7, 1942 - July 4, 1946 Paul Vories McNutt
(until August 1945 in the USA)

PN = Partido Nacionalista (Nationalist Party)

Poland

Polish Republic in exile
President
Period Surname Political party
June 4, 1926 - September 30, 1939 Ignacy Mościcki
(from September 17, 1939 in Romania)
independent
September 30, 1939 - June 6, 1947 Władysław Raczkiewicz
(in Paris,
from June 17, 1940 in London)
independent
June 9, 1947 - April 7, 1972 August Zaleski PPS / independent
April 9, 1972 - March 24, 1979 Stanislaw Ostrowski independent
April 8, 1979 - April 8, 1986 Count Edward Bernard Andrzej Maria Raczyński independent
April 8, 1986 - July 19, 1989 Kazimierz Aleksander Sabbath independent
July 19, 1989 - December 22, 1990 Ryszard Kaczorowski independent
August 3, 1954–1972 Council of three (in opposition)
1) Edward Bernard Andrzej Maria Graf Raczyński independent
2) Władysław Anders
(until May 12, 1970)
independent
2) Stanisław Kopański
(from 1970)
Military / non-party
3) Tomasz Arciszewski
(until November 20, 1955)
PPS
3) Count Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski
(1956 - August 24, 1966)
Military / non-party
3) Roman Władysław Odzierzyński
(1966–1968)
Military / non-party
3) Stanisław Mglej
(1968–1969)
3) Alfred Urbański
(from 1969)
independent
Prime Minister
Period Surname Political party
May 15, 1936 - September 30, 1939 Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski
(from September 17, 1939 in Romania)
Military / non-party
September 30, 1939 - July 18, 1940 Władysław Eugeniusz Sikorski
(in Paris,
from June 17, 1940 in London)
military
July 18, 1940 - July 20, 1940 August Zaleski PPS
July 20, 1940 - July 4, 1943 Wladyslaw Eugeniusz Sikorski military
July 5, 1943 - November 29, 1944 Stanisław Mikołajczyk
(executive until July 14, 1943)
SL
November 29, 1944 - July 2, 1947 Tomasz Arciszewski PPS
July 2, 1947 - April 7, 1949 Count Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski Military / non-party
April 7, 1949 - September 25, 1950 Tadeusz Tomaszewski
September 25, 1950 - January 18, 1954 Roman Władysław Odzierzyński Military / non-party
Jan. 18, 1954 - June 8, 1954 Jerzy M. Hryniewski LNP
June 8, 1954 - August 8, 1955 Stanislaw Mackiewicz BBWR
August 8, 1955 - September 11, 1955 Hugon Hanke SP
September 11, 1955 - June 25, 1965 Antoni Pająk PPS
June 25, 1965 - July 16, 1970 Aleksander Zawisza independent
July 16, 1970 - July 15, 1972 Zygmunt Muchniewski ChD
July 15, 1972 - July 2, 1976 Alfred Urbański independent
August 5, 1976 - April 7, 1986 Kazimierz Aleksander Sabbath independent
April 7, 1986 - December 22, 1990 Edward Szczepanik LNP

The Polish government in exile lost diplomatic recognition from the Western Allies on July 5, 1945.

BBWR = Bezpartyjny Blok Współpracy z Rządem (impartial bloc for cooperation with the government, ruling party 1928–1935); ChD = Chrześcijańska Demokracja (Christian Democracy); LNP = Liga Niezależności Polski (League for Poland's Independence); PPS = Polska Partia Socjalistyczna ( Polish Socialist Party ); SL = Stronnictwo Ludowe (People's Party); SND = Stronnictwa Narodowo-Demokratieyczne (National Democratic Party); SP = Stronnictwo Pracy (Labor Party)

Czechoslovakia

Government in exile

(recognized July 21, 1940)

Acting Chairman of the Czechoslovak National Council
Period Surname Political party
November 17, 1939 - July 21, 1940 Jan Šrámek
(in Paris)
ČSL
president
Period Surname Political party
July 21, 1940 - April 2, 1945 Edvard Beneš
(in London)
independent
Prime Minister
Period Surname Political party
July 21, 1940 - April 2, 1945 Jan Šrámek
(in London)
ČSL

ČSL = Československá Strana Lidová (Czechoslovak People's Party, nationalist, conservative, member of the National Front from 1948)

Others

India

Free India, Azad Hind
Head of State and Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of Free India
Period Surname Political party
October 21, 1943 - August 18, 1945 Subhash Chandra Bose
(called Netaji [leader])
(In exile October 21, 1943 - August 18, 1945:
until November 1943 in Singapore
November 1943 - November 1944 in Rangoon , Burma
November 1944 - January 10, 1945 in Singapore
January 1945 - November 24 , 1944 April 1945 in Rangoon, Burma
April - May 1945 in Bangkok , Thailand
May - 12 August 1945 in Kuala Lumpur , Malaya
then again in Singapore)
AIFB

AIFB = All India Forward Bloc (left Indian nationalists, founded in 1939 by Subhash Chandra Bose, represented independence, pro-Japanese); Spin-off of the INC = Indian National Congress ("Congress Party")

Spain

Spanish republic in exile

(in Mexico)

President
Period Surname Political party
1940 - August 17, 1945 Álvaro de Albornoz (executive) IR
August 17, 1945 - January 1, 1962 Diego Martínez Barrio UR
February 11, 1962 - November 16, 1970 Luis Jiménez de Asúa independent
November 1970 - July 1, 1977 José Antonio Maldonado IR
Prime Minister
Period Surname Political party
March 4, 1939 - August 17, 1945 Juan Negrín López PSOE
August 17, 1945 - February 9, 1947 José Giral Pereyra IR / independent
February 9, 1947 - August 8, 1947 Rodolfo Llopis Ferrándiz PSOE
August 8, 1947 - August 13, 1951 Álvaro de Albornoz y Liminiana IR / independent
August 13, 1951 - May 9, 1960 Félix Gordón Ordás independent
May 9, 1960 - February 28, 1962 Emilio Herrera Linares independent
February 28, 1962 - February 28, 1971 Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz y Menduiña UR / independent
February 28, 1971 - July 23, 1977 Fernando Valera Aparicio independent

IR = Izquierda Republicana (Republican Left, ex-UR); PSOE = Partido Socialista Obrero Español ( Spanish Socialist Workers' Party , social democratic); UR = Unión Republicana (Republican Union)

literature

Individual evidence

  1. Hans-Jürgen Schlochauer (Hrsg.): Dictionary of international law. Volume 1, Verlag de Gruyter, Berlin 1960, p. 498.
  2. Ethiopia at worldstatesmen.org (English)
  3. Belgium at worldstatesmen.org (English)
  4. Danish Freedom Council at worldstatesmen.org (English)
  5. France at worldstatesmen.org (English)
  6. Greece at worldstatesmen.org (English)
  7. Yugoslavia at worldstatesmen.org (English)
  8. Luxembourg at worldstatesmen.org (English)
  9. The Netherlands at worldstatesmen.org (English)
  10. Norway during the occupation at worldstatesmen.org (English)
  11. Philippines at worldstatesmen.org (English)
  12. Polish Republic in Exile at worldstatesmen.org (English)
  13. Czechoslovak government in exile at worldstatesmen.org (English)
  14. Free India at worldstatesmen.org (English)
  15. Spanish government in exile at worldstatesmen.org (English)