List of kings of Israel
The list of the kings of Israel leads the kings that after the period of the Judges the people of Israel should have done - first of the suspected total kingdom of Israel until its division of the kingdom about 926 v. Then the kings of the northern kingdom of Israel (until 722 BC) and the kings of the southern kingdom of Judah (until 586 BC) separately, as they are known from the biblical books Kings and Chronicles .
The list follows the order given there; however, the reigns are difficult to classify historically. In particular, the year data for the first two dynasties can hardly be verified. Articles on the persons listed here explain more details about the individual kings - starting with King Saul as the founder of the first dynasty and the kings David and Solomon of the second dynasty, who are said to have ruled over a great Davidic-Solomon empire . The existence of such a large empire, which was largely a scientific consensus until the 1980s, is no longer represented by many contemporary experts, or only represented in a modified form.
Some researchers, including Israel Finkelstein , Christian Frevel and Angelika Berlejung , assume that there was an independent kingdom of Judah only after the 9th century BC. Has given. However, this does not mean that a dynasty derived from David did not exist, which was initially a vassal of the northern Reich of Israel, later gained a certain independence from its northern neighbor, but was itself an Assyrian vassal state.
The authors of the Kings' Books (originally a book) processed list material that works from the reign of Asa of Judah to that of Hezekiah of Judah with synchronisms that are structured according to the following scheme:
| Kings of Israel | Kings of Judas |
|---|---|
| Synchronistic dating | Synchronistic dating |
| Age at accession to the throne | |
| Term of office | Term of office |
| Name of the Queen Mother, sometimes also her place of origin | |
| rating | rating |
| Reference to a book of the kings of Israel | Reference to a book of the kings of Judah |
| Death note | Death note |
| Burial place | |
| Heir to the throne | Heir to the throne |
It is advisable to see real sources in this list material, but also "a good deal of construction" (sacrilege). Another factor contributing to the complexity is the fact that the beginning of the year (in autumn or spring), the beginning of government and co-estates are not treated uniformly by the authors of the royal book. The so-called Short Chronology of the Kings of Israel and Judas has become established since the studies of Joachim Greich (1929) and Alfred Jepsen (1964) . It assumes that under Assyrian influence the counting of the years of reign was changed: From the accession of Pekachjas (2 Kings 15:23) the inaugural year of the new king was not counted.
Current standard works on the history of the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah are the work of Christian Frevel and Angelika Berlejung (in the textbook Basic Information Old Testament published by Jan Christian Gertz ). For comparison, the older dating by Antonius H. Gunneweg , which reflects a consensus from the 1980s. All dates are as v. Chr. To understand.
Kings of united Israel
| Gertz (2019) | Outrage (2018) | Gunneweg (1989) | Biblical name | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Saul dynasty |
||||
| no dating possible | no dating possible | no dating possible | Saul | Possibly 1 Sam 14.52 EU and 1 Sam 22.6 EU preserve the memory of Saul's chiefdom in Benjamin, Efraim and Gilead. |
| no dating possible | no dating possible | no dating possible | Ish-Boscheth | |
Dynasty of David |
||||
| no dating possible | no dating possible | no dating possible | David | The inscription from Tel Dan makes it probable that a tribal alliance around a chiefdom of David had formed in Judah. |
| no dating possible | no dating possible | 965-926 | Solomon | 926/920/917 Palestine campaign of Pharaoh Scheschonq I : Gaza - Geser - Megiddo. Jerusalem is not mentioned. |
Kings of the Northern Kingdom of Israel
Italics: approximate dates
| Gertz (2019) | Outrage (2018) | Gunneweg (1989) | Biblical name | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Jeroboam dynasty |
||||
| -907 | 927 / 926-907 | 926-906 | Jeroboam I. | Tribal union state (smallest state) of the mountains of Central Palestine. |
| 907-906 | 907-906 | 906-905 | Nadab | |
Basha's dynasty |
||||
| 906-883 | 906-883 | 905-882 | Basha | |
| 883-882 | 883-882 | 882-881 | Ela | |
Zimri |
||||
| 882/878 | 882 | 881 | Zimri | |
Omris dynasty (Omriden) |
||||
| 882 / 878-871 / 870 | 882 / 878-871 | 881-870 | Omri | Establishment of a royal residence in Samaria. |
| 871 / 870-852 / 851 | 871-852 | 870-851 | Ahab | 853 Battle of Qarqar . An anti-Assyrian coalition is successfully opposing Assyrian expansion (in the medium term). Ahab appears as the third of the allied kings and provides the largest contingent. The Bible makes no mention of Ahab's major foreign policy success. |
| 852 / 851-851 / 850 | 852-851 | 851-850 | Ahaziah | |
| 851 / 850-843 / 842 | 851-845 | 850-845 | Joram | Mesha stele : Armed conflict between a king of Israel (Joram?) And Mesha of Moab. |
Jehu dynasty (Nimschiden) |
||||
| 843 / 842-816 | 845-818 | 845-817 | Jehu | 843/842 Hazael becomes king of Damascus and wages war against Israel and Judah. Israeli territorial losses: Dan, Jezreel, Megiddo.
841 Shalmaneser I receives Jehu's tribute. |
| 816-800 | 818-802 | 817-801 | Jehoahaz | |
| 800-785 | 802-787 | 801-786 | Joasch | 796 Adad-nerari III. receives the tribute of Joasch. |
| 785-745 | 787-747 | 786-746 | Jeroboam II | |
| 745 | 747 | 746 | Zechariah | |
Schallum |
||||
| 747 | 746 | Schallum | ||
Menahem's dynasty |
||||
| 745-738 / 737 | 747-738 | 746-734 | Menahem | 734 Tiglat-Pileser III. receives Menahem's tribute. |
| 738 / 737-736 | 737-736 | 736-734 | Pekahya | |
Last kings of Israel |
||||
| 735-732 | 735-733 / 732 | 734-732 | Pekach | 733/732 Pekach's anti-Assyrian coalition with Rezin of Damascus and Hiram II of Tire. Syrian-Ephraimite War . 732 Fall of Damascus. Assyria annexes Galilee and Transjordan. |
| 731-724 / 723 | 732-723 | 732-723 | Hoschea | Siege of Samaria by Shalmaneser V. 722/721 Fall of Samaria. Conversion of Israel into an Assyrian province under Sargon II, who is also responsible for the conquest of Samaria. |
Kings of the Southern Empire
Italics: approximate dates
The book of kings has a strong interest in presenting a succession of descendants of David on the throne in Jerusalem. That is probably not historical. The following rulers of Judah have doubts as to whether they were really Davidids: Joram, Ahaziah, Ataliah, Joash and perhaps Amaziah and Azariah.
| Gertz (2019) | Outrage (2018) | Gunneweg (1989) | Biblical name | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Davidid dynasty |
||||
| -910 | 926-910 | 926-909 | Rehaboam | |
| 910-908 | 910-908 | 909-907 | Abija | |
| 908-868 | 908-868 | 907-867 | Asa | |
| 868-852 / 847 | 868-847 | 867-850 | Joschafat | |
| 852 / 847-843 / 842 | 852–847 (co- regency ) 847–845 | 850-845 | Joram | |
| 843/842 | 845 | 845 | Ahaziah | |
| 843 / 842-838 / 837 | 845-840 | 845-839 | Atalja | |
| 838 / 837-799 | 840-801 | 839-800 | Joasch | Joasch carried out renovations at the Jerusalem temple after 2 Kings 12. The supposed extra-biblical confirmation of this, an inscription that appeared in 2003, turned out to be a forgery. |
| 799-771 | 802 / 801-773 | 800-786 | Amaziah | |
| 785 / 771-734 | 787-773 (co- regency ) 773-736 | 786-746 | Azariah (Uziya) | |
| 757-742 | 756-741 (co-sponsorship) | 756-741 | Iotam | |
| 742 / 734-723 | 741-736 (co- regency ) 736-725 | 742-725 | Ahaz | Submission to Assyrian rule. This is the first time that the name of the Kingdom of Judah is recorded outside the Bible. |
| 723-695 | 725-697 | 725-696 | Hezekiah |
Schiloach inscription : Tunnel construction for water supply to Jerusalem.
The death of Sargon II in 705 led to revolts. Sennacheribs 701 punitive expedition (conquest of Lachish ). |
| 694-640 | 696-642 | 696-641 | Manasseh | |
| 640 / 639-638 | 641-640 | 641-639 | Amon | |
| 638-609 / 608 | 639-609 | 639-608 | Josiah (Josiah) | |
| 609/608 | 609 | 608 | Jehoahaz | |
| 609 / 608-598 / 597 | 608-598 | 608-598 | Joiakim | 605 Battle of Carchemish |
| 598/597 | 598/597 | 598 | Jojachin | Conquest of Jerusalem 597 |
| 598 / 597-587 / 586 | 598 / 597-587 / 586 | 597-586 | Zedekiah | Conquest of Jerusalem in the summer of 586 |
| 587 /586-582 | Gedaliah ? | |||
Mention of kings in Assyrian inscriptions
Some kings of the northern kingdom of Israel and the southern kingdom of Judah are named in extra-biblical, Assyrian inscriptions. The Babylonian mention was made without any naming. The following list shows the entries in detail.
| Surname | Time ( BC ) | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Kings of the Northern Kingdom of Israel ( Assyrian references) | ||
| Omri | approx. 885-874 | "House Omri" ( Bīt Ḫumrī ) |
| Ahab | 853 | Participant in the Battle of Qarqar ( Shalmaneser III , 6th year of reign) |
| Jehu | 841 | Tribute payment 18th year of reign Shalmaneser III. |
| Jehu | 841 | Illustration of a black obelisk , kneeling, there called "Son of Omris". |
| Joasch | probably 796 | Tribute to Adad-nīrārī III. (810-781) |
| Menahem | probably 744 | Tribute to Tiglat-Pileser III. (745-727) |
| Pekach | 731 | Deposed by Tiglat-Pileser III. (745-727) |
| Hoschea | 731 | Used by Tiglat-Pileser III. (745-727) |
| Kings of the Southern Empire of Judah (Assyrian references) | ||
| Ahaz | probably 730 | Tribute to Tiglat-Pileser III. (745-727) |
| Hezekiah | 701/700 | Tribute to Sennacherib (704-681) |
| Manasseh | probably 675 | Supply delivery to Asarhaddon (680-669) |
| Kings of the Southern Empire of Judah ( Babylonian References) | ||
| N. N. | 599/598 | Campaign of Nebuchadnezzar II (605-562) in the 7th year of reign |
Further development
After the destruction of Jerusalem in the 19th year of Nebuchadnezzar II in the summer of 586 BC. BC and with it the fall of the kingdom of Judah, the area became a province of Babylon ( Akkads ) or under Cyrus II a province of Persia , governors were appointed (587 to 330 BC, see list of governors of Judas ). The region's membership of the Hellenic Diadochian empires was followed by the rule of the Jewish Hasmoneans (165 to 35 BC). 37 BC By decision of the Roman Senate , Herod became king of Judea ( basileus ; dynasty of the Herodians until 71 AD, see list of kings of Judea ). From 6 AD the region of Palestine was under Roman administration (until 135 AD, see list of Roman governors in Judea ).
Some biblical prophets heralded a savior and peace-bringer of the end times , others proclaimed that one day a descendant of King David just like him would rule as an anointed, rightful king over Israel and Judah and redeem the Jews from foreign rule. In Judaism , the arrival of this Messiah is still expected, whereas for Christianity he has already appeared with Jesus Christ . The person of Jesus of Nazareth (for his ancestry see ancestors of Jesus ) was assigned the title "King of the Jews" and the cross with his execution with Iesus Nazarenus Rex Iudaeorum ( Latin , "Jesus of Nazareth, King of the Jews", often short INRI ) ( Joh 19,19-22 EU ).
literature
- Herbert Donner : History of the people of Israel and its neighbors in outline. Part 1: From the beginnings to the state formation period . 4th edition, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2007, ISBN 978-3-525-51679-9 .
- Christian Outrage : History of Israel . Second, expanded and revised edition, Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 2018, ISBN 978-3-17-035420-3 .
- Jan Christian Gertz (Hrsg.): Basic information Old Testament. An introduction to Old Testament literature, religion, and history . 6th, revised and expanded edition, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 2019, ISBN 978-3-8252-4605-1 .
- Antonius HJ Gunneweg: History of Israel. From the beginning to Bar Kochba and from Theodor Herzl to the present . 6th edition, Kohlhammer, Stuttgart 1989, ISBN 3-17-010511-6 .
- Martin Noth : History of Israel . 10th edition, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1986, ISBN 3-525-52120-0 .
- Udo Rüterswörden : The kingship in the Old Testament . In: Stefan Rebenich , Johannes Wienand (ed.): Monarchical rule in ancient times. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin / Boston 2017, ISBN 978-3-11-046385-9 , pp. 105–118.
Individual evidence
- ↑ The time of the judges and the emergence of kingship. www.bibelwissenschaft.de , accessed on January 14, 2018 .
- ^ Gary N. Knoppers: The Vanishing Solomon? The Disappearance of the United Monarchy in Recent Histories of Ancient Israel . In: Journal of Biblical Literature. Volume 116, 1997, pp. 19-44, here p. 44. ( online ).
- ^ A b Christian Frevel: Geschichte Israels , Stuttgart 2018, p. 205.
- ↑ Christian Frevel: Geschichte Israels , Stuttgart 2018, p. 207.
- ↑ Angelika Berlejung: History and religious history of ancient Israel . In: Jan Christian Gertz (Hrsg.): Basic information Old Testament. An introduction to literature, religion and history of the Old Testament , Göttingen 2019, pp. 59–192, here p. 102 f.
- ↑ Angelika Berlejung: History and religious history of ancient Israel . In: Jan Christian Gertz (Hrsg.): Basic information Old Testament. An introduction to literature, religion and history of the Old Testament , Göttingen 2019, pp. 59–192, here p. 103.
- ↑ Angelika Berlejung: History and religious history of ancient Israel . In: Jan Christian Gertz (Hrsg.): Basic information Old Testament. An introduction to literature, religion and history of the Old Testament , Göttingen 2019, pp. 59–192, here pp. 101 f.
- ↑ Angelika Berlejung: History and religious history of ancient Israel . In: Jan Christian Gertz (Hrsg.): Basic information Old Testament. An introduction to literature, religion and history of the Old Testament , Göttingen 2019, pp. 59–192, here p. 106.
- ↑ Angelika Berlejung: History and religious history of ancient Israel . In: Jan Christian Gertz (Hrsg.): Basic information Old Testament. An introduction to literature, religion and history of the Old Testament , Göttingen 2019, pp. 59–192, here pp. 106 f.
- ↑ Christian Frevel: Geschichte Israels , Stuttgart 2018, p. 233.
- ↑ Angelika Berlejung: History and religious history of ancient Israel . In: Jan Christian Gertz (Hrsg.): Basic information Old Testament. An introduction to literature, religion and history of the Old Testament , Göttingen 2019, pp. 59–192, here p. 108.
- ↑ Angelika Berlejung: History and religious history of ancient Israel . In: Jan Christian Gertz (Hrsg.): Basic information Old Testament. An introduction to literature, religion and history of the Old Testament , Göttingen 2019, pp. 59–192, here p. 108. Cf. TUAT I / 4, pp. 367–369.
- ↑ a b Angelika Berlejung: History and religious history of ancient Israel . In: Jan Christian Gertz (Hrsg.): Basic information Old Testament. An introduction to literature, religion and history of the Old Testament , Göttingen 2019, pp. 59–192, here p. 110.
- ↑ Christian Frevel: Geschichte Israels , Stuttgart 2018, p. 206.
- ↑ Christian Frevel: Geschichte Israels , Stuttgart 2018, p. 257 f.
- ↑ Angelika Berlejung: History and religious history of ancient Israel . In: Jan Christian Gertz (Hrsg.): Basic information Old Testament. An introduction to literature, religion and history of the Old Testament , Göttingen 2019, pp. 59–192, here p. 114. Cf. TUAT I, p. 374 f.
- ↑ TUAT II, p. 555 f.
- ↑ Angelika Berlejung: History and religious history of ancient Israel . In: Jan Christian Gertz (Hrsg.): Basic information Old Testament. An introduction to literature, religion and history of the Old Testament , Göttingen 2019, pp. 59–192, here p. 108. Cf. TUAT I, pp. 388–391.
- ↑ Christian Frevel: Geschichte Israels , Stuttgart 2018, p. 223.
- ↑ Nebuchadnezzar II. In his 7th year of reign, in the month of Kislev, marched against Jerusalem, besieged it and took it on the 2nd of Adar . He deposed the king there and appointed a new king and brought a heavy toll to Babylon. From Nisan 597 the 8th year of Nebuchadnezzar II's reign begins.