List of central banks in China
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This list of central banks in China includes those institutions that issued banknotes after 1840. The Imperial Treasury still issued traditional notes from 1853-95. As part of the unequal contracts , this was also permitted to numerous foreign commercial banks in the concessions. China denotes a geographical term here, since at least for the period 1915-49 one cannot speak of a unified state as a subject under international law. Institutes for areas that were directly under foreign rule , such as Macau , Hong Kong or Korea under Japanese rule, are not included . Tibet (from 1911/2), Manchukuo (from 1932) and Outer Mongolia (from 1921) were independent .
Chinese banks
Due to the First Sino-Japanese War , the Tai-nan Official Silver Note ( 臺南 官 銀票 ) was issued on Taiwan in 1895 . In addition to the imperial government (until 1911), numerous institutions issued silver-covered banknotes. Almost all non-government banknotes are labeled in English on the reverse. Often they have a red inspection seal from the Treasury, which certifies that the approved number of banknotes has not been exceeded. Beginning after 1915 and especially in the 1920s, the issuing institutes were also more numerous and less regulated at the provincial level.
The tael was officially abolished in 1933. In 1935, the Chinese national government stipulated that only the "four big" banks should issue notes for the territory it ruled. These were marked with the note “legal tender” ( 法 幣 , fǎbì ), the standard silver- backed dollar (880 fine, 26.43 g), which had only been introduced two years earlier, was abolished. Numerous foreign banks then stopped their issues. Due to the galloping inflation since around 1942, hardly any coins were in circulation, instead mostly emergency notes. There were numerous local emitters until the liberation in 1949 .
The Chinese railway administration also issued its own bills at times, for example as Imperial Chinese Railways in 1895. Under the aegis of the Beijing Ministry of Transport, there were bills for the Peking-Hangkow railway. The validity of the series was limited (24, 25, 32 or 36 months). A few years after the First World War , government bonds denominated in the smallest amounts were circulated as paper money, some of which were interest-bearing.
- General Bank of Communications ( Chinese 交通銀行 ), from 1909.
- Farmers Bank of China (中國 農民 銀行 , Zhōngguó nóngmín yínháng ). Gegr. 1933 as the Agricultural Bank of the Four Provinces. In June 1935 renaming and central bank function. Headquarters from 1937 in Chongqing , banknote privilege until 1942. Since 1949 provincial bank on the island of Taiwan.
- Hu Pu Bank, founded in 1905 (took over the function of a "state bank" from the Imperial Bank of China , founded in 1898 and renamed the Commercial Bank of China ( 中國 通商 銀行 ) from 1912 ). Renamed the Ta-Ch'ing Government Bank. Banknotes 1905 in dollars, 1909 in tael.
- National Bank of China ( 中華 國民 銀行 ), founded in Canton as the main bank of the Kuomintang , since 1923 as Central Bank of China
- National Bank of China ( 中華 國家 銀行 ), founded in Beijing in 1930 to meet the needs of warlord Marshal Yan Xishan in 1930. Notes 20 cents to 10 $.
- Ningpo Commercial Bank (上海 四 明 銀行 ), head office: Shanghai. Notes from 1909. After 1920 Ningpo Commercial & Savings Bank.
Provincial and commercial banks
- Anhwei Yu Huan Bank, 安徽 裕 皖 官 錢 局 , 1907-9
- Amoy Industrial Bank, emergency cent money 1940
- Amoor Government Bank, 1913-8
- Changsha Bank, 長沙 銀行 , 1928 ($)
- Canton Municipal Bank, 廣州 市立 銀行
- Charchar Commercial Bank, 察哈爾 商業 錢 局 , Kalgan ( 張家口 ), 1933-5, “coppers” and Yüan
- Chekiang Bank Ltd; 浙江 銀行 , founded 1907, notes 1909-13?
- Chekiang Provincial Bank, 浙江省 銀行 , 1949-50, silver- $
- Chekiang Provincial Bank, 浙江 方 銀行 , $ 1932-41, Yüan 1938-41.
- Chen Yuan Dah Bank, 陳 源 大 銀行 , Swatow, 1924
- Chi Fat Bank, 智 發 銀 莊集益 銀 莊 , Swatow, 1914 ($)
- Commercial Guarantee Bank of Chihli, 北洋 保 商 銀行 . 1919
- Provincial Bank of Chihli, 直隸 省 官 錢 局 (also without: 官 in the name), Tientsin, 1916 “cash” and $; 1921-25 “copper” and $, 1926 Yüan
- Treasury of Zhili Province (Chihli), 直隸 省 金庫 兌換券 , 1928
- Chip Yah Bank, 集 益 銀 莊 , Shantou (Swatow) (汕頭), 1914
- Fengtien Industrial Bank, 奉天 興業 錢 號 , also as: Hsin Yieh Bank, Shing Yeh Bank, Mukden Bank of Industrial Development and Fentien Hsing Ying Yeh Bank. 1913-19 $
- Fengtien Public Exchange Bank, 奉天 公 濟 平 市 錢 號 , English = Kung Tsi Bank of Fentien , 1918-23 several series “copper”
- Foh Lee Bank, 福利 銀 號 , 1933
- Frontier Bank, 邊 業 銀行 , Harbin 1924-5, Mukden 1929
- Fu Ching Bank, 陝西 富 秦 銀行 , Shensi, 1922
- Fukien Bank, 褔 建 銀行 , Amoy , undated ca.1915 : $
- Fukien Provincial Bank, 褔 建 省 銀行 , 1925-6 Yüan, series 1935, 1936 “chiao”, 1938-49: Yüan
- Fu Qing Yuan Ji, 福 慶 園 記 . Cash emergency money ( 兑 票 ), 1899–1906
- New Fu-Tien Bank, Chinese 雲南 富 滇 新 銀行 , English New Fu-Tien Bank, Yünnan , 1929 ($)
- Gwa Swarmwun Yiack Bank, 外 砂 萬 益 銀 莊 , Swatow, 1914
- Han'Daohedzskoe Obshchestvo Vzaimnago Kredita, Heng Tao Ho Tzu, 1918, 1-5 rubles
- Hainan Bank, 海南 銀行 , KMT Dispersed Troop Administration, 1949
- Provincial Bank of Honan , 河南省 銀行 also without 省 in the name, 1918-23 “coppers” and $
- Provincial Bank of Hopei , 河北 銀行 various spellings, Tientsin 1929-34
- Hsian Shu Kin Native Bank, 祥 聚 公 銀 號 , Chowchun, Shandong. 1929: 30 cents emergency notes
- Hsing Yeh Bank of Jehol, 熱河 興業 銀行 , ca.1915-25 “coppers,” series 1925-31 Yüan
- Hunan Provincial Bank, 湖南省 銀行 , English = Hunan Bank , 1912-8 “copper cash”
- Hunan Government Bank, 湖南 官 錢 局 , 1903-9 Cash emergency money and tael
- Hupeh Provincial Bank, 湖北省 銀行 , English = Hupeh Government Cash Bank , 1896–1914
- Hupeh Mint ( 湖北 銀元 局 , English Hupeh Government Mint ), 1899
- Kiangnan Yu-Ning Government Bank, 江南 裕寧官 銀錢 局 , 1907
- Bank for Reconstruction, Kiangsi ( 江西 建設銀行 , English Reconstruction Bank of Kiangsi ), 1932
- Public Bank of Kiangsi ( 江西 公立 銀行 ), 1905-7, Tael
- Bank of Kiangsi ( 江西 銀行 , English = Kwangsi Bank ), 1904-9: Tael; 1915-16 $; 1919, 1926 “copper;” 1912-23: several series of military dollars
- Treasury of Guangxi ( 廣西省輔幣流通券 , English Kwangsi Provincial Government ), 1949
- Provincial Bank of Kiangsi ( ? 省 銀行 , English = Kan Se Bank of Kiangsi ), 1912, 1923- $ 6
- Yumin Bank of Kiangsi 江西 裕民 銀行 , 1929 “copper”; 1932-38, $ 1945
- Kwang Sing Company, 黑龍江 廣 信 公司 , English = Kuang Hsin Syndicate of Heilungchiang , Heilungchiang , 1904-18 “Tiao” and Tael. 1919-29 “Tiao” and Dollar (several series and branches)
- Kwangtung Currency Bureau, 廣東 銭 局 , 1904- $ 7
- Kwangtung Bank of Kwangtung Province, 廣東 省 銀行 况? 券 , 1913-22 $
- Kwangtung Provincial Bank, 廣東 省 銀行 , 1931-36 series for “national currency” and “local currency,” further series without distinction $, 1949 Yüan
- Khotan District ( 和 闐 區 行政 長 , English Khotan District Administration ), 1932-6 Tael
- Kiangsu Bank, 江蘇 銀行 , 1913, $ 1927
- Kiangsu Farmers Bank, 江蘇 省 農民 銀行 , 1932-39 Loose change “cents,” 1940-1 Yüan
- Kirin Government Bank, 1907-9, $ 1 bills only
- Kirin Yung Heng Provincial Bank, 吉 林永衡 官 銀錢 局 , various series 1908-17 in “Tiao”, 1917-32 also $.
- Kirin Yu-Ning Government Bank, 江南 裕寧官 銀 , ca.1917-23
- Lee Yick Cheong Bank, 利益 昌 銀 莊 , Swatow, 1914 ($)
- Bank of Manchuria, 東三省 銀行 , 1929 (Yüan)
- Kwangtung Provincial Bank, 廣東 省 銀行 , Canton and Taiyuan (太原), 1913-31 ($), emergency money 1949
- Pao Feng Exchange Co., 寶豐 匯兑 局 , Hankong ( Fujian )
- Pei Yang Tientsin Bank, 北洋 天津 銀 號 , Tientsin, approx. 1910, "Tael" and "Dollar"
- Ping Tu Hian Municipal Economic Development, 平度 縣 地方 經濟 建設 流通券 , 1943
- Shansi Provincial Bank, 山西省 銀行
- Bank of Local Railway of Shansi & Suiyuan, 晉綏 地方 鐵路 銀 號 , Taiyuan 1934-6
- Shantung Min Sheng Bank, 山東 省 民生 銀行
- Provincial Bank of Shantung, 山東 省 銀行 , 1925-35
- Treasury of Shandong Province : 山東省金庫券 , English Shantung Provincial Treasury
- Sin Chun Bank of China, 華商 上海 信 成 銀行 , Shanghai, 1907-8
- Sinkiang Commercial and Industrial Bank; 新疆 商業 銀行 , 1939-48, several series of KMT government-style emergency money
- Xinjiang Province Treasury Chinese 省政府 財政廳 庫 官 票 , English Sinkiang Provincial Government Finance Department Treasury , 1912 ( 新疆 藩 庫 官 票 ), 1917-9, 1932
- Szechuan Official Bank, 四川 官 銀
- Tsingtao City Bank, 青島 地方 銀行 , English Tsingtao Regional Bank
- Tsingtao City Agricultural and Industrial Bank, 青島 市 農 工 銀行 , 1924
- Tsinhar Hsing Yeh Bank, 1920-7, dollars and "copper coin"
- Tung Wai Bank, 鎮江 通 惠 銀 號 , Chinkiang (清江), 1912
- Islamic Republic of Turkestan ( 東 土耳其 斯坦 共和國 , English Islamic Republic of Turkestan ), silver dachin printed on fabric (1933)
- Wan I Chuan Bank, 萬 義 川 銀 號 , ca.1904-08
- Xing Chang Bank, 信 昌 銀 號 , 1911
- Xin Yi Savings Bank, 信義 儲蓄 銀行 , 1908
- Yumin Bank, 裕民 銀行 , Shoukiang, 1944
Chinese Soviet Republic
The areas liberated under the CCP's leadership have been issuing their own banknotes since the late 1920s. Since 1946 in particular, the expenditures, often emergency money, have become very numerous, so that over fifty different banks are known. Even before 1939, notes - mostly labeled in English on the reverse - were issued by:
- Bank of Chinan ( 冀南 銀行 ), from 1932
- Bank of Shansi , Chahar and Hopei ; ( 晉察冀 邊區 銀行 ), from 1938
- Hunan-Hopei-Kiangsu Workers & Farmers Bank ( 湘鄂 贛 省 工農 銀行 ), emergency money from 1932
- 川陝 省 蘇維埃 政府 工農 銀行 , English Bank of Szechuan-Shensi Provincial Workers and Farmers Bank , 1932-35 (printed on fabric, only inscribed in Chinese, obverse clenched fist over Soviet star)
- Shenshi Provincial Workers and Farmers Bank , 1933 (almost only inscribed in Chinese, Obvers Lenin on “The Bank of Soviet”)
- 中華 蘇維埃 共和國 國家 銀行 , English Chinese Soviet Republic National Bank , founded in 1932 in Ruijin , since 1935 中華 蘇維埃 共和國 國家 銀行 西北 分行 , English Chinese Soviet Republic National Bank – Northwest Branch in Shanbei . Was under the direction of Mao Zemin , Mao Zedong's younger brother . After the Xi'an incident in 1937: Chinese 陝甘寧 邊區 銀行 , English Shensi-Kansu-Ninghsia Border Area Bank .
Foreign commercial banks
| Note: The spelling of the place names and English company names follows the then usual. |
Silver-covered tael or dollar bills were usually issued. Practically all banks had branches in the Shanghai international concession , often also in Hangkow and Tientsin . Most financial institutions stopped issuing either in 1936 at the request of the Chinese National Government or in 1942 due to the general circumstances of the time.
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American Oriental Banking Corporation , (= American Oriental Bank of ...; Headquarters Shanghai. 上海 美 豐 银行 ). Issuing branches:
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Asia Banking Corporation (subsidiary of Guarantee & Trust , New York), 1924 from International Banking Corp. accepted. Issuing branches in 1918: Changsha, Hankow, Beijing, Shanghai, Tientsin.
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Asiatic Banking Corporation, founded around 1860, bankrupt in 1866. Headquarters Colombo . - Asiatic Commercial Bank, Ltd., 美 華 银行 , Shanghai 1926
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Banque Belge pour l'Etranger, (= Banque Sino-Belge; 華 比 銀行 , 1935-98 as General Belgian Bank in Hong Kong). Issuing branches: Hankow (1902-8, 1921), Beijing (1921), Shanghai (1902-8: $, from 1912: Mexican dollar), Tientsin (1902-8, from 1913). -
英 比 實業 銀行 , English British and Belgian Industrial Bank of China . Issuing branches: Changsha , 1913.
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Bank of Canton (廣東 銀行 ), first Hong Kong commercial bank with capital from Chinese emigrated to America, founded in 1912, reorganized in 1932 by TV Soong . Issuing branches: Hankow (1922), Shanghai (from 1917), Swatow (1922). -
Chartered Bank of India, Australia & China ( 印度 新 金山 中國 渣打 銀行 , after merger in 1969: Standard Chartered ). Issuing branches: Hankow (1900), Shanghai (series “Dollar” 1863, 1874, 1885, 1911-22; “Mexican Dollar” 1898–1911; “Tael” 1885–1911), Tientsin (1917-29; “Hongping-Tael “19 ??); Hong Kong (from 1865).
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Chartered Mercantile Bank of India, London and China, (founded in 1853 as Mercantile Bank of Bombay ), renamed in 1857 ( 印度 倫 頓 中國 三 處 匯 理 銀行 ). Purchased by HSBC in 1959 . Issuing branches: Hankow, Shanghai ("Tael" 18 ??, "Mexican dollar" 1881).
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China Specie Bank, ( 中華 國寶 銀行 . Headquarters: Hong Kong. Bankruptcy 1923). Shanghai 1922.
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Chinese American Bank of Commerce (founded 1919, liquidated 1927). Issuing branches: Hankow, Harbin , Beijing, Shanghai, Shantung , Tientsin. -
Chinese Engineering and Mining Co. (CEMG; founded 1879, listed as a stock corporation Kailan Mining Administration in London since 1912 after merging with Lanehow. Inactive since 1949, liquidated in 1984.) Bank notes 1902.
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Chinese-Italian Banking Corporation (founded in 1920/1, after the Chinese partner withdrew, merged with Credito Italiano in 1924. Managed the Italian boxer's compensation .) -
Comptoir d'Escompte de Paris (Shanghai 1866), forerunner of the Banque de l'Indochine . -
Credit Commercial Sino-Français ( 中法 振 业 银行 ). Yuan notes Beijing 1923.
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German-Asian Bank : see main article. Issuing branches: Hankow ($), Peking (1907: $ and Tael, 1914 $), Shanghai (1907: $ and Tael, 1914: $), Tientsin (1907: $ and Tael). Main bank in Kiautschou . - Bank of East Asia ( 東亞 銀行 ), see main article. Shanghai, 1924.
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Exchange Bank of China, ( 中華 匯 業 银行 ; founded in 1917 with Japanese state participation. Capital 10 million yen ). Banknotes 1920 Peking and Tientsin. Emergency money (10, 20 cents) Tientsin 1928. -
Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation : see main article.
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Banque Industrielle de Chine, opened in 1913, taken over by Banque de l'Indochine after its collapse in 1921 . Issuing branches: Canton, Hankow, Mukden, Beijing, Shanghai, Swatow, Tientsin.
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International Banking Corporation, ( 美商 花旗银行 ) Branch of National City Bank (New York) . Issuing branches 1905-27: Canton (1909), Hankow (1918), Peking, Shanghai (1905, 1919: $. 1918: Tael), Tientsin (1918-9).
- Mercantile Bank of India (under this name Shanghai 1916, 1924), see: Chartered Mercantile Bank of India, London and China
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National Bank of China ( 香港 中華 匯 理 银行 ), founded in 1891, closed in 1911. Issuing branches: Amoy 1890s; Hong Kong 1892. - National Commercial and Saving Bank. Issuing branches (date of issue December 1, 1924): Hankow, Shanghai. Due to a lack of notes, many notes were cut in half. With the signature of a bank official, they were valid at half their value.
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Netherlands Trading Society (= Nederlandsche Handel-Maatschappij ). Banknotes Shanghai, series 1909 and 1922. -
Oriental Bank Corporation, ( 東 藩 滙 理 銀行 ; founded in 1842 as Bank of Western India in Bombay, head office under renaming relocated to London in 1845. From this time also in Hong Kong, later Oriental Banking Corporation ). Issuing branches: Shanghai 1865 "Tael;" Hong Kong ($): early 1860s (first note issue in the colony) and series 1866-83.
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Russian-Chinese Bank 華 俄 銀行 , English Russo-Chinese Bank , headquarters: St. Petersburg , heavily involved in northern Chinese railway construction, merged in 1896 to form the 華 俄 道 勝 銀行 , English Sino-Russian Righteousness Victory Bank . 1902 largest bank in China. Merged with Banque du Nord in 1910 (now 華 俄 道 勝 銀行 , English Russo-Asiatic Bank , Русско-Азиатский банк). Disbanded in 1926 after massive losses through speculation in Paris. Issuing branches: Harbin (1910: $ emergency money, 1917: ruble), Newchwang (1910: $), "Kuld'sha, Chugchak & Kashgar" (1913-7: Gold-Fen), Shanghai (1914: "local dollar" and “mexican dollar”), Tientsin (1917: $). - Banque Sino-Belge see: Banque Belge pour l'Etranger.
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Sino-Scandinavian Bank (華威 銀行 ). Issuing branches: Ch'ang Li (昌黎 ; 1922), Chingwangtao (1926: copper cash denominated), Beijing (1922, 2 series), Suiyuan (1922), Tientsin (series: 1922, change 1925), Yungchi (1926: Copper cash denominated) -
Taiwan Ginkō (臺灣 銀行 ), was the semi-state central bank for the Japanese island since 1895, there with banknote privilege (silver yen until 1904, then gold). Collapsed in 1927. Issuing branches: Amoy (Yen: 1905-9), Kanton (1911: “local currency”), Foochow ($: 1906, 1914-6), Hankow ($: 1915-8), Kiukiang ($: 1913 -4); Swatow ($: 1908, 1911-2)
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Bank of Territorial Development was active in Manchuria, so some notes are inscribed in Russian on the reverse. Collapsed in 1917, but some branches continued to exist in Yünnan until 1927.
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Yokohama Specie Bank , see main article.
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Occupation money
At the time of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904/5, the Japanese military spent small change, which was cashed in by the Yokohama Specie Bank in the years that followed.
1937-45: See main article: Chinese currency
The Soviet liberators of Manchuria (1945-51) also issued their own notes.
Since 1949
The Central Bank of China was the first to start the currency reform and issued in 1945 in a ratio of 20: 1 "North-East Yüan" ( 東北 九 省 流通券 , Dōngběi jiǔ shěng liútōngquàn ), but had to do this three years later already 150,000: 1 Revaluate “Gold-Yüan”.
Since it was founded in November 1948, notes have been issued exclusively by the Chinese People's Bank ( 中國人民銀行 / 中国人民银行 , Zhōngguó Rénmín Yínháng , English People’s Bank of China ), although emergency money continued to exist in remote areas until around 1950. The next currency reform took place in 1955 at a ratio of 10,000: 1. The paper money in circulation in the province of Taiwan is issued by the Central Bank of China ( CBC ) ( 中央銀行 , Zhōngyāng Yínháng ), founded in 1923.
literature
- China and the World Financial Markets 1870-1930: Modern Lessons From Historical Globalization (PDF; 2.2 MB)
- Zhaojin Ji; A History of Modern Shanghai Banking: The Rise and Decline of China's ...; (East Gate Books); ISBN 978-0-7656-1002-7 .
Individual evidence
- ↑ Not to be confused with: National Bank of China ( 香港 中華 匯 理 銀行 ), 1891–1911.
- ↑ Winding-up order granted by the Supreme Court, Straits Times, 6 March 1923, page 9
- ↑ See: Noel H. Pugach, Second Career: James A. Thomas and the Chinese American Bank of Commerce; Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 56, No. 2 (May, 1987), pp. 195-229
- ↑ Not to be confused with the modern Banco Delta Asia ( 匯 業 银行 )
- ↑ Not to be confused with 中華 国民 银行 or 中華 國家 银行 .
- ^ Russo-Chinese Bank: An Episode in Franco-Russian Relations; The Slavonic and East European Review, Vol. 52, No. 127 (Apr. 1974), pp. 197-212
- ↑ Bjørn R. Rønning; SINO-SCANDINAVIAN BANK (1921-ca. 1927) En norsk bank i Kina ?; Hovedoppgave i historie ved Universitetet i Oslo, from 1970
- ↑ See Soyeda Juichi
See also
Web links
- Chinese banknotes issued by Foreign Banks in China (English; Fig.)
- Chinese banknotes (English, further PDF)