List of Heads of State 659

Overview
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Other events

America

• Maya
  • Caracol
    • Ruler : K'ak 'Ujol K'inich II. (658–680)
  • Copan
    • Ruler : Rauch Imix (628–695)
  • Palenque
    • Ruler : K'inich Janaab Pakal I (615–683)
  • Tikal
    • Ruler : Nuun Ujol Chaak (around 650–679)
  • Toniná
    • Ruler: K'inich Hix Chapat (595–665)

Asia

• Bagan
  • King : Peitthon (652–710)

• China
  • Emperor : Tang Gaozong (649–683)

• Iberia (Kartlien)
  • King : Adarnase II. Patrikios (650–684)

• India
  • Chalukya
    • King : Vikramaditya I (655–680)
  • Eastern Chalukya
    • King : Jayasimha I (641–673)
  • Pallava
    • King : Narasimha Varman I (630–668)

• Japan
  • Empress : Kōgyoku (655-661)

• cashmere
  • King : Durlabhavardhana (625–661)

• Empire of the Khmer
  • King: Jayavarman I (657-681)

• Korea
  • Baekje
    • King : Uija (641–660)
  • Goguryeo
    • King : Bojang (642–668)
  • Silla
    • King : Muyeol (654–661)

• State of the Muslims
  • Caliph: ʿAlī ibn Abī Tālib (656-661)

• Tibet
  • King : Mangsong Mangtsen (649–676)

Europe

• Byzantine Empire
  • Emperor : Konstans II. (641–668)

• England ( heptarchy )
  • Bernicia
    • King : Oswiu (642–670)
  • Deira
    • King : Ealhfrith (655–664)
  • East Anglia
    • King : Æthelwald (655–664)
  • Essex
    • King : Sigeberht II. (650–660)
  • Kent
    • König: Earconberht I. (640–664) and Eormenred (640– approx. 660)
  • Mercia
    • King : Wulfhere (658–675)
  • Wessex
    • King : Cenwalh (648-672)

• Greater Bulgarian Empire
  • Khan: Kubrat (632-665)

• Frankish Empire
  • Neustria
    • King of Neustria and Burgundy : Chlothar III. (657-673)
    • Hausmeier: Ebroin (656–681)
  • Austrasia
    • King: Childebertus adoptivus (656–662)
  • Autonomous areas:
    • Duke of Baiern : Theodo I (640–680)
    • Duke of Thuringia : Heden I (642–687)

• Longobard Empire
  • King : Aripert I (653–661)
  • Autonomous Lombard Duchies:
    • Duke of Benevento : Grimoald (647–662)
    • Duke of Friuli : Ago (645–660)
    • Duke of Spoleto : Atto (653–663)

• Scotland
  • Dalriada
    • King : Conall II. (650–660)
  • Strathclyde
    • King : Elfin (around 658–693?)

• Wales
  • Gwynedd
    • King : Cadwaladr Fendigaid ap Cadwallon (655–682)

• Visigoth Empire
  • King : Rekkeswinth (653–672)

Religious leaders

• Pope : Vitalian (657-672)
• Patriarch of Constantinople: Petros (654–666)