Ludwig Zimmermann (Provost)

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Ludwig Zimmermann

Ludwig Zimmermann (born May 28, jul. / 9. June  1852 greg. In Mitau , Courland Governorate , Russian Empire ; † August 31 jul. / 13. September  1906 greg. In Lenne Warden , Governorate of Livonia , Russian Empire), with full Name Ludwig Gottfried Zimmermann , Latvian Ludvigs Gotfrīds Cimmermanis or Ludvigs Gotfrīds Cimmermans , Russian Людвиг Циммерман , was provost of the Riga district . He is considered an evangelical martyr .

The dates in this article are based on the Julian calendar for the period up to 1918 unless otherwise noted.

Life

Career

Ludwig Zimmermann's mother was called Helene Idola Polyx Tima Zimmermann (born Schreibvogel, 1819–1904). His father Alexander Joachim Gottfried Zimmermann (1806–1871) was a senior teacher for history at the Mitau Gouvernementsgymnasium .

Dorpat University around 1860

Ludwig Zimmermann also attended this school, where he was consistently top of the class. After finishing school, he enrolled in 1871 at the State University of Dorpat for theological studies and was a member of the corporation "Curonia" (see German-Baltic fraternities ). The Faculty of Theology was at the height of its history at this time. Zimmermann was able to study with Moritz von Engelhardt , for whom conscience was very important, Alexander von Oettingen , a dogmatist of world renown, and Wilhelm Volck , a pupil of Hofmann's. Ludwig Zimmermann suffered no doubts; ecclesiastical faith was a matter of course for him.

In 1876 he completed his studies as a theology candidate. Afterwards he was first tutor in Mitau from 1877 to 1879. From 1879 to 1880 he was pastor's adjunct at Pastor Pacht in Kokenhusen , who was considered the original. In March 1881 Zimmermann was elected pastor of Neuermühlen - Westerotten , a small congregation near Riga with only 3,000 members. The community was free of former Russian Orthodox converts, so that there were no conflicts with the Orthodox state church and Zimmermann had no previous convictions or reprimands.

From 1884 to 1890 Zimmermann was a substitute for the clergy school inspector. From 1890 to 1892 he was himself the religious school inspector of the Rigas district. He was only 39 years old, one of the youngest pastors of the provost, when he was elected provost of the provost of Riga-Land in 1891. The election was confirmed by the Interior Ministry in May 1892. This was possible because Zimmermann's record of service had not been affected by any conflicts with the Russian Orthodox Church, which was different with his older brothers in office, who were thus not eligible for election. For example, the elderly Pastor Kunzendorf was to a certain extent constantly on trial for corresponding “crimes”.

The other pastors trusted Zimmermann unconditionally, despite his youth. He was pleased to note that when pastors were inaugurated in his provost, there was never any unrest, despite the pronounced nationalism at the time that brought Latvians and Baltic Germans into opposition to one another, like Zimmermann. When he made visitations, parishioners were also interested. He was considered friendly and was able to get adult parishioners to respond on such occasions. The small size of his community enabled him to work as provost. This required frequent journeys of the order of 100 km in poor road conditions.

The groundbreaking ceremony for the home for the blind in Riga took place on June 17, 1892. Zimmermann consecrated the place beforehand based on Joh 1,5  LUT and Joh 8,12  LUT and asked for God's blessing.

As pastor of Neuermühlen Zimmermann was also responsible for the Evangelical Lutheran students of the correctional asylum and the agricultural colony for male minors in Rodenpois , for example by holding exams and supervising religious instruction.

In 1895 the last member of the Croon family, who had preached in Lennewarden for almost a century, died.

On May 25, 1895, Zimmermann gave a Latvian speech at the laying of the foundation stone of the Lutheran Church in Kemmern .

Provost and pastor in Lennewarden

In 1896 Ludwig Zimmermann took over the large community in Lennewarden and its daughter community in Groß-Jungfernhof , which significantly increased the workload for him. In the main parish, due to his German-Baltic descent and since he had been appointed by the patron, he was received quite coolly, which did not change during his further term of office, while the relationship of the daughter parish to him was very cordial even under the most critical circumstances .

In the course of the expansion of the church in Kirchholm , a certificate was placed in the foundation stone on May 5, 1896, on which Ludwig Zimmermann was mentioned.

On Sunday June 16, Jul. / June 28,  1896 greg. , Held Zimmermann at 16 o'clock a Latvian beach service in Bilderlingshof from.

On Thursday, November 14th, Jul. / November 26,  1896 greg. , the birthday of the Empress mother Maria Fjodorovna , the inauguration of the new Kirchholmer Church took place in the morning. Architect Croon gave the church key to the church mayor, who then gave a short speech and gave the key to Zimmermann. He unlocked the church door and said the usual blessing. Led by ten pastors, the Latvian congregation moved into the church with the song “Follow me, Christ speaks, our hero”, where Zimmermann gave a speech in front of the altar and consecrated the church, pulpit, altar and altar utensils. After a blessing from each of the pastors and choir singing, the service began. The opening liturgy was held by Zimmermann's friend, Nitau pastor Karl Schilling (* 1865). The Latvian service was followed by the well-attended German, which Zimmermann introduced with a speech and the opening liturgy.

On August 10, 1897, the 150th anniversary of the Lennewarden Church was celebrated under Zimmermann's leadership. Zimmermann presented church news from the past and made the intercession.

On October 10, 1897, he spoke at the funeral of Provost emer. Emil Loppenowes.

For the September / October 1898 issue of " Messages and Messages for the Evangelical Church in Russia " he wrote a necrology about Loppenowe.

On September 30, 1899, he spoke at the well-attended funeral service for the owner of Groß-Jungfernhof and Kroppenhof , Nikolai Baron Vietinghoff- Sheel in the Jungfernhof Church; on October 2nd he gave the speech in German at the funeral.

At the turn of the century, Schilling served his house arrest with Zimmermann, who had been imposed on him because he tried to bring Latvians who had converted from the Protestant Church to the Russian Orthodox State Church back to the Lutheran Church.

In addition to his spiritual activities, Provost Ludwig Zimmermann was, as well as Karl Schilling, the pastors Hans Bielenstein , Alexander Bernewitz , Xaver Marnitz , Arnold von Rutkowski , Paul Fromhold-Treu , Christoph Strautmann , Karl Schlau , Eberhard Savary , Eugen Scheuermann and who were executed by the Bolsheviks in 1919 Wilhelm Gilbert and, like the pastors Gustav Cleemann and Erwin Gross , who died as a result of their imprisonment with the Bolsheviks, full members of the Latvian Literary Society , which was dedicated to the study of the Latvian language, folklore and culture. This society was mainly supported by German-Baltic pastors and intellectuals. For the Latvians themselves, a higher education was hardly accessible at the time of the imperial Russian rule, their culture led a shadowy existence.

On Sunday June 16, Jul. / June 29,  1902 greg. At 11:30 a.m., Zimmermann took part in laying the foundation stone for the renovation of the church in Schlock . He opened the ceremony with a speech in Latvian.

At the inauguration on Sunday, August 31st, July / 13th September  1903 greg. , he then gave the consecration speech about Rev 21,5  LUT and carried out the initiation act. The church was so full that many guests had to stay outside.

On April 26, 1904, at 5 p.m., he spoke at the funeral of the former pastor of Sissegal and Altenwoga , Carl Friedrich Stoll.

During the Russian Revolution of 1905

On January 29, 1905, Ludwig Zimmermann advertised the newly founded Latvian parish newspaper “Ewangeliuma Gaisma” (“Light of the Gospel”) in the “ Düna-Zeitung ” and also recommended it for German households with Latvian employees.

On Wednesday June 1st jul. / June 14,  1905 greg. At 2.30 p.m., Ludwig Zimmermann led the funeral of another former pastor from Sissegal and Altenwoga, Robert Schröder, in Latvian and German in front of several thousand guests.

Aggression was alien to his nature. His work in Lennewarden was hampered by passive resistance. This probably led to the Social Democratic Central Committee choosing its church for a tumult at the time of the first Russian Revolution in order to discredit the church:

On Pentecost Sunday 1905 (the Pentecostal appointment in 1905 was after the Julian method of calculation - the time standard in the Russian Empire, which belonged to the Baltic - June 5 jul. / 18th June  1905 greg. ) There were Baron Huene, the administrator of the estate Lenne Warden, as Representatives of the estate police, and his brother in front of the Lennewarden church, where Zimmermann led the service, as rumors circulated that the provost was in danger.

In fact, when Zimmermann went into the sacristy after the sermon, instead of the usual offertory , he heard a strange, very young man from the pulpit making a speech of socialist content. Several people prevented the sexton from playing the organ. When Zimmermann tried to get into the nave to the pulpit to silence the speaker and the congregation to resist, he was stopped by a number of young revolutionaries. Baron Huene and his brother noticed the expected disturbance and went through the sacristy to the church, where they found Zimmermann surrounded by the intruders. Huene tried to push through the crowd surrounding the pulpit to interrupt the speech. The speaker was pulled from the pulpit by the baron and left the church with a few others present. Others then attacked Baron Huene and his brother with clubs and sticks. A commotion broke out, the baron suffered significant head injuries and fell bleeding on the floor, while Zimmermann tried to fend off the attackers. The baron soon got up again. Huene and his brother alone managed within ten minutes with physical effort to evacuate the church, on which the red flag was now waving outside.

In front of the building it remained noisy at first, but Zimmermann and the rushing headmaster von Wulf managed to get the crowd to leave the church square with calming words. The crowd now marched on to the parish hall with a revolutionary song on their lips and a large red flag with a white inscription. Fifteen of the 50 or so revolutionaries were foreigners, and the rest were from the local community. Some of the demonstrators were disguised with masks and false beards. The protests were directed against the church as such, against Zimmermann only as a preacher, not against him personally. The church council closed the desecrated church on the orders of the consistory.

Pastor Schilling experienced very similar events on the same day in his church in Nitau. Firearms were even threatened there in order to prevent the sermon and force the congregation to listen to the revolutionary speech given instead.

In the spring of 1905, Zimmermann was declared deposed as provost by a revolutionary committee, because he had denounced the violent approach of the revolutionaries and had turned the church into a "murder pit". But he stayed for the time being and held services for the sick, although he was strongly warned against the long journeys on the remote paths.

Exile in Riga

Ultimately, the unhindered arson and killings as well as the inadequate working and living conditions forced Ludwig Zimmermann to retreat to Riga. He used the last train before the general strike for this. In Riga he presided over the weekly meetings of pastors who had been expelled or fled in the sacristy of the Jacobi Church, which later, in 1923, had to be forcibly given over to the Roman Catholic Church. He experienced memorable hours in which newly arrived refugees reported on their experiences and spoke of human barbarism and divine help.

Karl Schilling

On Wednesday, August 24th, July / 6th September  1905 greg. , Zimmermann read a necrology for Pastor Robert Schröder from Sissegal at the 71st Livonian Provincial Synod.

On September 10th Jul. / 23 September  1905 greg. Pastor Karl Schilling was shot by revolutionaries.

The funeral of Schilling on September 15th July / 28 September  1905 greg. at 1 p.m. was very busy, many Evangelical Lutheran clergy, including from outside, the governor of Livonia and the resident district administrator, Baron Adolf Pilar von Pilchau , took part. The chapel was filled to the last seat, many guests had to stay outside. Zimmermann led the worship service in the flower-adorned new churchyard chapel and the funeral. In the chapel he described Schilling's biography and described him as a worthy confessor. Zimmermann called Schilling's courage exemplary. At the grave, Ludwig Zimmermann spoke about vicarious suffering and described Schilling's violent death as murder in the face of the riots by the revolutionaries against the Evangelical Church.

The revolution was suppressed by Russian troops in the spring of 1906.

Following the revolution

Zimmermann returned to Lennewarden in 1906 at the request of his community. Apparently he believed in the good in people, at least he seemed to be concentrating on the positive aspects of the situation when he immediately followed the request. In March he was initially able to resume regular services in Groß-Jungfernhof at the request of the local innkeeper.

Eight days later he was also able to reopen the Lennewarden church with the permission of the Livonian consistory at the request of the municipal administration at the consistory on behalf of numerous parishioners.

A little later, in June 1906, Ludwig Zimmermann was called to Nitau to rededicate the church there, which had been closed after Pastor Schilling's death. It was a spicy job given the circumstances, and it would have been against Zimmermann's nature and understanding of honesty if he hadn't commented on the killing. He described Schilling's violent death again as murder. For the revolutionaries this was a strong affront.

On August 30th, Jul. / 12th September  1906 greg. Zimmermann traveled to Birkenruh near Wenden to take his son Fritz to the state high school that has just reopened.

Violent death

On August 31, Jul. / 13th September  1906 greg. Shortly after 8 p.m. some masked terrorists appeared in front of Ludwig Zimmermann's house. These were probably socialist or anarchist motivated and apparently knew of the imminent return of the clergyman. Three of the men broke into the house through the back door, the rest surrounded the pastorate and took up positions in front of the porch. The three in the house were camouflaged with blackened faces and glued-on beards. They threatened the provost's wife (Katharina Zimmermann, née von Roth) and daughter of the provost at gunpoint and inquired about the silver objects and the provost's whereabouts. The wife replied apparently calmly: “My husband is not at home.” The intruders replied with a loud, angry “You are lying!” They held the revolver in front of her face. The woman replied: “I'm not lying! What do you want from him, he never did you harm. ”The men replied:“ You are lying, he spoke against us at Pastor Schilling-Nitau's funeral and that's why we want to kill him. ”They put a death sentence on the Desk, which was signed with "The Devil, the Judge and the Unstable". They also tore off the women's rings and watches, including Katharina Zimmermann's wedding ring, destroyed furnishings such as cupboards, and looted the house, which they searched for almost an hour. They destroyed an old grandfather clock with gunshots, as this was no longer of any use. When Katharina Zimmermann protested, they beat the woman with a whip and the other residents present, including a maid, with clubs and ordered the wife not to leave the room. One of the intruders was guarding the children's bedroom. None of the Latvian residents dared to warn Ludwig Zimmermann.

When Zimmermann approached his pastorate from the Rodenpois station after 8:30 p.m., he said to his coachman:

"Well, thank God, we'll be home soon."

At the same moment, Katharina Zimmermann, who had heard the car, tore herself away from the terrorists in the house and stormed into the anteroom with the words "Father is coming!" The terrorists in the house shot at them; one shot hit her heart; she collapsed. Also at the same moment, the terrorists shot dead in front of the house with twelve shots, who let out a death scream when a head shot killed him and he fell out of the car. The horses shied away and stormed off with the carriage and the driver. Zimmermann's eldest daughter was only just missed by another bullet in the house. When the intruders left the pastorate, they took off the provost's gold watch and chain. Katharina Zimmermann was able to say goodbye to her relatives and express her joy that she would soon be reunited with her husband, and died after a 20-minute agony. These events were reported by Elsa Schabert, Oskar Schabert's wife , in her house chronicle ; the report found its way into Oskar Schabert's Baltic Martyrs Book .

The farmer Johann Perren from Ledemannshof was later accused of murdering Zimmermann. He was also charged with carrying out around 20 robberies and burning down the servants in Alt-Tsehje. He managed to go into hiding.

Afterlife

Immediate reactions

Shortly after the crime, the military reached the scene of the crime from Gut Lennewarden, but the terrorists had already fled. The procurator's assistant, the district chief and the examining magistrate also appeared.

The celebrations for the reopening of the state high school of the Livonian knighthood in Birkenruh were canceled after the news of Zimmermann's death.

Wilhelm Taurit

Zimmermann and his wife were buried together in the Lennewarden churchyard. Only a few parishioners dared to attend the funeral, which was carried out by Pastor Wilhelm Taurit from Dahlen (* 1870) near Riga, which was held on November 23rd . / 6 December  1906 greg. was also shot dead by a criminal hired by some revolutionaries. A connection with Taurit's willingness to carry out Zimmermann's funeral cannot be ruled out.

In August 1906 (according to the Julian calendar), Kruming from Groß-Jungfernhof near Lennewarden was arrested by dragoons as a suspected perpetrator. He was shot dead while attempting to escape during the transport. He was suspected of being involved in numerous other acts.

On August 27th, July / 9th September  1906 greg. the community of Zimmermanns was forcibly assembled by Major General Vershinin. She was admonished to hand over the murderers. Further incidents would result in the harshest penalties. Since the community stated that it did not know the guilty party, it was fined 3,000 rubles.

More acts and threats

The same fate as Zimmermann had suffered four pastors, besides the already mentioned priests Karl Schilling and Wilhelm Taurit these were Albert Grühn († 11 May jul. / 24. May  1906 greg. In Erwahlen) and Julius Busch († July 29 jul . / August 11,  1907 greg. In Nerft), who was also a member of the Latvian Literary Society.

There was a binding ordinance of the Central Committee of the Latvian Social Democratic Workers' Party , which stipulated in point 4: "The pastors who, on the orders of the consistory, reprimand our fighter who fell in battle, must be shot." . An illegal Latvian newspaper even published a long list of opponents of the revolution in every issue, and called for their killing. By September 1906 alone, a total of 200 opponents of the revolution had been killed in Livonia and Courland.

On September 19, 1906, the Latvian magazine "Latwija" reported on the Latvian pastor Karl Awot in Laudohn that he preached every Sunday about the revolutionary events and compared all freedom fighters with robbers and thieves. In view of this, the “Rigas Awise” pointed out that there were calls for murder against Awot and that O. Michelsohn had been murdered in Üxküll after inflammatory pamphlets against him had appeared in Latvian revolutionary magazines. It is noticeable that under such circumstances the "Latwija" wrote such an article against Avot. The "Düna-Zeitung" of September 29th agreed to this criticism.

On September 25, 1906, a Livonian pastor received the following printed letter in "official" language:

Jānis Līcis (Lihzit)
No. 51.
Request to the pastor (censored in the source) of the (censored) church.
You are hereby requested to stop insulting freedom fighters and our fallen comrades and immediately after receiving this notice to close down your sanctifying business - the Church, otherwise we will be forced to use violence. Think of the fate of your colleagues Schilling, Lihzit and Zimmermann.
25 / IX. 1906.
The group
the Baltic Combat Organization.
"Mescha-Brahli" printing company

The letter was stamped with the inscription "Latwijas Sozialdemokratiga Komiteja Widsemas Maleenas", the name of the pastor and his parish as well as the date were subsequently inserted in red ink.

A total of two letters from local groups of the Baltic struggle organization were received by Pastor Skribanowitz in Kremon in September 1906 , in which the fate of Zimmermann and Schilling was pointed out, and there was also a death sentence. Skribanowitz then brought his family to Riga. The competent authorities decided that Skribanowitz should temporarily stop his official acts in his community.

Recall from the following year, exile of the murder suspect

In 1907 a necrology for Ludwig Zimmermann by Pastor Hillner appeared in “Thaborboten” (No. 1 and 2).

In February 1907, Johann Perren, the alleged murderer, informed an acquaintance by post that he had emigrated to America. He had left his wife and four children behind; instead, he had taken another farmer's wife and married in America.

The calendar of the German associations in Livonia, Estonia and Courland for 1908 showed the photographs of some of the Balts killed during the revolution, including Zimmermann and his wife.

Baron Hans von Rosen

In May 1909, the Livonian MP Baron Hans von Rosen gave a speech to the Duma in which he mentioned the murders of the Orthodox priest Jānis Līcis (Lihzit) and the evangelical clergy. He referred to the above as martyrs, emphasized the importance of the Protestant clergy as pillars of the state and campaigned for an end to the legal disadvantage of the Protestant Church compared to the Orthodox.

In June 1909 Hillner's Nekrolog for Zimmermann appeared again, this time in the edition for educated parishioners of the "Mitteilungen und Nachrichten für die Evangelische Kirche in Rußland".

A pastor friend of Schilling gave Schilling's sermons under the title “Whoever wants to save his life will lose it - whoever loses his life for my sake will find it. In memory of Karl Theophil Schilling †, Pastor of Nitau (Livonia). His sermons, edited by Maximilian Stephany, pastor at Riga Cathedral, with descriptions of the times and descriptions of his tragic death in the revolutionary year 1905. Riga 1910. Georg Neuner, Suworowstraße 40 ”. (For the title, compare Mt 26.25  LUT .) This also included Zimmermann's funeral oration for Schilling.

Remembrance day

August 31 in the Evangelical Name Calendar .

The day of remembrance was first introduced by Jörg Erb for his book Die Wolke der Zeugen (Kassel 1951/1963, Vol. 4, Calendar on pp. 508-520). The Evangelical Church in Germany took over this Memorial Day in the then established name calendar year 1969th

swell

literature

Portrait photos

Individual evidence

  1. ^ A. von Sieber: Directory of the Germans murdered in Liv-Est-Kurland during the revolutionary period 1905–7 ( Memento from September 4, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) ( Baltic Monthly , Vol. 67.1908, Issue 6, pages 284 ff, the couple Zimmermann on page 286 ( Memento from September 4, 2014 in the Internet Archive ))
  2. ↑ Ludwig Zimmermann on Nekropole.info (with portrait photo)
  3. ^ Virtual International Authority File
  4. ↑ On the pastor in Neuermühlen in the Rigaschen Zeitung , No. 72, March 28, 1881, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  5. ↑ Personal details . in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 105, May 9, 1892, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  6. ↑ Locales. in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 185, August 17, 1892, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  7. ↑ The Correktionsasyl and agriculture-colony for minors male sex in the Daugava newspaper ., No. 96, April 30, 1894 online at Zimmermann | issue type: P
  8. ↑ Adjustment. in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 100, May 5, 1894, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  9. ↑ Locales in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 116, May 26, 1895, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  10. ↑ Certificate in the Rigas City Gazette , No. 19, May 9, 1896, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  11. ↑ Locales. in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 132, June 14, 1896, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  12. ↑ Notes. in the Rigaschen city sheets , No. 50, December 12, 1896, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  13. ↑ Lennewarden Castle. Church anniversary. in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 194, August 28, 1897, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  14. ^ Sunzel. Obituary. in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 244, October 28, 1897, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  15. ↑ Domestic. in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 269, November 28, 1898, online at Zimmermann Propst | issueType: P
  16. ↑ From Groß-Jungfernhof in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 238, October 23, 1899, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  17. ^ List of members of the Latvian Literary Society from 1901 ( Memento from September 1, 2013 in the Internet Archive )
  18. ↑ Domestic. in the Libauschen Zeitung , No. 136, June 19, 1902, online at Zimmermann Propst | issueType: P
  19. ↑ Schlock. Laying of the foundation stone for the reconstruction of the church. in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 137, June 20, 1902, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  20. ↑ Schlock. in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 199, September 3, 1903, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  21. ^ Inauguration of the rebuilt church in Schlock. in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 201, September 5, 1903, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  22. ↑ Local. in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 95, April 27, 1904, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  23. ↑ Domestic. in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 19, January 29, 1905, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  24. ↑ Local. in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 118, June 3, 1905, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  25. ↑ Lennewarden. On the church riots in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 122, June 9, 1905, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  26. ↑ Latest post in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 120, June 7, 1905, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  27. ↑ Latest news. in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 120, June 7, 1905, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  28. ↑ Baltic Revolution Chronicle I 1905/1906 in the Baltic Monthly , No. 07-12, July 1, 1907, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  29. ↑ Nitau. About the riots in the church of Nitau. in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 121, June 8, 1905, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  30. ↑ Domestic. in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 190, August 31, 1905, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  31. ↑ Locales. in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 204, September 16, 1905, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  32. ↑ Domestic. in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 204, September 16, 1905, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  33. ↑ Stephan Bitter: Oskar Schabert, a preacher of conversion in East and West , p. 13 (PDF; 1.0 MB)
  34. ^ Lennewarden, March 13th. Church openings. in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 61, March 15, 1906, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  35. ↑ Latest post. in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 133, June 13, 1906, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  36. ↑ Latest news. in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 191, August 22, 1906, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  37. ↑ On the murder of Provost Ludwig Zimmermann and his wife in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 192, 23 August 1906, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  38. ↑ Latest post in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 190, August 21, 1906, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  39. ^ The congratulatory telegrams for the reopening of Birkenruh in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 194, August 25, 1906, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  40. ↑ Riga Circle. in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 194, August 25, 1906, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  41. ↑ Lennewarden in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 198, August 30, 1906, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  42. ^ Günther Schulz: Church in the East , Volume 39-1996, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen 1996 , ISBN 3-525-56385-X
  43. ^ Friedrich Bienemann (editor): Baltic Monthly , Volume 51, Volume 67, Jonck & Poliewsky, Riga 1909, available at dspace.utlib.ee
  44. ↑ To the address of the Kadettenblatt Retsch in the Rigaschen Rundschau , No. 200, September 1, 1906, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  45. ↑ Domestic. in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 224, September 29, 1906, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  46. ^ Threat letters to pastors. in the Düna newspaper , no. 227, October 3, 1906, online at [1]
  47. ↑ Domestic. in the Libauschen Zeitung , No. 227, October 4, 1906, online at [2]
  48. ↑ Ledemannshof. Rigas circle. The local farmer Johann Perren, in the Rigaschen Zeitung , No. 42, February 20, 1907, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  49. ↑ Local. in the Rigaschen Zeitung , No. 276, November 27, 1907, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  50. ↑ Local. in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 278, November 29, 1907, online at Propst Zimmermann | issueType: P
  51. ↑ The speech of the Livonian MP H. Baron Rosen in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 117, May 26, 1909, online at [3]
  52. ↑ The June issue of "Mitteilungen und Nachrichten für die Evangelische Kirche in Russland" in the Rigaschen Zeitung , No. 152, July 7, 1909, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  53. ^ The June issue of "Mitteilungen und Nachrichten" in the Düna newspaper , No. 161, July 17, 1909, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  54. ^ A new sermon book from a Baltic pen. in the Düna-Zeitung , No. 291, December 16, 1909, online at Zimmermann | issueType: P
  55. ^ Frieder Schulz, Gerhard Schwinge (editor): Synaxis: Contributions to the liturgy , Vandenhoeck and Ruprecht, Göttingen 1997 , ISBN 3-525-60398-3
personal data
SURNAME Zimmermann, Ludwig
ALTERNATIVE NAMES Zimmermann, Ludwig Gottfried (full name); Cimmermanis, Ludvigs Gotfrīds; Cimmermans, Ludvigs Gotfrīds; Циммерман, Людвиг
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Provost of the Riga district
DATE OF BIRTH June 9, 1852
PLACE OF BIRTH Mitau , Courland Governorate , Russian Empire
DATE OF DEATH September 13, 1906
Place of death Lennewarden , Livonia Governorate , Russian Empire