Shadow flowers

Shadow flowers
	Maianthemum racemosum , branched inflorescence
Systematics
Class :	Bedecktsamer (Magnoliopsida)
	Monocots
Order :	Asparagales (Asparagales)
Family :	Asparagaceae (Asparagaceae)
Subfamily :	Nolinoideae
Genre :	Shadow flowers
Scientific name
	Maianthemum
	FHWigg.

The maianthemum or shadow floret ( Maianthemum ) are a genus within the family of asparagaceae (Asparagaceae).

description

Illustration of the star-shaped fragrance seal ( Maianthemum stellatum ) in Lilies and orchids , Plate IX

Red fruits of Maianthemum racemosum

Vegetative characteristics

In Maianthemum TYPES is perennial herbaceous plants . Unbranched, upright stems grow from the underground rhizome . There are two to fifteen alternate leaves on these stems . The leaf blades are elliptical to ovate in most species.

Generative characteristics

The usually multi-flowered paniculate or racemose inflorescences are terminal. The hermaphroditic flowers are radially symmetrical with a diameter of a few millimeters . The expanded bloom consists of six (in Smilacina ) or four ( Maianthemum s. Str.) White bloom . In all species, the berries are red when ripe.

Location requirements

Most species prefer moist, shady places in dense forests and valleys.

Single inflorescence of Maianthemum canadense

Single inflorescence of Maianthemum dilatatum

Branched inflorescence of Maianthemum gigas

Maianthemum hondoense

Maianthemum japonicum

Branched inflorescence of Maianthemum yesoense

Systematics and distribution

Originally the genus, which shows clear similarities with the lily of the valley ( Convallaria ) and the white sausage ( Polygonatum ), consisted of only three species ( Maianthemum bifolium , Maianthemum canadense and Maianthemum dilatatum ). However, genetic studies showed such a strong similarity with the plant species of the genus Smilacina (in German "Falsche Solomonssiegel" or also "shadow flowers") that many authors have combined the two genera under the name Maianthemum . This genus now consists of around 40 species. However, other authors continue to separate them based on morphological differences and geographical distribution.

The three species of the original genus Maianthemum ( Maianthemum bifolium , Maianthemum canadense and Maianthemum dilatatum ) grow in the cooler temperate areas of North America and Eurasia . The species of the original genus Smilacina in the temperate to subtropical areas of North America and East Asia.

Originally, like many others, the genus was assigned to the lily family (Liliaceae). Later it was classified in the lily of the valley family (Convallariaceae), which in turn are now incorporated by many authors into the butcher's broom family (Ruscaceae) and with them into the subfamily Nolinoideae of the asparagus family ( Asparagaceae ).

The following species are included in Maianthemum :

Maianthemum amoenum (HLWendl.) LaFrankie : It is distributed from Mexico to Honduras .
Maianthemum atropurpureum (Franch.) LaFrankie : It occurs in the Chinese provinces of Sichuan and Yunnan .
Maianthemum bicolor (Nakai) Cubey : It occurs in Korea .
Two- leaved shade flower ( Maianthemum bifolium (L.) FWSchmidt ): It occurs in the temperate zones of Eurasia .

Maianthemum canadense Desf. : It is common in North America .

Maianthemum comaltepecense Espejo, López-Ferr. & Ceja : It only occurs in the Mexican state of Oaxaca .

Maianthemum dahuricum (Turcz. Ex Fisch. & CAMey.) LaFrankie : It occurs from Siberia to Korea.

Maianthemum dilatatum (Alph. Wood) A. Nelson & JFMacbr. : It occurs from Mongolia to Japan and from Alaska to California .

Maianthemum flexuosum (Bertol.) LaFrankie : It is distributed from Mexico to Nicaragua.

Maianthemum formosanum (Hayata) LaFrankie : It is only found in Taiwan .

Maianthemum forrestii (WWSm.) LaFrankie : This endemic occurs only in northwestern Yunnan .

Maianthemum fusciduliflorum (Kawano) SCChen & Kawano : It is distributed from Myanmar and Tibet to China.

Maianthemum fuscum (Wall.) LaFrankie : It occurs from Nepal to Myanmar and China.

Maianthemum gigas (Woodson) LaFrankie . The two varieties are common from Mexico to Panama .

Maianthemum gongshanensis (S.Yun Liang) H.Li : This endemic occurs only in northwestern Yunnan.

Maianthemum harae Y.H.Tseng & CTChao : It was first described from Taiwan in 2012.

Maianthemum henryi (Baker) LaFrankie : It occurs in China, Myanmar and Vietnam.

Maianthemum hondoense (Ohwi) LaFrankie : This endemic species only occurs on the Japanese island of Honshu.

Maianthemum × intermedium Vorosch. = Maianthemum bifolium × Mainathemum dilatatum . It occurs from Siberia to Russia's Far East.

Maianthemum japonicum (A.Gray) LaFrankie (Syn .: Smilacina japonica A.Gray ): It occurs from Russia's Far East to China, Japan and Korea.

Maianthemum lichiangense (WWSm.) LaFrankie : It occurs in China.

Maianthemum macrophyllum (M.Martens & Galeotti) LaFrankie : It occurs in Mexico.

Maianthemum mexicanum García Arév. : It occurs in the Mexican state of Durango .

Maianthemum monteverdense LaFrankie : It occurs in Nicaragua and Costa Rica.

Maianthemum nanchuanense H.Li & JLHuang : It occurs in southeast Sichuan.

Maianthemum oleraceum (Baker) LaFrankie : It occurs from Nepal to China and Myanmar.

Maianthemum paludicola LaFrankie : It occurs in Costa Rica .

Maianthemum paniculatum (M.Martens & Galeotti) LaFrankie : It occurs from Mexico to Panama.

Maianthemum purpureum (Wall.) LaFrankie : It occurs from the Himalayas to Yunnan.

Fragrance seal ( Maianthemum racemosum (L.) Link , Syn .: Smilacina racemosa (L.) Desf. ). With two subspecies. It occurs in North America from Alaska to Mexico.

Maianthemum robustum (Makino & Honda) LaFrankie : It occurs on the Japanese island of Honshu .

Maianthemum salvinii (Baker) LaFrankie : It occurs from southeastern Mexico to Guatemala .

Maianthemum scilloideum (M.Martens & Galeotti) LaFrankie : It occurs from Mexico to Guatemala.

Star-shaped fragrance seal ( Maianthemum stellatum (L.) Link , Syn .: Smilacina stellata (L.) Desf. , Convallaria stellata L. ): It is widespread in North America from Alaska to Mexico.

Maianthemum stenolobum (Franch.) SCChen & Kawano : It occurs in China.

Maianthemum szechuanicum (FTWang & Tang) H.Li : It occurs in Sichuan and Yunnan.

Maianthemum tatsienense (Franch.) LaFrankie : It occurs from Bhutan to Myanmar and China.

Maianthemum trifolium (L.) Sloboda : It occurs from Siberia to Korea and in North America.

Maianthemum tubiferum (Batalin) LaFrankie : It occurs from Qinghai to China.

Maianthemum yesoense (Franch. & Sav.) LaFrankie : It occurs in northern and central Japan.

use

Some species of the earlier genus Smilacina are sometimes used as ornamental plants.

Ethnobotany

The Indian tribes of the Ojibwa and Potawatomi use the North American species Maianthemum canadense as an analgesic and to treat the kidneys and throat. The species Maianthemum dilatatum , Maianthemum racemosum and Maianthemum stellatum from the same continent also served or serve as medicinal plants, as well as their fruits as food.

In Nepal, a root preparation of Maianthemum fuscum is applied to broken bones, and the leaves of Maianthemum purpureum are eaten as a vegetable.

swell

Gordon Cheers (Ed.): Botanica . Random House Australia 2003. German edition: Tandem Verlag GmbH 2003, ISBN 3-8331-1600-5 .
Werner Rothmaler : Excursion flora for the areas of the GDR and the FRG . Volume 2: Vascular Plants, 14th Edition. People and knowledge, Berlin 1988, ISBN 3-060-12539-2 .
Chen Xinqi (陈心启 Chen Sing-chi), Shoichi Kawano: Maianthemum. , Pp. 217-221 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven (Ed.): Flora of China. Volume 24: Flagellariaceae through Marantaceae. Science Press and Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing and St. Louis 2000, ISBN 0-915279-83-5 .
James V. LaFrankie: Maianthemum. sl, pp. 206-209 - the same text online as the printed work , In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico. Volume 26: Magnoliophyta: Liliidae: Liliales and Orchidales. Oxford University Press, New York a. a. 2002, ISBN 0-19-515208-5 .
Narayan P Manandhar: Plants and People of Nepal. Timber Press, 2002, ISBN 0-88192-527-6 , pp. 306-307.

Individual evidence

↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Maianthemum . In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved September 16, 2016.

Web links

Commons : Shade Flowers ( Maianthemum ) - Collection of images, videos and audio files

[WCSP-1] ↑ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o ^p ^q ^r ^s ^t ^u ^v ^w ^x ^y ^z ^aa ^ab ^ac ^ad ^ae ^af ^ag ^ah ^ai ^aj ^ak ^al ^am ^an ^ao Rafaël Govaerts (ed.): Maianthemum . In: World Checklist of Selected Plant Families (WCSP) - The Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew . Retrieved September 16, 2016.