Mainz Rose Monday procession
The Mainz Rose Monday Parade is a carnival parade that takes place every year on Rose Monday in Mainz . Since the first Rose Monday procession in 1838, it has taken place 114 times (as of 2015) and is considered the highlight of the Mainz Carnival . With around 9,500 active participants and over 500,000 spectators, the Mainz Rose Monday Parade, together with the Cologne and Düsseldorf Rose Monday parades, is one of the three large Rose Monday parades in Germany.
history
The Mainz Rose Monday procession now has a history of over 170 years. The beginnings go back to the Biedermeier period . As a federal fortress, Mainz was alternately occupied by Prussian and Austrian troops and the reorganization of Carnival, which was carried out in Cologne and Düsseldorf in particular, began to have an impact in Mainz as well. There were interruptions of the Rose Monday procession due to the war, especially in the 20th century due to the two world wars.
The Krähwinkler Landsturm - forerunner of the Rose Monday procession
As early as 1837, the Mainz craftsman Nikolaus Krieger organized a so-called Krähwinkler Landsturm , the first carnival parade in Mainz. The literary model for these events, which came into fashion in the first third of the 19th century (for example in Basel in 1822 and in Speyer in 1831 ) was the play The German Small Towns by the playwright August von Kotzebue . Krähwinkel , a small town described there, was at that time the epitome of stupidity and narrow-mindedness. The Krähwinkler Landsturm parodied these characteristics as well as the philistinism of the Biedermeier period and the military with its uniforms and its military drill. Today it is generally regarded as the hour of birth of both the organized Mainz Carnival and a direct forerunner of the Rose Monday procession, which took place for the first time the following year.
The Krähwinkler Landsturm already showed typical characteristics of the Mainz street carnival. For example, a foolish and uniformed vigilante group of 15 with an “Ensign Rummelbuff” at the helm or the “Held Carneval” (in later years only called “Prince Carneval”). The train was a great success with the Mainz population. Several hundred participants, two motif wagons and, last but not least, the foolish guards in their uniforms caused a sensation. Thanks to the executives of this beautiful train. One has probably never laughed more than at this wonderful composition of the mood and the successful execution of it ... is noted in contemporary chronicles. This laid the foundation stone for the Rose Monday procession, which took place for the first time in 1838.
1838 - The year of birth of the Mainz Rose Monday procession
After the great success of 1837, committed citizens around the Mainz merchant, city council and state parliament member Johann Maria Kertell , and the newly founded Mainz Carneval Association organized a masked procession on Mardi Gras (February 26, 1838) . First, however, there were a number of important and future-oriented actions in the still new Mainz Carnival. On January 19, 1838, a committee of Mainz citizens wrote down statutes for a Carnival Association. The Grand Ducal Hessian provincial commissioner von Lichtenberg was asked at the same time to approve the statutes and thus to recognize them; over 100 applicants signed this application. One of the basic goals of the new association was formulated in the application as follows: ... to pay homage to the god Jocus on Carneval in better order and nobler taste as before in this city ... Approval was granted on January 22nd, which was based on prior agreement between the applicants and the authorities. The Mainz Carneval Association (MCV) was born. The first general assembly took place on January 25th, further meetings followed. On February 9, President Carl Georg Michel applied for approval of a Carnival Monday procession, which the authorities promptly granted.
Two chaise makers from Mainz , the city administration and the military authorities made 100 carriages available. The Mainzer Ranzengarde with 37 members and its general Johann Maria Kertell had emerged from the foolish vigilantes of the previous year , which now appeared in electoral uniforms from the time of Elector Friedrich Karl Joseph von Erthal . She and the "dwarf company", which consisted of costumed children, provided the "military" escort of the train and were considered the life guard of the hero Carneval.
Heralds of the prince on horseback led the procession in front of the knapsack guard. They were followed by the standard-bearers and the knapsack guards in their new uniforms, many with stuffed bellies and long braids. Hero Carneval resided with his court on the accompanying carriages. The train made its way from the riding arena via the Schlossplatz and the Große Bleiche to the market . The high point of the procession took place there: Held Carneval was solemnly enthroned and crowned king and accepted the homage of the citizens of Mainz. For the first time, a flag consecration and a swearing-in of recruits took place at the Ranzengarde, which are typical elements of the Mainz street carnival to this day. This first real Mainz carnival campaign was ended with a cap trip to the new facility .
The following decades until 1933
The next two Rose Monday procession in 1839 and 1840, following the first Rose Monday procession in 1838, were still thematically linked. In 1838 Held Carneval was enthroned, the theme of the procession was its wedding in 1839, the following year the birth of their son "Hanswurst" was celebrated. From 1842 at the latest, however, the Rose Monday procession reflected more current issues from the politically troubled pre-March period. The entire, still young, Mainz Carnival became more political: if the relationship between the active members of the Mainz Carneval Association and the authorities was extremely good, there were now new, politically active Carnival members like Ludwig Kalisch , Franz Heinrich Zitz (he was president of the MCV from 1843 ) or Eduard Reis in public, who were also responsible for the creation of the political-literary Mainz Carnival.
In 1845, the Mainz Rose Monday procession was first targeted by the authorities in distant Darmstadt. The interior minister of the Grand Duchy of Hesse-Darmstadt felt compelled to devote more official activity and vigilance to the train . In 1846, as part of the Rose Monday procession, the censorship was symbolically burned on the Mainz market. Nevertheless, the relationship between the MCV organizing the train and the Mainz local authorities was still good during these times. The provincial commissioner of Lichtenberg and the incumbent Mayor of Mainz Nikolaus Nack were able to prevent a ban on the MCV and thus also the Rose Monday procession through their commitment and clever tactics towards the Grand Ducal Darmstädtischer Hof. However, the general political situation in 1848/49 and in the years that followed in south-west Germany meant that the Mainz Carnival and the Rose Monday procession were forced to take a temporary break. Only a few meetings were held in these years, and all Rose Monday parades were completely canceled by 1855.
In 1856 there was a revival of the Mainz Carnival and consequently the Mainz Rose Monday procession. Without a central theme, going back to the successful early years, the Mainz Rose Monday procession was reactivated. The Mainz Klepper Guard, founded this year, was there for the first time as the second guard of the street carnival. In 1863, the Rose Monday procession for the 25th anniversary of the organized Mainz Carnival was to be particularly splendid. However, because of statements that were perceived as offensive in the context of Carnival lectures, the Prussian garrison commander withdrew all music bands and horses from the train at short notice, so that it was in danger of being canceled. In this emergency the Grand Duke of Hesse-Darmstadt helped out with music bands and horses and the Rose Monday procession could still take place. However, the impending German-Danish War in 1864 led to the train being canceled and the following political events such as the Prussian-Austrian War and a general lack of money at the Mainz Carnival Associations led to a longer train break until 1884.
The Mainz Rose Monday procession also survived this longer compulsory break. Beginning in 1884, the Mainz Carnival, including the Rose Monday procession, experienced a new boom. With the construction of the new city hall in the same year (it was considered the largest festival hall in Germany at the time) and its use, the Carnival Festival experienced an upswing both in terms of society and the number of visitors. Since then, the train wagons have become larger and more complex and structures designed by architects and sculptors reached a height of up to 6 m. In 1888 another anniversary campaign was carried out to mark the 50th anniversary of the MCV. A separate procession commission ensured that the Rose Monday procession was made more professional this year. The increased social acceptance of the train and the Mainz Carnival was shown by the participation of members of the Grand Ducal Family. They watched the train from the balcony of their residence in Mainz, the Deutschhaus . The next anniversary train in 1913 (this time the MCV celebrated its 75th anniversary) was the largest train to date with the longest route. It is reported by 100,000 visitors, among whom 40,000 foreigners and of them 18,000 Wiesbaden residents were counted. This time even the Grand Duke Ernst Ludwig , Grand Duchess Eleonore and a 25-strong entourage from the balcony of the Erthaler Hof attended the procession as spectators. The Rose Monday procession in 1913 was also the inspiration and backdrop for Carl Zuckmayer's famous work The Carnival Confession , a crime story that takes place during the Mainz Carnival.
“ The train unrolled with a certain grave heaviness and slowness that was not only determined by the pace of the wide-assed Percherons. There was no doubt that, despite all the merriment and foolishness, he took himself seriously and seriously and was taken that way. There was nothing of wildness, desolation, orgiastic excess, neither with the participants nor with the spectators, the whole thing was a huge popular amusement, but kept within the limits of childish pleasure, its mood without maliciousness or malicious glee, without the malicious element at all tends to easily cling to popular displays, was tinged with harmless lust for ridicule, contagious thirst for laughter and mild self-irony. "
Again, the political situation ensured a longer break. The First World War , the occupation of the Rhineland and also of Mainz by French troops let the train pause until 1926. Finally, in 1927, the Rose Monday procession started again with a great response from the population. For the first time, the regional and interregional tourism industry also advertised the Mainz Carnival and the Rose Monday procession.
Under the control of National Socialism
The Rose Monday procession of February 27, 1933 was still largely free of any external political influence. But the Reichstag fire on the evening of the same day changed the overall political situation in Germany. The entire Mainz Carnival was from the spring of 1933 with the help of which came into force on 31 March and 7 April 1933 DC circuit laws put under increasing political control. This process was completed by the end of the year. The Nazi community Kraft durch Freude was responsible for the Carnival in Mainz and thus also the Carnival Monday procession. The Carnival Monday procession in Mainz was an important economic factor for the National Socialists. From the mid-1930s, visitors from all parts of the German Empire were transported to Mainz by buses and special trains.
The Carnival Monday procession in 1934 took place under the motto I can laugh again (We can laugh again) . Motif wagons showed the "bad Santa Claus" who put bad children (meaning social democrats and members of the Center Party ) into a brown inkwell. At the beginning of the train, large sweepers drove under the motto “ We'll keep cleaning ” , a blatant threat from National Socialist propaganda. In 1935 the subtle motto Alles unner ääner Kapp (Everything under one cap) was chosen. From this year at the latest, the Rose Monday procession was completely under the control of the party. In 1936, a motif car referred to the Dachau concentration camp and warned the population : Shut up and don't complain! Another motif car was dedicated to an anti-Semitic topic and took up the “Mainz wine fraud trial”, in which Jewish wine merchants were accused of various fraudulent offenses, including pounding wine. On a horse-drawn wagon was an oversized wine barrel with a Star of David , on which a sign saying Han mer also made stew was attached. The explanatory text on the sides of the wagon read: Foreign species, so operated, severely damaged German trade . One large-volume barrel had four taps on both sides, which were marked with the names of various German wine-growing regions.
Other popular, politically motivated topics of the Rose Monday parades of this time were the former German colonies, whose reclamation was discussed, or the reoccupation of Mainz by German troops, which was celebrated on a motif wagon. In terms of foreign policy, the person of Stalin and, in general, the nations of England, France and the Soviet Union and the League of Nations as an institution were mocked several times .
In 1938, the largest Rose Monday procession to date took place with 300,000 visitors. The MCV celebrated its 100th anniversary and put together a train with 190 program numbers. In 1939 the last Carnival Monday procession took place during the National Socialist rule. In addition to 40 motif wagons, the Hitler Youth music bands and soldiers of the Wehrmacht also marched this time .
After the Second World War
It wasn't until 1950 that the Rose Monday procession started again in Mainz, and it was very successful. 300,000 visitors visited the train with over 100 train numbers. The financing of the train, which was always problematic until then, was covered by a grant from the city of Mainz amounting to DM 10,000, but above all the sale of the train plaques for the first time . 100,000 of the train stickers were sold this year. Topics of the first Rose Monday procession after the Second World War included the political situation in Berlin and the separation of the Mainz districts on the right bank of the Rhine caused by the Second World War .
The Rose Monday procession of the post-war period took place continuously every year from then on. The only exceptions were in 1991 and 2016. In 1991, the date of the Rose Monday procession was close to the outbreak of the Second Gulf War ; the organizers decided to cancel the train because of this. In 2016, the train was canceled due to storm warnings from the German Weather Service in February. Some motif wagons and gardens therefore took part in the parade to mark the 200th anniversary of Rheinhessen on May 8th. The annually changing train motto, which was first introduced in the 1920s, was also firmly established. 1963 was another anniversary year for the train operator: the MCV celebrated its 125th anniversary. On the next anniversary train in 1988 (150th anniversary of the MCV) the first tragic accident occurred as part of the post-war trains: a child was run over by a motive car and fatally injured. After this incident, the safety regulations for the Rose Monday procession were tightened. In 2001 the 100th Rose Monday Parade took place in Mainz.
With well over 500,000 visitors, the Rose Monday Parade is one of the three largest Rose Monday parades in Germany and the highlight of the Mainz Street Carnival.
The organization of the Rose Monday procession
Since 1838 the Mainzer Carneval-Verein (MCV) has been responsible for the organization, financing and implementation of the Mainz Rose Monday procession. Within the MCV there is an organizing committee, the train control. Outwardly, this is exercised by an incumbent platoon marshal who also takes part in the platoon.
Train control, train marshal and train transit
The preparatory work of the 26-strong train line for a Rose Monday procession takes about half a year. The members of the planning team draw up time and budget plans, invite clubs and groups to participate, view applications for train participation and sign contracts. Even before January 1st, the traditional start of the carnival campaign in Mainz, the planning of the motif wagons begins. Possible motif topics are discussed and finally determined for 15 large motif wagons. These will be built in the club's own hall in the Mombach district . After receiving the applications to participate in the train, the train management will determine the sequence of the individual train elements, which will be announced to all participants at the beginning of January. For all participants, parade places are determined in the Mainzer Neustadt, whereby rescue and fire brigade routes must be planned.
Participating vehicles (motive cars, towing vehicles, etc.) are then checked and approved by TÜV Rheinland . The train line also ensures compliance with the legal regulations for the Carnival Monday procession: Liability insurance for the MCV participants is taken out, schedules and deployment plans are drawn up, musical contributions are reported to GEMA . The last activities of the train line before the Carnival Monday procession are a large final meeting with all those involved in the organization, including the Mainz police, and the concluding press conference.
The procession marshal is responsible for the organization of the Rose Monday procession and the formal train control with his own train control car . From 1994 to 2010 this was Ady M. Schmelz. At his side are 52 train assistants, some of them motorized, who escort and organize the train. Jürgen Schmidt and Kay-Uwe Schreiber were responsible for train conductors in 2011 and 2012. From 2013 onwards, Kay-Uwe Schreiber was the sole train marshal. Markus Perabo has been train marshal since 2016. Independent of the employees of the MCV, around 1400 additional people are involved in the Rose Monday procession: municipal employees (including around 100 employees of the municipal waste disposal companies), police officers (over 500 officials), fire fighters as well as doctors and medical services (over 500 people) .
Distance
Since 1838 there have been a total of 35 different routes for the Mainz Rose Monday procession. The last time the train route had to be changed was in 1995, when the increasing number of visitors made it impossible to carry out the train in parts of the old town, especially in Augustinerstraße , for safety reasons. The current train route is over 7 km long and takes you from Mainz Neustadt to the old town in 4 hours .
The starting point of the Mainz Rose Monday procession are the streets around Josefstrasse and Boppstrasse. This is where the individual groups line up and are instructed by MCV trainers. From Boppstraße the train to Kaiserstraße first goes in the direction of the main station, then shortly before it makes a 180 ° turn and gets to the other side of the street in the direction of the Rhine . He circles the Christ Church and turns into Bauhofstrasse. From there the train path leads to the Große Bleiche, the Große Langgasse and over the Ludwigsstraße to the Gutenbergplatz , Theater and Höfchen . The train continues along the Mainz Cathedral via the Domplätze to Rheinstrasse and turns there in a southerly direction onto Rheinstrasse. Via Holzhofstraße, Weißliliengasse it goes back to Ludwigsstraße and on to Schillerplatz and along the Carnival fountain. The train path leads over Schillerstraße to Münsterplatz, where the train then dissolves.
The Rosenmontagszug must be approved by the road traffic authority of the city of Mainz according to § 29 StVO . It is therefore an event ... for which the roads are used more than normal.
Financing and train badge
The execution of the Rosenmontagszug in Mainz currently costs around 360,000 euros. The MCV is solely responsible for raising this sum; there are no previous grants from the city of Mainz. Part of this sum is brought in through sponsors and advertising income; The MCV's income from its own carnival sessions is also included.
In order to secure the financing, which was often problematic in the past, the MCV introduced train badges (in Mainz : Zuchplakettcher ) in 1950 for the first Rose Monday procession of the post-war period . Adam Krautkrämer, a member of the “Great Mainz Carnival Committee” and the owner of the company (Blech) Berg, today Bericap , used the tool with which two years earlier the shields for the first post-war Catholic Day in Mainz were made. The first motif was the bajazz with a lantern and a quirk . Today these are small plastic figures to hang around the neck with an annually changing motif. The sales proceeds, which in the 2007 campaign with 50,000 train badges sold, amounted to around 200,000 euros (excluding production costs), will be used in full to finance the train. In January 2008, the three millionth train badge since 1950 was sold.
At the respective club anniversaries, representatives of the individual Mainz Carnival Guards, typical characters of the Mainz Carnival such as the Till , the bajazz with the lantern or the popular Mainz Schwellköpp serve as motifs for the figures . The motif 2010 was a cycling fool on a "60", as the train badge was 60 years old at that time.
For over 50 years, Klaus Eigenbrodt († 2017), known as "Plaquette Klaus" in Mainz, was out and about in the old town bars of Mainz with the following slogan:
“The same thing every year, money is tight, breeding is teier. That's why you should have a badge, this pretty one, so that you can look at it. "
Composition and participants of the platoon
| Number of train participants | 2015 | 2013 | 1997 |
|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of participants | 9571 | 9714 | 8450 |
| Train numbers | 158 | k. A. | 208 |
| Garden | k. A. | 21st | 25th |
| societies | k. A. | 49 | 15th |
| groups | k. A. | 32 | k. A. |
| Music groups | 87 | 21st | 95 |
| Total number of musicians | 2565 | 2966 | 3100 |
| Flag and Schwellkopp bearer | 71 | 90 | 100 |
| equestrian | 160 | 178 | 200 |
| dare | 160 | 155 | 120 |
| including motif wagons | 13 | 15th | 15th |
The Mainz Rose Monday procession now consists of almost 9,500 active participants from Germany and abroad, who are divided into almost 150 individual train numbers. Almost 3,000 of the 10,000 train participants are there as musicians. Traditionally, all Mainz Gardens are represented on the train, with the Mainz Ranzengarde, the oldest Mainz Carnival Guard, leading the train since 1838. The large Mainz Gardens are usually made up of foot troops, cadet corps, equestrian corps, music, fanfare or drumming corps and accompanying vehicles. In addition, there are carnival guards and music bands from the surrounding area and all parts of Germany, with the geographical focus of the foreign train participants involved in southern Germany. The Guggenmusik groups from southern Germany and Switzerland, who take part in the Rose Monday procession in relatively large numbers, are a special part of the Rose Monday procession that has long been an integral part. Often these groups have been involved in the Mainz street carnival since Shrove Saturday.
Other participants are the larger Mainz carnival clubs such as the MCV, the Mainz Carneval Club (MCC), the Mainz Narren Club (MNC), the Kastel Carnival Club (KCK) and other foolish clubs, regulars and small groups. The SWR , the ZDF , the Mainz Bakers' Guild, the Mainz Butchers Guild or the 1. FSV Mainz 05 are more or less regular participants in the Rose Monday procession. The procession marshal as the organizer of the Rose Monday procession takes part with his own car.
An essential aspect of the train since the beginning have been the large motif wagons built by the MCV. These gloss over inner-city or regional as well as national or global issues. The planning and construction of the motif wagons will start in autumn of the previous year. All motive wagons will be set up on Shrovetide Sunday in the city center on Ludwigsstraße as part of the event Tanz auf der Lu and presented to the public. A total of 154 motif wagons and wagons from the gardens and corporations took part in 2008.
The flag and standard bearers organized by the MCV also have a long tradition. These carry oversized flags with the traditional carnival colors of Mainz: red-white-blue-yellow. The typical Mainz carnival symbols Weck, Worscht and Woi are carried forward as standards . The same applies to the Mainz Schwellköppe, which has been running at various points on the train since the early 1920s. These are oversized paper mache heads that satirize typical Mainz characters and physiognomies. A separate carnival club is responsible for participating in the Mainz street carnival.
Media presence
Since it was first held in 1838, the Rosenmontagszug has enjoyed an above-average media presence. While only the local media reported at first, the Rose Monday procession in Mainz in 1845 was already the subject of a large illustrated report in the Leipziger Illustrirten Zeitung . In 1910 the train was filmed for the first time and shown in city cinemas. From the 1920s there were live broadcasts on the radio. Since 1954 the Südwestfunk (SWF, today Südwestrundfunk , SWR) has been broadcasting the train on television. In the mid-1990s, ZDF also decided to broadcast it live from Mainz, the ZDF headquarters. The location of the cameras of both television stations is Ludwigsstrasse. However, since 2007 ZDF has withdrawn from broadcasting.
Live broadcasts on television in particular reach a large audience: in 2000, one in three television viewers saw the live broadcast on ARD or ZDF; that was 1.41 million viewers on ZDF and 1.72 million on ARD.
More carnival parades in Mainz
In addition to the Mainz Rose Monday procession, there are other smaller parades in the city center and the city districts. The main phase of the carnival campaign begins on January 1st of the year with the New Year's parade of the Garden through the old town of Mainz and the parade of the Garden in Gonsenheim . On Carnival Friday , a smaller move to follow Hechtsheim . On the following Saturday , the second largest Mainz carnival parade, the Mainz youth mask parade, as well as other carnival parades in Gonsenheim and Kastel / Kostheim will take place. On Sundays , the “ Finther Zest for Life” with an estimated 50,000 spectators and a smaller Bretzenheim parade follow. On Shrove Tuesday the cap ride decide, in the center of Mainz, the " scared Melle -Dienstagszug" in Mombach and a further move to Drais ( "Draaser move") Mainzer Straße carnival.
literature
- Günter Schenk : Mainz Helau! Manual for the Mainz Carnival. Leinpfad Verlag, Ingelheim 2004, ISBN 3-937782-07-9 .
- Friedrich Schütz : The modern Mainz Carnival. In: Franz Dumont , Ferdinand Scherf , Friedrich Schütz (Eds.): Mainz. The history of the city. 2nd Edition. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1999, ISBN 3-805-32000-0 , pp. 809-834.
- Mainzer Carneval-Verein 1838 eV (Hrsg.): Ewe kektiven de Zug. The history of the Mainz street carnival 2001. 100th Rose Monday procession in Mainz since 1838. Self-published, Mainz 2001, ISBN 3-00-007160-1 .
- Günter Schenk: When the princess joined the prince. The Mainz Rose Monday in the bourgeois era (1856-1878) In: Mainz. Quarterly issues for culture, politics, economics, history. 6th vol., H. 1, ISSN 0720-5945 , 1986, pp. 6-16.
Web links
- mainzer-fastnacht.de
- fastnacht-mainz.de
- mainz.de - Mainz Carnival
- Mainz Carneval Association 1838 e. V.
- Allgemeine Zeitung Mainz - motif car of the 2015 campaign
References and comments
- ↑ to Schenk: Mainz Helau! , Pp. 42-43.
- ↑ quoted from Schenk: Mainz Helau! , P. 43.
- ↑ quoted from Schütz: Die modern Mainz Fastnacht. P. 810.
- ↑ The name "Ranzengarde" comes from "Ranzen", colloquially in the Mainz dialect for "big belly". This is where the " tall guys " of the Prussian King Friedrich II were satirized. Only those who had a waist circumference of at least six feet were allowed to join the guard or who could at least make it with a pillow.
- ^ Friedrich Schütz: The modern Mainz Carnival. , P. 812.
- ↑ quoted from Günter Schenk: Mainz Helau! , P. 54.
- ^ Friedrich Schütz: The modern Mainz Carnival. , P. 815.
- ^ Friedrich Schütz: The modern Mainz Carnival. , P. 820.
- ^ Friedrich Schütz: The modern Mainz Carnival. , P. 821.
- ^ Friedrich Schütz: The modern Mainz Carnival. , P. 824.
- ^ Günter Schenk: Mainz Helau! , P. 58.
- ↑ Hedwig Brüchert: Labor battle, Aryanization, work slaves. Aspects of Economic Life in Mainz in the Times of National Socialism. P. 6.
- ^ Ulrich Hausmann: Magenza - the Jewish Mainz. in: Franz Dumont, Ferdinand Scherf (editor): Mainz - people, buildings, events. A city story. Zabern, 2010 p. 270.
- ↑ Mainz cancels Rose Monday procession due to a storm ( memento from February 7, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) heute.de, February 7, 2016.
- ↑ Pageant for the 200th anniversary of Rheinhessen ( Memento from May 8, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) City of Mainz, accessed on May 8, 2016.
- ↑ after MCV: Ewe comes de train. , P. 100.
- ↑ § 29 StVO "Excessive road use"
- ↑ after MCV: Ewe comes de train. , P. 114.
- ↑ MCV - Press release and statistics 2015.
- ↑ Michael Bermeitinger: Carnival in Mainz: Train plaques have been popular collectibles for 66 years in: Allgemeine Zeitung Mainz from January 23, 2016, en ligne
- ↑ MCV press release from February 25, 2014, p. 6 (PDF)
- ↑ sensor - Special for Carnival: The "Badge-Klaus"
- ↑ MCV website - press information and statistics: Mainzer Rosenmontagszug 2015
- ↑ MCV website - press information and statistics: Mainzer Rosenmontagszug 2013
- ↑ Fassenacht uf de Gass on the website of Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz .
- ^ Selection of newspaper reports after the Second World War.
- ↑ after MCV: Ewe comes de train. , P. 106.
- ↑ SWF Pressedienst, 8th week of broadcast 1954 ( Memento of the original from May 1, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
