Mayovka
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Majowka
Georgenburg Маёвка
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Majowka ( Russian Маёвка , German Georgenburg ) is a district of the city of Chernyachovsk in the Russian Oblast of Kaliningrad .
geography
Majowka is four kilometers northwest of the city center of Chernyachovsk (German: Insterburg).
history
Middle Ages and Modern Times
In the High Middle Ages, the area was under the influence of the Teutonic Order . At the time when Hartmann von Grumbach was Landmeister of the order, there was an attempt to build a castle here around 1260, which was then continued in 1336. There was already a mare farm here during the time of the order.
The Castle George Castle is located on the north bank of the Inster near its junction with the Angrapa River (Angerapp) for Pregel . After the castle was destroyed in the Lithuanian Wars in 1364 and 1376 , it was rebuilt as a stone structure around 1385-1390 and soon afterwards a bailey was added to the west of the main wing. Nevertheless, it was taken again in 1403 by the Lithuanians and their Prince Wiltold . In 1657 it was badly damaged by the Tatars and in 1679 it was occupied by the Swedish general Gustaf Horn . In the 19th century the castle was rebuilt and expanded several times.
The region's population, decimated by wars and the plague, was replenished by the settlement of Lithuanians, Salzburgers and Swiss.
Georgenburg Stud
From 1709 Georgenburg was leased as a domain . Among the councilors v. Keudell (father and son, 1752–1799) started a famous horse breeding here. After 1807 the domain was sold to the wealthy Insterburg merchant Johann Albert Heyne, who had moved from Gröningen near Halberstadt to East Prussia at the turn of the century. It was acquired from his heirs in 1828 by William Simpson (the Elder) , a member of an old Scottish family who lived in Coupar Angus in the county of Perthshire , Scotland . Simpson built the largest East Prussian private stud here with mainly pure-bred Trakehners. Under the name "Wiesenburg", the stud became the setting for the novel "The Barrings" by William von Simpson (d. J.) from the 1930s. This two-volume family saga tells the story of a family of the East Prussian landed gentry over several generations from the founding years to 1914. In 1899 the Prussian state bought the estate back and Georgenburg became the seat of the old Insterburg state stud again.
At the end of the German period there were 310 East Prussian warmblood stallions of Trakehner origin and 130 Rhenish draft horses, who bred over 17,000 mares. Martin Heling (1889–1980) was the last land stableman since 1937 . He considered this largest state stud to be the most important in terms of breeding in Prussia. Organizationally, it was assigned to the main Trakehnen stud . Some of the valuable breeding horses could be saved from the Soviet occupation in the west of the Reich, most Trakehner died unnaturally in the winter of 1944/45.
A cattle fattening facility existed on the site until 1970 . From 1961 horse breeding started again. In 1998 there were 200 horses, 16 of them stallions. Trakehners, Holsteiners and Hanoverians are held.
Since 2002 the stud has been rebuilt under its old German name Georgenburg by a Russian private company and its buildings have been restored. An international horse show takes place every September.
Former management, today a hotel in the Georgenburg Stud (2013)
Stud building (2013)
Horse stable (2013)
Stable ruin before restoration (before 2000)
Georgenburg District (1874–1945)
On March 11, 1874, Georgenburg became Amtsdorf and thus gave its name to the corresponding district . He belonged to the circle Insterburg in Administrative district Gumbinnen the Prussian province of East Prussia and originally consisted of five rural municipalities (LG) or agricultural estates (GB) of which existed on January 1, 1945, three:
| Surname | Change of name (1938–1946) |
Russian name | Remarks |
|---|---|---|---|
| Georgenburg (GB) | Mayovka | ||
| Georgenburgkehlen (LG) | Kleingeorgenburg | Timiryasevo | |
| Leipeningken (LG) | Georgental (since 1928) | Dowatorovka | |
| Nettienen (GB) | Krasnaya Gorka | 1928 incorporated into the rural community of Leipeningken | |
| Zwion (GB) | Dowatorovka | 1929 incorporated into the rural community Georgental |
POW camp 1945 to 1949
The internment and prisoner-of-war camp 445 Georgenburg for German prisoners of war existed on the stud grounds from 1945 to 1949 . It was traversed by around 250,000 prisoners, of whom around 16,000 died here. Only a small number of them can have found space in the small community cemetery , which is marked with crosses by the Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge as the KGL cemetery.
Majowski selski sowet / okrug 1954–1997
The village soviet Mayovsky selski sowet (ru. Маёвский сельский Совет) was established in June 1954. He was mainly the successor of the simultaneously dissolved Gremjatschski selski sowet . There were also some places from the Kaluschski selski sowet , including the administrative seat of Majowka. After the collapse of the Soviet Union , the administrative unit continued to exist as the village district of Majowski selski okrug (ru. Маёвский сельский округ). In 1997, the remaining places in the village district (including Mayovka) were distributed to the city of Chernyachowsk and the village districts of Kalinowski selski okrug , Kaluschski selski okrug and Kamenski selski okrug .
| Place name | Name until 1947/50 | Remarks |
|---|---|---|
| Antropowo (Антропово) | Klaukallen, 1938–1945: "Timberquell" | The place was renamed in 1950 and was initially assigned to the village soviet Gremjatschski. It was probably connected to Gremjachye before 1975. |
| Bryanskoye (Брянское) | Tarputschen, 1938–1945: "Tarpen" | The place was renamed in 1950 and was initially assigned to the Kaluschski village soviet. It was left before 1988. |
| Dowatorovka (Доваторовка) | Zwion | The place was renamed in 1947 and was initially included in the village soviet Gremjatschski. |
| Glasunowo (Глазуново) | Graewenswalde | The place was renamed in 1950 and was initially assigned to the village soviet Gremjatschski. It was abandoned before 1975. |
| Gornostajewo (Горностаево) | Padrojen, 1938–1945: "Drojental" | The place was renamed in 1947 and was initially included in the village soviet Gremjatschski. It was abandoned before 1975. |
| Gremjachye (Гремячье) | Groß Berschkallen, 1938–1945: "Birches" | The place was renamed in 1947 and was initially the administrative seat of the village soviet Gremjatschski. |
| Karpovo (Карпово) | Alischken, 1938–1945: "Walddorf" | The place was renamed in 1947 and was initially included in the village soviet Gremjatschski. It was left before 1988. |
| Kazantsevo (Казанцево) | Daupelken, Ksp. Berschkallen , 1938–1945: "Seitenbach" | The place was renamed in 1950 and was initially assigned to the village soviet Gremjatschski. It was left before 1988. |
| Katschalowo (Качалово) | Grüneberg and Triaken, Ksp. Berschkallen , 1938–1945: "Tricken" | The place was renamed in 1950 and was initially assigned to the village soviet Gremjatschski. It was left before 1988. |
| Kosmodemjanowo (Космодемьяново) | Crank | The place was renamed in 1950 and was initially assigned to the village soviet Gremjatschski. It was left before 1988. |
| Kowylnoe (Ковыльное) | Klein Berschkallen, 1938–1945: " Small birches " | The place was renamed in 1950 and was initially assigned to the village soviet Gremjatschski. It was probably connected to Gremjachye before 1975. |
| Krasnaya Gorka (Красная Горка) | Nice bees | The place was renamed in 1947 and was initially included in the village soviet Gremjatschski. |
| Krugloje (Круглое) | Roßthal | The place was renamed in 1947 and was initially included in the Kaluschski village soviet. |
| Krylowo (Крылово) | Myrtenhof and Thieslauken, 1938–1945: "Tiesfelde" | The place was renamed in 1950 and was initially assigned to the village soviet Gremjatschski. It was abandoned before 1975. |
| Lopatino (Лопатино) | Lepaloths and Löblauken | The place was renamed in 1950 and was initially assigned to the village soviet Gremjatschski. It was probably connected to Gremjachye before 1988. |
| Majowka (Маёвка) | Georgenburg | The place was renamed in 1947. Administrative headquarters |
| Melnichnoe (Мельничное) | Leipeningken, since 1928: Georgental | The place was renamed in 1950 and was initially assigned to the village soviet Gremjatschski. It was probably connected to Dowatorowka before 1975. |
| Nagornoje (Нагорное) | Geswethen, 1938–1945: "Landwehr (Ostpr.)" | The place was renamed in 1947 and was initially included in the Kaluschski village soviet. |
| Nismennoye (Низменное) | Pleinlauken, 1938–1945: "Rosenthal" | The place was renamed in 1947 and was initially included in the Kaluschski village soviet. |
| Ostrogorki (Острогорки) | Big chunk | The place was renamed in 1947 and was initially included in the village soviet Gremjatschski. |
| Perelesnoye (Перелесное) | Pagelien | The place was renamed in 1947 and was initially included in the Kaluschski village soviet. |
| Pechorskoye (Печорское) | Neu Lasdehnen, 1938–1945: "Neuwalde" | The place was renamed in 1950 and was initially assigned to the village soviet Gremjatschski. It was abandoned before 1975. |
| Prirechnoe (Приречное) | Gillischken, 1938–1945: "Insterblick" | The place was renamed in 1947 and was initially included in the Kaluschski village soviet. |
| Prokofjewo (Прокофьево) | Trumplauken, 1938–1945: "Trumplau" | The place was renamed in 1950 and was initially assigned to the village soviet Gremjatschski. It was abandoned before 1975. |
| Rodnikowo (Родниково) | Snappen, 1938–1945: " Snap " | The place was renamed in 1950 and was initially assigned to the village soviet Gremjatschski. It was deleted from the location register in 1997. |
| Shchedrino (Щедрино) | Pusberschkallen, 1938–1945: "Unterbirken" | The place was renamed in 1950 and was initially assigned to the village soviet Gremjatschski. It was left before 1988. |
| Semlyanichnoe (Земляничное) | Small pessaries | The place was renamed in 1950 and was initially assigned to the village soviet Gremjatschski. It was abandoned before 1975. |
| Sowchosnoje (Совхозное) | Sterkeninken, 1938–1945: "Starkenicken" | The place was renamed in 1947 and was initially included in the village soviet Gremjatschski. |
| Timirjasewo (Тимирязево) | Georgenburgkehlen, 1938–1945: "Kleingeorgenburg" | The place was renamed in 1947 and was initially included in the village soviet Gremjatschski. |
| Volgino (Волгино) | Paskirsnen, 1938–1945: "Kirsnen" | The place was renamed in 1950 and was initially assigned to the village soviet Gremjatschski. It was abandoned before 1975. |
After the dissolution of the village district in 1997, the places came
Majowka and Timirjasewo to the city of Chernyakhovsk ,
Krugloje and Perelesnoje in the Kalinowski selski okrug ,
Nagornoje , Nismennoje and Priretschnoje in the Kaluschski selski okrug ,
and
Dowatorowka , Gremjatschje , Krasnaya Gorka , Ostrogorki and Sovchosnoje in the Kamenski selski okrug .
religion
church
Evangelical
See the main article: → Church of Georgenburg
The Protestant parish church, which is still used today as a ruin , was built in brick in 1693 - as a successor to a church that was mentioned in 1429. The tower was only added in 1847. The interior of the church contained rich carvings from around 1700 on the pulpit altar and on the galleries. An organ was installed around 1770. The sprawling parish included more than 40 towns in which 5,200 parishioners lived in 1925. The parish of Georgenburg was incorporated into the parish of Insterburg in the church province of East Prussia of the Church of the Old Prussian Union until 1945 . The Evangelical Lutheran parish in Tschernjachowsk (Insterburg) is the closest parish for today's Mayovka . It is assigned to the Kaliningrad provost of the Evangelical Lutheran Church of European Russia .
Catholic
Georgenburg resp. Majowka had or does not have its own Catholic church. Before 1945 the Catholic church members of Georgenburg belonged to the parish of St. Bruno in Insterburg in the Diocese of Warmia . Even today, the St. Bruno Parish Church, built in 1912 and re-assigned in 1994, is the closest Catholic church to Majowka.
Attractions
Buildings
- The Georgenburg or Schloss Georgenburg fell into ruin in the decades after the war : the main building of the Georgenburg from the time of the order was a brick building with a diamond pattern on a high field stone base with deep cellars. The parts of the building that still exist today date from the time of construction around 1350 to 1380. The graceful octagonal tower on a square floor plan with a diamond pattern is probably the last of the original four corner towers of the wall. Parts of the wall front from the time of the order have been preserved from the outer bailey, supported by strong buttresses on the slope. The other buildings were from the 19th and 20th centuries.
- Georgenburg Stud : rebuilt from ruins (through neglect and fires) from the end of the 1990s in the old style (the second half of the 19th century) and used
- Small museum about the history of the stud
graveyards
- Small cemetery of the German village and estate Georgenburg: northeast of the castle, on a hill above the Inster valley. The residents of Georgenburg who died by 1945 and a small number of the 16,000 German inmates who died in the internment and prisoner of war camp from 1945 to 1949 rest here . A simple stone cross with an inscription and groups of three memorial crosses from the German War Graves Commission are reminiscent of the latter .
- Gravesite of the Heyne family (predecessors of the Simpsons): only the surrounding walls are left. The fallen and broken tombstone of Leopold and Emma Heyne was left as it was found in 1993. It is intended to remember the former residents of Georgenburg who were buried in the churchyard and whose graves were destroyed.
- Grave of George von Simpson (1853 to 1899), manor owner in Georgenburg
- Lettering on a stable wall from the time of the prisoner-of-war camp: "Death or Siberia", in memory of the fate of the German soldiers affected
- Horse cemetery
There used to be a beautiful ensemble of castle, tall manor buildings and the parish church of Georgenburg . Unfortunately, this Protestant church, built in 1693 on a hill above the Instertal and completed with a new tower in 1847, no longer exists today.
The ruins of a Bismarck tower, which was inaugurated in 1913, are located in Kleingeorgenburg, neighboring to the southwest ("Georgenburgkehlen" until 1938) . It was built in the core of bricks, clad with field stones.
Personalities
Sons and daughters of the place
- William von Simpson (* 1881, † 1945 in Scharbeutz (suicide)), German writer, son of the manor owner George von Simpson (* 1853, † 1899). However, the neighboring estate Nettienen is also given as the place of birth .
- Otto Drengwitz (* 1906, † 1997 in Berlin), German sculptor
- Jürgen Regge (* 1940), German legal scholar
Other personalities related to the place
- George William von Simpson (the elder) (* 1820 in Plicken , † 1886 in Georgenburg), manor owner in Georgenburg, successful horse breeder, member of the Prussian manor, member of the Conservative Reichstag.
- George von Simpson-Georgenburg (* 1853, † 1899), last owner of the manor in Georgenburg (preserved grave cross in the cemetery in Georgenburg). He was the third generation of the Simpson family on Georgenburg. He was ill, went blind and shortly before his untimely death sold the estate and stud to the Prussian state. George von Simpson is the father of the writer William von Simpson .
literature
- F. Zschokke: About Georgenburg near Insterburg . In: New Prussian Provincial Papers . Volume 6, Königsberg 1848, pp. 66-72. and continued on pp. 124–136.
Web links
- History of the castle and the Majowka estate - Georgenburg
- The resurrected Georgenburg Stud
- Конный забод "Георгенбург"
- The Georgenburg Stud in Prussia (PDF; 1.9 MB)
Individual evidence
- ↑ Konrad Joseph von Bachem : attempt of a chronology of the grand masters of the German order from 1190 . Münster 1802, p. 19
- ↑ Max Toeppen : Historisch-Comparative Geographie von Preussen , 1858, p. 221.
- ^ Rolf Jehke, Georgenburg district
- ↑ Erich Maschke (Hrsg.): On the history of the German prisoners of war of the Second World War . Verlag Ernst and Werner Gieseking, Bielefeld 1962 - 1977.
- ↑ Through the Указ Президиума Верховного Совета РСФСР от 16 июня 1954 г. № 744/54 «Об объединении сельских советов Калининградской области» (Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR of June 16, 1954, No. 744/54: About the Kalovradet Oblast Association)
- ↑ The village district (as a village soviet) was removed from the OKATO directory in amendment 29/2000.
- ^ After it no longer appeared in the register of places as of 1988.
- ↑ Evangelical Lutheran Provosty Kaliningrad ( Memento of the original dated August 29, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
