Marienkapelle (Bad Kissingen)

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Lady Chapel

The Marienkapelle is a Roman Catholic church in the Bavarian spa town of Bad Kissingen . It belongs to the Bad Kissingen architectural monuments and is registered under the number D-6-72-114-25 in the Bavarian list of monuments .

The chapel was initially dedicated to Mary , the Mother of God ; During renovation work under the master builder Balthasar Neumann in the 18th century, St. Burkard , first bishop of Würzburg , became its new patron.

The surrounding chapel cemetery belongs to the Marienkapelle .

history

Altar of the Lady Chapel

Beginnings

In connection with the foundation of three fields of March 2, 1286 by the shoemaker Konrad zu Nüdlingen, there is evidence of a new church being built in Kissingen for this year, but it is uncertain whether this refers to the Marienkapelle or the Jakobuskirche in Kissingen city center. The first clear documentary evidence of the Marienkapelle dates from June 5, 1348 and refers to a foundation for the construction of a new church by the Münnerstadt Herrmann Wunder and his wife Katharina; The tower substructure was built during this time. The first known documentary mention of the chapel cemetery , which was made necessary by the numerous victims of the plague, also dates from 1348 .

In its early days , the Marienkapelle , consecrated to Mary , the mother of Jesus, was still outside the Kissingen city walls; accordingly, when 1348 is mentioned, a “capella extra muros”, ie a “chapel outside the walls”, is mentioned. Mainly in the Marienkapelle , which also served as a cemetery church, funerals of Kissing aristocrats took place; it was also the destination of pilgrimages.

The historian Michael Stöger suspected that Otto von Botenlauben , landlord of the Botenlauben castle ruins in Reiterswiesen (today part of Bad Kissingen) , was the builder of a "Marienkapelle", which was located at the location of today's Sparkasse Bad Kissingen . This theory is considered improbable in relation to today's Marienkapelle , on the one hand due to the foundation of Herrmann Wunder and his wife and the lack of documentary evidence for Otto von Botenlauben as the founder of the Marienkapelle . Furthermore, there was no need for Otto von Bodenlauben to donate a church building in the city at all, as there was a chapel at Bodenlaube Castle . Stöger could have meant a St.Katharina church , which is mentioned in a Münnerstadt monastery document of April 30, 1357.

The church tower's only bell was built as early as 1413, with a diameter of 80 centimeters and a weight of 310 kilograms. As an inscription on two buttresses of the late Gothic church choir shows, its construction was donated by Peter von Herbilstadt in 1446 and carried out by Heinrich Zabenstein in 1456.

Modern times

From 1631 to 1645, the effects of the Thirty Years' War also made themselves felt in the Marienkapelle . The Kissingen pastor Pistorius reported that the altars of the chapel "were all profaned and opened" . During this time, Pastor Pistorius also buried Protestant Christians in the Marienkapelle , such as Susanna Catharina Postlerin († May 21, 1634; wife of Joachim Holländer, the head of the salt works) and the virgin Rosina († 1635, daughter of Albert von Erthal).

Pilgrimages

The Lady Chapel has been a destination for pilgrimages since the 16th century . In 1635 originated in Hausen and small fallow (neighborhoods today from Bad Kissingen) the custom, on Thursday after Candlemas , the "victim Thursday," a procession to St. Mary's Chapel hold to thank for this is that both places from the consequences of plague in that Year were spared. This procession took place for the last time in 1961, as the constantly increasing traffic made it impossible. While the residents of Nüdlingen pilgrimage to the chapel on April 25th ( Markustag ), the village of Arnshausen (now part of Bad Kissingen) began with this custom when its parish was founded in 1743.

From 1658 the Marienkapelle became the destination of pilgrimages of the newly founded Scapular Brotherhood , when it was founded under the parish priest Johannes Seuffert with the help of the Carmelite monastery in Neustadt / Saale . After a Scapular Brotherhood had already existed in Kissingen, the attempt to re-establish it by pastor Melchior Pistorius in 1629 initially failed.

The increasing number of pilgrims led from 1680 to the construction of two side chapels consecrated to St. Joseph and St. Nepomuk ; in that year the altar of the Nepomuk Chapel was built . From a letter from the mayors of Garitz and Hausen (both today districts of Bad Kissingen) to Prince-Bishop Friedrich Karl von Schönborn-Buchheim from 1745, the year 1690 is recorded as the year of inauguration of both chapels. Over time, the side chapels were repeatedly rebuilt, but demolished again in 1840 on the orders of the Royal Government.

Redesign under Balthasar Neumann

Dr. theol. On July 7th, Johannes Laurentius Helbig, pastor of Bad Kissingen since 1700, described the structure of the church building as "extremely ruinous and therefore unavoidable to repair" and advocated appropriate building measures. He suggested financing the project by selling one acre of the Marienkapelle property . After two ambassadors from the Diocese of Würzburg examined the condition of the Marienkapelle , but no further measures were taken, Helbig again appealed to his superiors in 1702 that "the danger is increasing day by day" and "that the roof, altars, organ and other things in the church could smash or even kill people. « After a collection started in September 1725 in June 1726, which yielded 250 guilders, the builder Balthasar Neumann was commissioned with a new building of the Marienkapelle , which the Neustadt resident Benedikt Lux in the Between 1734 and 1738 the altar and pulpit were rebuilt.

On the main altar, the altarpiece, the origin of which is unknown, shows Saint Burkard , the first bishop of Würzburg and from now on patron of the chapel, in front of the Würzburg residence during the veneration of Mary . St. Burkard is flanked by sculptures of John the Baptist and the Apostle John (both inside) as well as St. Joachim and Anna (both outside). And in the tabernacle niche of the altarpiece of St. Burkard there is a figure of grace in the form of a Pietà from 1420.

The left side altar houses St. Joseph between sculptures of St. Catherine and St. Apollonia , the right side altar the Immaculate between sculptures of Elijah and Eliasus .

pulpit

  • Left side altar

  • Main altar

  • Pietà in the tabernacle niche of the main altar

  • Right side altar

In 1740 Valtin Lohr built a new sacristy.

The pulpit created by Benedikt Lux is provided with volutes on the basket and sound cover. Opposite the pulpit is a Trinity altar from around 1700 with a representation of the Holy Trinity and St. Barbara . The altar is decorated with twisted columns and veils made of heavy acanthus .

On September 29, 1744 the solemn inauguration of the Marienkapelle in its new form took place under Johannes Bernardus Mayer, the auxiliary bishop of the diocese of Würzburg and the presence of 12 priests and two monks. In this context, the auxiliary bishop confirmed 73 Kissinger children.

Lightning strike of 1790

A lightning strike hit the tower of the Marienkapelle on May 7, 1790 and caused considerable damage in the building. The image of Mary on the tower fell into the lake. The statue of Our Lady with baby Jesus inside was buried under a pile of stones and was later replaced, although undamaged. Kirchner Betzer sold them in 1842 to Mother Superior from the Ursuline Monastery in Würzburg, who was in Kissingen for a cure .

The tower was restored by Philipp Krug from Trimburg; Johann Adam Schuh from Neustadt / Saale made a new picture of the Virgin Mary, which was gilded by Johann Nepomuk Lenz (painter from Neustadt / Saale). The Kissingen master mason Jörg Joseph Ströhlein renovated the altars, choir and sacristy with “food and color”. The master glaziers Joseph Weber and Georg Stehling renewed the windows.

During the raid of the French armies on June 28, 1796, "3 good towels on the altars" were stolen in the Marienkapelle, despite the deployment of a security guard.

Bavarian Kingdom

The secularization initiated by the Reichsdeputationshauptschluss of February 25, 1803 also made itself felt in the Marienkapelle , when in 1804 Elector Maximilian I. Joseph the Kissingen pastor Dr. theol. Joann Adam Huberth instructed in a letter "regarding the sale of the unnecessary Marien-Bildatzes" to catalog it and "to deliver it safely to the address of the Ober-Rathes-Assessor Wiesen as administrator of the local spiritual treasury [meaning Würzburg]" . After a few delays, a Bavarian inspector picked up the items in question, which included the silver altarpieces and 100 coins from the 16th to 18th centuries, clothes for the "miraculous image of Mary and the Christ Child on the altar". When, in the course of secularization, it was ordered in 1817 to keep the church bills for St. James and the Marienkapelle separately, this led to debts for the Marienkapelle of up to 400 guilders.

After a warning from the Royal Court of Justice to this effect, a chapel association and a chapel fund were set up in 1838 to collect donations for repairs. These had become necessary due to multiple lightning strikes, storm damage to the church roof and the poor condition of the organ. Even the altar boys' clothes were in a deplorable condition. In 1847 the chapel was restored for the first time, in the course of which the image of Mary in the church tower was newly gilded. The repairs to the interior of the church were carried out by master mason Lockinger and painter Sebastian Hofmann; the latter also took over the restoration of the altars. A painting with eight scenes from the life of Mary did not survive the renovation attempt.

In 1884 there were disputes between the city magistrate under the legally qualified mayor Theobald von Fuchs and the church administration under pastor Andreas Dietz over the ownership rights to the Marienkapelle . The city administration could only refer to a corresponding entry in the land register. The church administration asserted that according to the records from 1701 the city had never tried to preserve the Marienkapelle . The matter was settled in 1888 through a settlement between Mayor von Fuchs and Dietz's successor, Pastor Josef Krug. In this context, the city was granted the right to use the bells for burials in the chapel cemetery and waived any other claims to the Marienkapelle .

In 1887 the high altar and the side altars were renovated by the sculptor Valentin Weidner .

In 1890 a request was made to the Royal District Office to raise the church tower in order to improve its architectural reputation and the volume of the bell ringing. While the application was still being processed, the Marienkapelle had to be closed for the next five years in 1895 and the service moved to the Herz-Jesu parish church because the roof structure had become dilapidated.

This made a renewed restoration necessary in 1906, which on March 3rd of that year Luitpold of Bavaria granted "his very highest permit". While Pastor Friedrich Roth advocated a tower in the Renaissance style because it matched the style of the Marienkapelle, which was influenced by Balthasar Neumann, as well as the Bad Kissingen townscape, the decision was made in favor of the “baroque tower” favored by the Munich Architecture Committee. The roof was given an iron construction, the chapel itself its current onion dome . Inside , the artist Max Roßmann from Amorbach restored the high altar and painted the ceiling with 15 pictures from the life of Mary - Roßmann's idea of ​​a symbolic representation of the reconciliation between Bavaria and prices after the "German War" of 1866 did not materialize - as well as new glass paintings by Gustav van Treeck with six motifs depicting Mary's concern for her son Jesus. The cost of the restoration, which was led by architect Carl Krampf , amounted to 35,000 marks.

present

Another renovation took place (after preparatory work from 1970) in 1975 under the Dean of the City Pastor Wilhelm Zirkelbach (1961–1982) and carried out by the Kissingen architect Hans-Joachim Haberland († 1981). In this context, the ceiling painting by Roßmann was covered behind a new coffered ceiling and new benches from the pilgrimage church of Retzbach were installed. On October 14th (the feast of St. Burkardus) in 1975 the newly renovated Lady Chapel was presented to the public in a solemn service.

Since 2002 the Marienkapelle has been one of the stations on the “ Franconian Marienweg ”.

Facilities belonging to the Marienkapelle

Chapel cemetery

Entrance to the chapel cemetery with the Marienkapelle

The first known documentary mention of the chapel cemetery comes from 1348; At that time, the numerous victims of the plague made a cemetery necessary. In 1841 the cemetery received its first morgue, which was replaced by a new building in 1890; In 1855 and 1890 the cemetery was expanded. In 1866 the chapel cemetery was the scene of a decisive battle between Bavarian and Prussian troops in the Battle of Kissingen during the German War . In the course of the 19th century in particular, more and more elaborate graves were built in the chapel cemetery. Since the last burial took place here in the 1980s, the complex has only been looked after very carefully in the sense of a park.

Liebfrauensee

There is the 1,076 m at the entrance to the cemetery two large Liebfrauensee that served as a source of water for the fountain at City Hall and in summer thirst quencher for Kissinger citizens. The brook that rises at the Liebfrauensee flows, today built under the road surface, among other things over the Bachstraße through the city center and flows into the Bad Kissinger rose garden . The originally open stream was once used to remove rubbish and (for example, at today's Rathausplatz 5 ) to drive mills.

According to legend, the lake's inexhaustible water supply comes from a huge water depot in the Kissinger Stationsberg . Another legend reports that a giant sleeps at the bottom of the lake, which is said to be connected to the oceans; when he woke up, the Liebfrauensee would one day flood Bad Kissingen. According to the legend, the name of the Liebfrauensee comes from an apparition of the Virgin Mary, which dissuaded a young man who wanted to throw himself into the lake because of his heartache.

A wayside shrine made of sandstone from 1719 is located on Kapellenstrasse, which leads past the chapel cemetery. The 90 cm high relief attachment stands on a 1.40 meter high column and shows on the front a representation of the miracle of fourteen saints and - as a coronation figure - a figure of St. George . The back of the relief attachment shows the donor family standing in front of the cross of Christ crucified. The inscription on the 97 cm high base is framed by stylized flower bells. The wayside shrine is probably in its original location.

At the edge of Lady Lake (between Liebfrauensee and Chapel Street) is one of sandstone existing Nepomuk statue from the 18th century. The 98 cm high plinth shows a weathered relief with the saint's lintel on the front; the figure of the saint is 1.80 meters high. The representation on the base is framed in a wreath; the lettering on the frame can no longer be deciphered today. The statue was moved from its original location, a now defunct Saale Bridge, to its current location in the early 20th century .

Between the Liebfrauensee and the entrance to the chapel cemetery is a memorial for the victims of the First World War, erected in 1924 based on a design by Heinrich Salomoun from Munich . The limestone monument shows the figure of an injured, roaring lion on a square base with a broad fighter capital with soldiers' reliefs. There is also a plaque on the wall facing the cemetery with the names of fallen soldiers.

  • Wayside shrine

  • St. Nepomuk statue

  • Fallen memorial

  • Commemorative plaque with the names of those who died in the First World War

literature

  • Franz Mahr: St. Jakobus / Herz-Jesu (Marienkapelle Bad Kissingen) , Munich 1978 (No. 1115).
  • Elisabeth Keller: Die Flurdenkmale im Landkreis Bad Kissingen , Volume 1, self-published by the Landkreis Bad Kissingen, 1978, p. 56f. (Wayside shrine), p. 64 (Nepomuk free figure)
  • Edi Hahn: Bad Kissingen and its surroundings the most beautiful sagas, legends and stories , Bad Kissingen 1986, p. 26f., 31. ISBN 3-925722-01-7 .
  • Franz Warmuth: 100 Years of the Herz Jesu Parish Bad Kissingen - Contribution to the history of the Parish Bad Kissingen. Bad Kissingen 1984.
  • Denis André Chevalley, Stefan Gerlach: City of Bad Kissingen (= Bavarian State Office for Monument Preservation [Hrsg.]: Monuments in Bavaria . Volume VI.75 / 2 ). Karl M. Lipp Verlag, Munich 1998, ISBN 3-87490-577-2 , p. 43 f .
  • Georg Dehio : Handbuch der Deutschen Kunstdenkmäler: Handbuch der Deutschen Kunstdenkmäler, Bavaria I: Franconia: The administrative districts of Upper Franconia, Middle Franconia and Lower Franconia: BD I , Deutscher Kunstverlag Munich Berlin, 2nd, revised and supplemented edition, 1999, p. 70
  • Marienkapelle - Bad Kissingen . In: Josef Treutlein, Johannes Martin: Fränkischer Marienweg - Marian pilgrimage sites and places of worship in Lower Franconia . Publishing house Conventus Musicus, ISBN 3-429-02564-8 .

Web links

Commons : Marienkapelle (Bad Kissingen)  - Collection of pictures, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ^ Würzburg City Archives: Wü-Urk. 3894, original document in the main state archive in Munich
  2. ↑ L. von Bechstein: History and poems d. Minnesinger Otto von Bodenlauben , 1845, p. 195, No. 7, copy in Latin
  3. ↑ Michael Stöger: Draft for a story , Bad Kissingen, p. 12
  4. ↑ Thomas Ahnert, Peter Weidisch (ed.): 1200 years Bad Kissingen, 801-2001, facets of a city history . Festschrift for the anniversary year and accompanying volume for the exhibition of the same name. Special publication of the Bad Kissingen city archive. Verlag TA Schachenmayer, Bad Kissingen 2001, ISBN 3-929278-16-2 , p. 69
  5. ^ Carl Boxberger: History of the castle a. Office floor gazebo and its owners , in: Archiv des Histor. Lower Franconia Association , Volume 19, Part 1, Würzburg 1881
  6. ↑ a b Adolar Zumkeller: Documents and regestations on the history of the Augustinian monasteries in Würzburg and Münnerstadt , in: Sources and research on the history of the diocese and monastery of Würzburg , sources and research on the history of the diocese and monastery of Würzburg, Volume XVIII, 1st part, Würzburg 1966 , No. 117, 1357 April 30
  7. ↑ Michael Müller: 'Das Landkapitel Mellrichstadt, in Franconia sacra, history and description of the diocese of Würzburg , Würzburg 1901, reprint, Sondheim 1979, p. 165
  8. Jump up ↑ Living Congregation : Parish letter for the city parish Herz-Jesu, 3/67, Marienkapelle
  9. ^ Ulrich Glöggler: Contributions to the history of Bad Kissingen , in: Annual report of the Royal Secondary School 1897/98 , Bad Kissingen 1898, page 5
  10. ^ Parish archives Bad Kissingen, Volume V - Huberth, Johann Pfarrerin Kissingen in Tam officii divini 1795
  11. ^ Werner Eberth : Contributions to the history of Hausen and Kleinbrach , Volume 1. Theresienbrunnen-Verlag, Bad Kissingen 2009, p. 103
  12. ^ Parish archive Nüdlingen - original document from 1453
  13. ^ R. Emmerich: Chronik des Dorfes Arnshausen , Würzburg 1941, p. 135
  14. ^ Parish archives Bad Kissingen - Certificate No. 1 - Certificate from the Carmelite General FR Marius Venturinus
  15. ^ Ignaz Gropp : Collectio Novissima, Scriptorum, TOM IV - Würzburg, p. 251
  16. ↑ Pfarrarchiv Bad Kissingen - building records the Lady Chapel 1670-1790
  17. ↑ Pfarrarchiv Bad Kissingen, Volume 21 - Protocollum Capituli ruralis Muenerstadiani from anno 1700 , p 23
  18. ^ Parish archive Bad Kissingen - p. 51b
  19. ↑ Parish archive Bad Kissingen - Baptism-marriage-death registration 1683-1820; in the same book Firmmatrikel from 1716 to "anno 1744 ..." (in Latin)
  20. ↑ Pfarrarchiv Bad Kissingen: Bauakt the older parish Kissingen; Construction files of the Marienkapelle 1670–1790.
  21. ^ Ursuline monastery in Würzburg : Handwritten chronicle "The Holy Mother of God of Kissingen".
  22. ↑ a b Pfarrarchiv Bad Kissingen - Nude: Marienkapelle: Inventory of the coins and minted.
  23. ^ Parish archives Bad Kissingen - church invoice 1803. church invoice, inventory list 1793–1794
  24. ^ Parish archive Bad Kissingen - revision of the church invoices from 1837/1838 to 1841/1842
  25. ↑ Pfarrarchiv Bad Kissingen - Act: Lady Chapel 1790-1900
  26. ^ Parish archives Bad Kissingen - Marienkapell new building - Minutes of the church administration 1836 - 1891, volume 15
  27. ↑ State Archives Würzburg - Statistical collection 714I
  28. ^ Parish archive Bad Kissingen - Marienkapelle from 1790
  29. ^ Parish archives Bad Kissingen - Volume 16 - Church administration protocol book 1892–1963
  30. ↑ Franconian Volksblatt Würzburg around 1910
  31. ↑ "Fränkischer Marienweg" - Route 4 (graphic representation)
  32. ↑ "Fränkischer Marienweg" - Route 4 (graphic representation) ( Memento of the original from May 18, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / images.kirchenserver.net
  33. ↑ C. Bender: Der Liebfrauensee in Bad Kissingen , in: Gemeinnützige Wochenzeitschrift , organ of the polytechnic Central Association, Würzburg 1873

Coordinates: 50 ° 12 ′ 6 ″  N , 10 ° 5 ′ 4 ″  E