Mark on the Drava

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The Mark an der Drau ( Mark Pettau, Mark behind the Drauwald, marchia transsilvana, county behind the Drauwald , also lower Karantaner Mark ) was a historical area in the Middle Ages. It was launched in the second half of the 10th century to life, ranging from the eastern border of the old Carolingian - Carantanian Gaugrafschaft Jauntal the Drava down east to under Pettau in the area of Friedau ( Ormož ) and was to after 1147 top Carinthian Mark connected or went on in the later Duchy of Styria .

geography

The Carinthian county of Jaun (Jaune, Jaunetal) had its eastern border toll station presumably in Hohenmauthen (Muta), beyond that the dense Drava forest began, which only thinned in front of today's Maribor (Marburg only emerged after 1147; in Feistritz (Bistrica pri Rušah, approx. 10 km west of Maribor) was the internal border customs of the Pettauer Mark , documented in 1093 , as the "Mark behind the Drauwald" was also called after its central place Pettau.)

The course Wölka (Velka) -Tschermenitzen (Črmenica) -Graben is assumed to be the boundary line in the Drava Forest itself. The areas west of this line - Mahrenberg (Radlje ob Dravi), Hohenmauthen (Muta), Saldenhofen (Vuzenica) and Windischgraz ( Slovenj Gradec ) - still belonged to the Duchy of Carinthia (from 976) in the narrower sense. In the north, the Mark extended to the ridge of the Possruck and further east to the Mur , in the south to the Sann - Drann -Wasserscheide, the border in the east to the Kingdom of Hungary was rather vague, the rule of Ankenstein (Borl) was until Maximilian I. . an autonomous area in general ( free property ). Polstrau (Središče ob Dravi), on the other hand, was a Hungarian fiefdom or fiefdom from the Archbishopric of Salzburg until 1803. (Ebner)

history

Emergence

Through the battle on the Lechfeld in 955, the Hungarian danger was averted for the time being and the empire was subsequently (970–980) secured against threats from the southeast by the establishment of a wide brand belt . These included the Mark on the Danube , the Mark on the Mur , the Mark on the Drau , the Mark on the Sann , which at that time stretched far across the Sava to the south and included the Windische Mark , as well as the brands Krain and Istria . The march of Verona , including Friuli , was annexed to the northern half of the empire in 952.

In 980 a Count Rachwin is mentioned, in whose county a certain Willihalm (father of the later Margrave Wilhelm von der Sann ) is presented by Emperor Otto II with the later rule of Weitenstein (Vitanje).

Donation deed of Otto III. for Count Rachwin from 985

985: On the intervention of Duke Heinrich of Carinthia , Otto III. 15 King's hooves to Count Rachwin in Roßwein (Razvanje, south of Maribor). The present recipient is probably identical to Count Rachwin from 980.

Until around 1005 the area was co-administered by Aribo, "Margrave in the Jaunetal ", a brother of Bishop Albuin von Brixen and a member of the highly free Aribonen family , which in addition to large possessions in Bavaria, Salzburg and Carinthia also in Styria , namely around Leoben and Straßgang was wealthy as well as in the Drava and Sann area. (Mell)

Church organization

According to the division of the ecclesiastical care areas in 811 by Charlemagne into the area of ​​the Patriarchate of Aquileia (south of the Drava) and that of the Archdiocese of Salzburg (north of the Drava), several parishes, original parishes with vicariates and private churches of the nobility, were established in the 12th century . summarized in archdeaconates :

North of the Drau to the Possruck , in the area of ​​the Archdiocese of Salzburg, the parishes were subordinated to the Archdeacon of the Lower Mark . Only the Mahrenberg district belonged to the Archdeaconate of Lower Carinthia (also to Salzburg). The old political border between the march and the duchy applied here.
The archdeaconate Sanntal stretched south of the Drava to the Save , and even beyond the river still included Ratschach (Radeče) and Schärfenberg (Svibno). However, the parishes of the Windischgraz and Saldenhofen districts were subordinate to the Aquileiens Archdeaconate of Carinthia . Here, too, its eastern border coincided with the political border between the Duchy of Carinthia and the Mark. (Ebner)

Spanheimer

In 1122, Duke Heinrich IV of Spanheim- Carinthia transferred the count's power in the march behind the Drauwald to his brother Bernhard ; at the same time its administrative district was enlarged up to Unterdrauburg ( Dravograd ). (Mell)

Traungauer (Otakare)

Count Bernhard was married to Kunigunde, the daughter of the Styrian Margrave Ottokar II ; Due to his will, all of his allodes and ministerials as well as the margravial fiefdom fell to Ottokar III from Traungau due to Bernhard's death in the Second Crusade near Laodicea in Asia Minor in 1147 . ; z. B. the dominions of Marburg, Lembach (Limbuš), Radkersburg and the ministerials of Marburg, Lembach, Haidin and Dranneck or Treun, furthermore the bailiwick of the Salzburg dominion of Pettau . The political dependency of the Mark on Carinthia died out. (Ebner)

1164 donated Margrave Ottokar III. from Spanish inheritance the Seiz Charterhouse to consolidate his sovereignty. (Ebner)

Babenberger

At the turn of the 12th to the 13th century, the Friedau district was wrested from the Hungarians by the Salzburg Ministerial Friedrich von Pettau . (Mell)

Hungary, Bohemia

After the Babenbergs died out in 1246, their legacy, Austria and Styria, was a natural object of the desire of many rulers; In 1254 the Styrian Drau area with large parts of the rest of Styria fell to Hungary in the Peace of Ofen , but as early as 1260 Ottokar von Böhmen succeeded in annexing all of Styria after the victory in the Battle of Kressenbrunn . In the battle of Dürnkrut and Jedenspeigen in 1278, in which Ottokar was defeated by Rudolf I , Ottokar is said to have been killed by a Mahrenberger. ( Seifried von Mahrenberg , an outstanding Styrian noble, had been tortured and killed a few years earlier by Ottokar for trivial reasons.) (Reichel)

Habsburgs

The march umb Marchpurg is mentioned in 1336 . (Mell)

1362 fell to the Habsburgs nor the area of ​​Windischgraz ( Slovenj Gradec ), which had been owned by the Patriarchs of Aquileja since 1228 (before that Count of Andechs , see Heinrich von Istrien ), but belonged neither to Styria nor to Carinthia. In 1407 it was verifiably part of Styria, but it was not until 1482 that it was finally assigned to the Styrian dukes. (Ebner)

literature

  • Herwig Ebner : The political and constitutional position of the Traungauer in the former Lower Styria . In: Gerhard Pferschy (Ed.): Becoming of Styria. The time of the Traungau . Festschrift for the 800th return of the elevation to the duchy. Verlag Styria, Graz et al. 1980, ISBN 3-222-11281-9 , ( publications of the Steiermärkisches Landesarchives 10), pp. 277-307.
  • Rudolf Reichel: Outline of the Styrian national history . 2nd completely revised and enlarged edition. Leuschner & Lubensky, Graz 1884.
  • Anton Mell : Outline of the constitutional and administrative history of Styria . Ed .: Historical Provincial Commission for Styria. Publishing house of the university bookstore Leuschner & Lubensky, Graz - Vienna - Leipzig 1929 ( literature.at ).

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Wilhelm III., Count in Karantanien at "Genealogie Middle Ages"
  2. ↑ 985 October 17, Ettenstadt , Regesta Imperii II Sächsisches Haus (919-1024) - RI II, 3.
  3. ↑ Aribo, Markgraf in Jaunetal for "Genealogy Middle Ages"