Mile Budak

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Mile Budak

Mile Budak (born August 30, 1889 in Sveti Rok , † June 7, 1945 in Zagreb ) was a Yugoslav writer , publicist and politician . As a leading political figure in the fascist Ustaše movement, he was, among other things, chief propagandist as Minister for Religion and Education, as well as envoy in Germany and foreign minister of the independent state of Croatia . Budak was considered an ideologist of the Ustasha movement and the spiritus rector of the persecution of Serbs and Jews .

In addition, Mile Budak was one of the most successful Croatian writers in the 1930s as a well-known and prominent author with his stories from the Lika peasant life , including his main work “Herdfeuer” , which was known in Germany at the time.

Life

Childhood and youth

Mile Budak was the youngest of nine children in a peasant family in the small village of Sveti Rok in today Croatia belonging Lika born. His father died a week before he was born from an illness that he contracted while working in the forest. His mother and sister Kata took care of his upbringing.

He attended elementary school in his place of birth until his eldest brother, who worked as a tax officer in Bosnia , took him in for further training and thus he came to high school in Sarajevo in 1902 . In high school he wrote his first poem and became the chairman of the secret Croatian national student organization Mlada Hrvatska (Young Croatia). He earned his living through the care of two brothers, a grant from the Croatian cultural association Napredak. (Progress) and giving your own lessons.

In the autumn of 1910 he enrolled at the Philosophical Faculty in Zagreb and initially studied geography and history. In addition to his studies, he worked as an employee of the Statistical Office in Zagreb. He later switched to law. By working as a secretary in a law firm, he was able to contribute to his living. Through his work in the organization Mlada Hrvatska - now legal at the university - he met Ante Pavelić , with whom he was arrested in 1912 for separatist agitation.

When the First World War broke out, Budak, who had just finished his military service and married, was drafted into the Austro-Hungarian army and transferred to the Serbian front as an officer in the Croatian Landwehr. He was slightly injured, fell ill and was captured by the Serbs in 1915 in the field hospital in Valjevo . In captivity, he survived typhus and the two-month march with the retreating Serbian army through Macedonia and Albania. He was finally interned in Muro Lucano , Italy , and did not return to Croatia until 1919, which had meanwhile become part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes .

On his return he received his doctorate in law (Dr. jur.) From the Faculty of Law in Zagreb in 1920 and from 1923 worked as a lawyer in his own law firm.

Political activity

Budak was politically active in the Croatian nationalist Hrvatska stranka prava (Croatian Party of Law), which mainly spoke out in favor of an independent Croatian state. Budak represented this point of view as the author and editor of various magazines and, until 1928, also as the city councilor of Zagreb .

In 1929, the Serbian king established a royal dictatorship and the country was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. The Croatian nationalist Hrvatska stranka prava was banned, the freedom of the press was abolished and the unions were dissolved. The Croatian symbols (flag, coat of arms, anthem) were banned. Ante Pavelić then emigrated abroad and founded the national terrorist Ustasha movement, which fought with armed force for a Greater Croatian state. Budak's political activities during this period earned him seven months in prison without investigation.

In the hospital after the attack on him (1932)

On June 7, 1932, the Yugoslav royal association Mlada Yugoslavija (Young Yugoslavia) carried out an assassination attempt on Budak with the support of the Yugoslav police. He was attacked by three people at noon in a doorway on the busy Ilica Street in Zagreb. Budak suffered head and body injuries from a shot in the head and blows with iron sticks. The attack method chosen was the same as in the fatal attack on Milan Šufflay a year earlier.

After his recovery, Budak went into exile with his wife Ivka (née Toma) in Italy, where he joined the Ustasha movement. He stayed in Germany (Berlin) and Italy (near Naples). During his stay in Germany, Budak maintained contacts with the German military intelligence service and the Foreign Policy Office of the NSDAP .

During this time, Budak actively campaigned for Croatia's independence, but disapproved of the terrorist activity of the Ustasha movement under Ante Pavelić and was not privy to the Ustasha movement's greatest coup - the assassination attempt on Alexander I in 1934. In 1934 he became the deputy leader of the Ustaše, a position he held until the war.

On June 23, 1938, Budak wrote to the Embassy of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia to return with his wife and daughter from exile in Italy ( Salerno ). The then Yugoslav Prime Minister Milan Stojadinović was interested in a repatriation of the prominent Ustasha in order to facilitate rapprochement between the Croatians and the Belgrade government. Budak's relations with Pavelić were tarnished for many reasons at the time. He disapproved of the terrorist activities and was angry that he had not been privy to the plans to assassinate Alexander I. This exposed him to the risk of arrest in Italy as well. He also sharply disapproved of the fact that Pavelić had already promised Mussolini to cede large parts of Dalmatia in the event that he came to power in Croatia. Budak agreed to assist Stojadinović in establishing normal relations between Belgrade and Zagreb. With Budak, 220 of a total of 508 Ustashe in Italy, which had not been involved in any criminal acts, were repaired from Italy.

On July 6, 1938, he returned to his homeland. Budak's negotiations with the leader of the Croatian Peasant Party , Vladko Maček , were unsuccessful and Stojadinović was not prepared to continue working with Budak alone. Afterwards, together with Mladen Lorković and others, supported by some of the Ustaschers who had returned from exile , he managed and organized the further work of the domestic Ustascha , in the new society Uzdanica (hope) disguised as a savings and aid community and the special formation for the academic community Youth Ustaški sveučilišni stožer (Ustasha University Headquarters). In 1939 he founded the weekly newspaper Hrvatski Narod ( Croatian People ), which served as the Ustaša's journalistic organ. The newspaper published anti-Jewish articles and reports and was banned a year later, in March 1940.

From February 15 to April 12, 1940, Budak was arrested again without trial in connection with a bomb attack. His wife was killed in unexplained circumstances during his detention.

About this time after the First World War, Budak later wrote:

“ The 22 years in which we were forced to live in uninterrupted struggle with Serbia left a heavy mark on the national body in every respect, especially in the economic field. Undoubtedly, since we were systematically pillaged from Belgrade, we have paid proportionally larger reparations than any other people in Europe. The systematic looting went so far that even furniture furnishings were transferred from offices in Zagreb to Belgrade. Worst of all, our people have been under the most corrupt administration all this time. In this struggle for life and death, of course, we ourselves trained our people to sabotage this state structure at every turn. "

Budak (center) in the uniform of a Doglavnik in the war winter of 1944/45. To his right the Croatian admiral Đuro Jakčin ; to the left of Budak a captain of the Croatian Air Force Legion

After the German invasion of Yugoslavia and the subsequent break-up of the Yugoslav state in 1941, the Ustasha established the Independent State of Croatia (NDH) as a vassal state of the Axis Powers , for which Budak initially served as envoy and plenipotentiary minister in the Third Reich in Berlin.

Budak was one of the leading men in the nationalist Ustaše government. As a so-called Doglavnik, he was a member of the leadership council of the Ustascha headquarters, which consisted of a maximum of 12 Doglavniks (including Mladen Lorković , Andrija Artuković and Slavko Kvaternik ) and which he chaired from April 12 to 16, 1941. Budak was appointed as chief propagandist in the first Ustaše government as Minister of Religion and Education. At that time he spoke in favor of the expulsion of Serbs from the NDH state. He also openly announced the government's intention to take all measures to cleanse the NDH of Serbs, Jews and Sinti and Roma and to shape it into a fully Catholic state. As Minister of Religion and Education, in August 1941, he and Pavelić signed a decree on the Croatian language, which banned the Serbian language and the use of non-Croatian words in businesses, companies or organizations.

In his function as Foreign Minister (April 23 to November 5, 1943) he accompanied Ante Pavelić on an official state visit on April 26, 1943 with other Croatian state representatives. He met Adolf Hitler at Schloss Kleßheim near Salzburg , the “Führer’s Guest House”, and sat by his side over lunch.

Budak represented a Croatian-nationalist and anti-Serbian position in his offices and expressed, for example, on June 6, 1941 in Križevci :

“ The Serbs came to our areas because they followed the Turkish gangs, as looters and scum from the Balkans. We cannot allow two peoples to rule in our nation-state. There is only one God and there is only one people that rules: and that is the Croatian people. Those who came to our fatherland two or three hundred years ago may go back to where they came from […] You have to know that we are a state with two different beliefs: Catholic and Muslim. "

Budak was also considered an ideologue of the Ustasha movement, whose goal was "by all means, even in armed uprising, to free Croatia from the foreign yoke so that it becomes an independent and independent state in its entire national and historical area" and theirs Reign was overshadowed by numerous atrocities.

In this function, he mainly represented two theses:

“ 1. The Croats represent a very specific original ethnic unit, they are not part of any other people, and together they and other tribes cannot be made into a third people. It must be particularly emphasized that there has never been a Serbo-Croat, Croat-Serb or Yugoslav people in the past and of course there is no such thing today. "

“ 2. The Croatians belong to the Slavic language group, but from their ancestry they are obviously a cross between Slavic and Gothic blood, and we Croats believe that we are a very successful cross of this species. "

Quotation often ascribed to Budak

"We will kill a third of the Serbs, deport another third and we will force the last third into the arms of the Roman Catholic religion and thus make them Croatians"

etc. it is about Serbian war propaganda. Orthodox clergy passed these alleged statements to German authorities, so that they were incorporated into documents of German origin without written evidence. To this and the other alleged quotation "Srbe na vrbe" (hang the Serbs on the willow trees!) Budak said:

“ It is said that I invented this and propagated it. However, this is an old Austrian slogan from the First World War, and not mine! It is also the untruth that I am the author of the slogan: Slaughter a third, drive away a third! "

In 1941 Budak intervened in favor of the pro-communist writer Miroslav Krleža , who had been arrested by the Gestapo . Upon his intervention, Krleža was released a few days later. After the assassination attempt on Budak in 1932, Krleža publicly stood up for Budak.

Writing activity

Advertisement from 1942

Mile Budak was an important Croatian narrator in the period between the world wars, who wrote short stories and novels and was also active as a journalist. The scenes of his stories are mostly his rural homeland, the Lika , but also the big city of Zagreb.

Already a committee member of the most important Croatian cultural association Matica hrvatska , Budak was also a member of the board of directors of the newly founded "Association of Friends of Burgenland Croats " ( Društvo prijatelja gradišćanskih Hrvata ) in Zagreb in 1932 . The association was banned by the Yugoslav central government in 1934, as the unity of Yugoslavia should be promoted and not individual ethnic groups. At Budak's suggestion, the Croatian Bibliographical Publishing Institute ( Hrvatski izdavalački bibliografski zavod , HIBZ for short ), the state-owned publishing company of the Independent State of Croatia, was founded in August 1941 . Together with the Croatian writers Mihovil Kombol , Milan Begović , Dobriša Cesarić , Slavko Kolar , Zvonko Milković and Ivan Goran Kovačić , Budak belonged to the European Writers' Association since 1943 .

Due to his political activity, it is still difficult to appreciate Budak as a writer without bias. During his lifetime he was well recognized. Under the Ustasha , he was highly praised as inappropriate regime bedeutendster Croatian writer of the present because of his political role after 1945 is also inappropriate as insignificant village writers denigrated or even concealed as an artist.

After the collapse of communist Yugoslavia and Croatia's independence, Budak was rediscovered as a narrator, but is still ideologically controversial today. While in some cities ( Zagreb , Dubrovnik , Knin , Slavonski Brod , Sisak , Pag and Mostar ) streets were named after him and a memorial was erected in his place of birth, others refer to his role as an ideologue of the Ustasha movement, which is known for these reasons should in no way honor. The monument was demolished by order of the Croatian authorities; some of his books continue to be published in Croatia today.

Budak wrote a total of 121 works, which were published in 213 publications and translated into 9 languages, including Bulgarian, French, German, Slovak, Spanish and Italian.

His most important work is the almost 1000-page family and peasant novel Herdfeuer (original title: Ognjište ), in which the landscape as well as the old folk life and folk customs of the Lika are described. In this novel "he elevates the life of his Lika farmers to an epic symbol of human warfare on earth".

Escape and death

At the end of the war, Budak fled to Klagenfurt on May 7, 1945 with his daughter Grozda and a group of ministerial officials . On May 18, 1945 he was captured by the British Army and handed over to the communist Tito partisans along with other Croatian refugees . Budak was indicted on June 6, 1945 in Zagreb by a military court of the II Corps of the Yugoslav People's Liberation Army, along with nine other high-ranking representatives of the Independent State of Croatia, and sentenced to death as a war criminal on the same day . During the trial, Budak protested his innocence. No evidence was produced and no witnesses heard in the one-day fast-track trial . The Yugoslav press reported extensively on the trial. On 7 June 1945 the death sentence was at dawn by hanging enforced . His grave is unknown.

family

Budak with his daughter Grozda
(May 1945)

His daughter Grozda (Grozdana Agata, born March 17, 1924) was executed without trial and buried in a mass grave on May 25, 1945, a few days after her capture with her father.

His daughter Neda (born February 4, 1921) married the son of Mirko Puk , the Ustasha functionary Krešimir Puk (alias Peter Poock) and emigrated to the USA with their daughter Marijana (born 1943) after the Second World War . Neda died in a car accident in the state of Iowa on March 16, 1995, at the age of 74 .

His only son Zvonko (Zvonimir, born July 20, 1914) left Croatia after graduating from high school in 1933 to study accounting at Youngstown State University in Ohio . He became a US citizen and changed his name to Frank M. Berger. His birth name is also noted on his tombstone, so that it can be assumed that he did not carry out the name change in order to distance himself from his father. As a US soldier, he took part in World War II and the Korean War. He died at the age of 80 on November 13, 1994 in Memphis (Tennessee) . On his death he left behind his wife Carolin E. Berger († 2000), his two sons Michael A. Berger and Stephen E. Berger as well as seven grandchildren and one great-grandchild.

Works

Novels and short stories (first publications)

  • Pod gorom: Ličke priče [ Under the mountain: stories from the Lika ]. Contains: Pod gorom , Zmijar , Pravi čovjek , Privor , U snijegu i ledu , Zemljice majko and Grgičine gusle . Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 1930.
  • Raspeće: Zapisci jednog malog intelektualca [ The Crucifixion: Writings of a Little Intellectual ]. Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 1931.
  • Na ponorima [ On abysses ]. Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 1932.
  • Opanci dida Vidurine: Ličke novele [ The Opank grandfather of Vidurina: Novellas from the Lika ]. Contains: Naš Gospodin nad Likom , Čiji je Velebit , Bilovića prijatelji , Suvez , Vinota dušča , Jožića tejaci , Dakanov Garov , Jolino oranje , ʼE lʼ vira ?! Vuk šeponja and Opanci dida Vidurine . Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 1933.
  • Director Križanić: Rodoljub i dobrotvor [ Director Križanić: Patriot and Benefactor ]. Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 1938.
  • Ognjište: Roman iz ličkog seljačkog života [ The hearth: a novel from the rural life of the Lika ]. Volume 1-4. Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 1938.
  • Na Veliki petak: Pripovijetke [ On Good Friday: stories ]. Contains: Gospodin Mirko , Finale , Pravo na život , Adamović dd and Na Veliki petak . Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 1939.
  • Rascvjetana trešnja: Roman iz suvremenog života [ cherry tree in blossom: novel of modern life ]. Volume 1-4. Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 1939.
  • Dolarov unuk [ The grandson of the dollar ]. In: Hrvatsko kolo: Književno-naučni zbornik. Volume XXI. Redovno izdanje Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 1940, p. 50 ff.
  • San o sreći: Stara priča na nova pokoljenja [ The dream of happiness: old stories about new generations ]. Volume 1-2. Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 1940.
  • Musinka: Posebno poglavlje romana »Ognjište« [ Musinka: Separate chapter of the novel »The stove« ]. Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 1941.
  • Ratno roblje: Albanski križni put austrougarskih zaroblenih časnika [ Prisoners of War: The Albanian Way of the Cross of captured Austro-Hungarian officers ]. Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 1941.
  • Na vulkanima [ On the volcano ]. Volume 1-2. Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 1941/42.
  • Vučja smrt, i druge pripovijesti [ Death of a wolf, and other stories ]. Contains: Vučja smrt , Do ʼednom , Kukavica vazda strada , U snjegu i ledu , Moja kokica , Opanci dida Vidurine and Naš Gospodin nad Likom . Jeronimska knjiga, Zagreb 1941.
  • Privor. Vučja smrt [ Privor. Death of a wolf ]. Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 1941.
  • Izabrane pripoviesti [ Selected Stories ]. Contains: Opanci dida Vidurine , Čiji je Velebit , Jolino oranje , Na Veliki petak , ʼE lʼ vira ?! Vučja smrt , Pod gorom , Adamović dd Zmijar , Privor , Zemljice, majko! and Grgičine gusle . Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 1943.
  • Kresojića soj: Roman grozd iz ličkog seljačkog života [ The Kresojić race: collection of novels from the rural life of the Lika ]. Volume 1: Kresina , Volume 2: Gospodin Tome [ Mr. Tome ], Volume 3: Hajduk [ The Robber ]. Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 1944/45.

Novels and short stories in German translation (first publications)

  • Who owns the Velebit . In: European Review . Vol. XII, No. 2 . Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart / Berlin 1936, p. 122–128 (original title: Čiji je Velebit . Zagreb 1933.).
  • The three-legged wolf . In: Dr. Franz Hille (ed.): Croatian and Bosnian novels . Adolf Luser Verlag, Vienna / Leipzig 1940, p. 101–120 (Original title: Vuk šeponja . Zagreb 1933.).
  • Fran Galović . In: German newspaper in Croatia . Volume I, No. 17 , 1941, pp. 9 f .
  • Ratno Roblje . In: New order . Volume I, No. 1 , 1941, p. 11 f . (Original title: Ratno roblje: Albanski križni put austrougarskih zaroblenih časnika . Zagreb 1941. fragment).
  • Hajdukenrache . In: Novellas . Hrvatski izdavalački bibliografski zavod, Zagreb 1942, p. 5–26 (Original title: ʼ E l ʼ vira ?! Zagreb 1933.).
  • The snake catcher . In: Novellas . Hrvatski izdavalački bibliografski zavod, Zagreb 1942, p. 63–92 (Original title: Zmijar . Zagreb 1930.).
  • Grgicas Gusle . In: Novellas . Hrvatski izdavalački bibliografski zavod, Zagreb 1942, p. 27-61 (Original title: Grgićine gusle . Zagreb 1930.).
  • Grandfather Dujmina . In: Novellas . Hrvatski izdavalački bibliografski zavod, Zagreb 1942, p. 93–160 (original title: Pod gorom . Zagreb 1930.).
  • In the league . In: Josef Bobek (ed.): The brown shoes and other Croatian novels . Felix Meiner Verlag, Leipzig 1942, p. 90-97 (Original title: Suvez . Zagreb 1933.).
  • When the measure is full! In: Voices from the Southeast: Journal of the Southeast Committee of the German Academy . No. 9/10 . German Art and Publishing Institute, Munich 1942, p. 141–143 (Original title: Do ʼ ednom . Zagreb 1941.).
  • Hearth fire . In: Croatia builds on: Second annual harvest in words and pictures from the weekly "New Order" . Europa Verlag, Zagreb 1943, p. 42 (Original title: Didovo ognjište . Poem).
  • Hearth fire . Karl H. Bischoff Verlag, Berlin / Vienna / Leipzig 1943 (Original title: Ognjište: Roman iz ličkog seljačkog života . Zagreb 1938.).
  • My chicken . In: Voices from the Southeast: Journal of the Southeast Committee of the German Academy . No. 1/2 . German Art and Publishing Institute, Munich 1943, p. 3–8 (Original title: Moja kokica . Zagreb 1941.).
  • Our dear Opsenica . In: Croatia builds on: Second annual harvest in words and pictures from the weekly "New Order" . Europa Verlag, Zagreb 1943, p. 43-47 .
  • At the end of a loyal companion . In: New order . Vol. IV, No. 186 . Europa Verlag, Zagreb 1945, p. 9 (Original title: Lesina . Fragment).
  • The Colonel's Visit . In: New order . Vol. V, No. 75 . Europa Verlag, Zagreb 1945, p. 5 (Original title: Lesina . Fragment).

Political Writings

  • Izdanje Hrvatskoga kola u Sjedinjenim Državama i Kanadi (Ed.): Hrvatski narod u borbi za samostalnu i nezavisnu Hrvatsku državu [The Croatian people in the struggle for an independent and independent state of Croatia] . o. O. ( Youngstown ) 1934.
  • El pueblo croata en la lucha por su independencia [The Croatian people fighting for their independence] . Buenos Aires 1936.
  • The independent state of Croatia . In: European Review . Vol. XVIII, No. 6 . Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart / Berlin 1942, p. 291-297 .

Stage works

Autobiography

  • Mile Budak: Sam o sebi [about yourself] . In: Ognjište . tape 4 . Matica hrvatska, Zagreb 1939, p. 139-151 .

See also

literature

To person

  • Slaven Ravlić, Mladen Švab: BUDAK, Mile . In: Darko Stuparić (ed.): Tko je tko u NDH: Hrvatska 1941. – 1945. [Who is who in the NDH: Croatia 1941–1945] . Minerva, Zagreb 1997, p. 53-55 (Croatian).
  • Ivo Petrinović: Mile Budak: portret jednog političara [Mile Budak: portrait of a politician] . 2., ext. Edition. Književni krug, Split 2003, ISBN 953-163-207-3 (Croatian).
  • Tomislav Jonjić, Stjepan Matković: Iz korespondencije dr. Mile Budaka: (1907.-1944.) [From the correspondence of Dr. Mile Budak (1907-1944)] . Hrvatski državni arhiv, 2012, ISBN 978-953-7659-12-7 (Croatian).

To the work

  • Budak Mile . In: Lexicon of World Literature in the 20th Century . tape 1 . Herder, Freiburg i. Br. 1960, p. 280 f .
  • Ivo Frangeš: History of Croatian Literature: From the Beginnings to the Present . Böhlau Verlag, Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 1995, ISBN 3-412-08995-8 , literature between the wars a. BUDAK, MILE, S. 349-357 et al. 629 f .
  • Zvonko Marić (ed.): Zbornik radova o književniku Mili Budaku [collection of works on the writer Mile Budak] . Brattia, Split 1998, ISBN 953-6735-00-8 (Croatian).
  • Zvonko Marić (ed.): Zbornik radova o književniku Mili Budaku II. [Collection of works on the writer Mile Budak II.] Brattia, Split 2000, ISBN 953-6735-02-4 (Croatian).

Web links

Commons : Mile Budak  - collection of images, videos and audio files
Wikiquote: Mile Budak  - Quotes (Croatian)

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Aleksandar Flaker : An encounter on the Baltic Sea . In: Volker Bockholt, Matthias Freise, Werner Lehfeldt, Peter Meyer (eds.): Finis coronat opus: Festschrift for Walter Kroll on his 65th birthday . Universitätsverlag Göttingen, 2006, ISBN 3-938616-48-2 , p. 63 ( gwdg.de [PDF; accessed on July 8, 2013]).
  2. ^ Robert William Seton-Watson : RW Seton-Watson and the Yugoslavs: Correspondence 1906-1941 . Ed .: Hugh Seton-Watson. tape 2 . British Academy, 1976.
  3. ^ Hans Hinterhäuser, Jens Malte Fischer, Aleksandar Flaker: New manual of literary studies: Between the world wars . Ed .: Klaus von See, Thomas Koeber. tape 20 . Academic Publishing Company Athenaion, Wiesbaden 1983, p. 533 .
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j Heinrich Schaudinn: Mile Budak. In: Voices from the Southeast: Journal of the Southeast Committee of the German Academy. Booklet 1/2, Deutsche Kunst- und Verlags-Anstalt Munich 1943, p. 2.
  5. ↑ a b c d e f Hermann Proebst: Doglavnik Dr. Mile Budak, poet and fighter. In: Croatia marches: First annual harvest in words and pictures from the weekly “New Order”. Europa Verlag, Zagreb 1942, p. 54.
  6. ↑ Aleksandar Stipčević: Albanology in Croatia: A Contribution to Historical Development. In: DARDANIA - magazine for history, culture, literature and politics, Dr. Skënder Gashi, Vienna, issue 9/2001, ISSN  1025-5338 , p. 147.
  7. ^ Gert Fricke: Croatia 1941–1944. S. 11. Freiburg: Rombach + Co GmbH, 1972.
  8. ↑ Ivo Omrčanin: Dramatis Personae and Finis of the Independent State of Croatia in American and British Documents. P. 18. Bryn Mawr: Dorrance & Company, 1983.
  9. ↑ Florian Lichtträger (di Ivo Pilar ): Again and again Serbia: Yugoslavia's fateful hour . Verlag für Kulturpolitik, Berlin 1933, p. 55.
  10. ↑ a b c d Ivo Petrinović: Mile Budak: portret jednog političara . Književni krug, Split 2002. Appendix (no page number)
  11. ↑ a b c d e f Sabrina P. Ramet: Personalities in the History of the NDH . In: Totalitarian Movements and Political Religions . tape 7 , no. 4 , 2006, p. 493 .
  12. ↑ Vladeta Milićević : The regicide of Marseille: The crime and its background . Hohwacht-Verlag, Bad Godesberg 1959, pp. 98-99.
  13. ↑ Vladeta Milićević: The regicide of Marseille: The crime and its background . Hohwacht-Verlag, Bad Godesberg 1959, p. 94 u. 98f.
  14. ^ Holm Sundhaussen : Economic history of Croatia in the National Socialist metropolitan area 1941–1945: The failure of an exploitation strategy . Deutsche Verlagsanstalt, Stuttgart 1983, p. 72.
  15. ↑ Handbook of Antisemitism, Volume 6 . Walter de Gruyter, 2013, ISBN 978-3-11-030535-7 , p. 285 .
  16. ↑ Emil Čić: Petition On Mile Budak, once again: Ten facts and ten questions with an appeal in conclusion . Zagreb, August 2004. Petition On Mile Budak, once again TEN FACTS AND TEN QUESTIONS WITH AN APPEAL IN CONCLUSION ( Memento of September 27, 2004 in the Internet Archive ) In: freewebs.com
  17. ^ The independent state of Croatia. In: European Review. Vol. XVIII, No. 6, p. 295. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart-Berlin 1942.
  18. ↑ Item 5 of the Constitution of the Croatian Ustaschen Freedom Movement. In: Za Dom: Croatian correspondence for politics, economy and culture. No. 6-7, p. 4f. Zagreb, June 2, 1941.
  19. ↑ a b Edmund Glaise von Horstenau: A General in the Twilight. The memories of Edmund Glaise von Horstenau. Peter Broucek (Ed.). 3rd volume, Böhlau, Vienna 1988, p. 189.
  20. ^ John R. Lampe: Yugoslavia as History: Twice there was a country. 2000, ISBN 0-521-77401-2 , p. 208.
  21. ↑ Section I No. 8 of the decree appointing the first Croatian national government, April 16, 1941. In: Zbornik zakona i naredaba Nezavisne Države Hrvatske. No. 1, p. 8, text 12. Zagreb, June 25, 1941.
  22. ↑ Irina Ognyanova Krivoshieva: The catholic church and the ustasha nationalism in Croatia during the second world war . In: Nationalities Affairs (Sprawy Narodowościowe) . tape 33 , 2008, p. 11 .
  23. ↑ Edmund Glaise von Horstenau: A general in the twilight. The memories of Edmund Glaise von Horstenau . Peter Broucek (Ed.). 3rd volume, Böhlau, Vienna 1988, pp. 206, 208.
  24. ^ Carlo Falconi: The Silence of the Pope: A Documentation . Kindler Verlag, Munich 1966, pp. 334-335.
  25. ↑ Item 2 of the constitution of the Croatian Ustaschen freedom movement. In: Za Dom: Croatian correspondence for politics, economy and culture. No. 6-7, p. 4f. Zagreb, June 2, 1941.
  26. ↑ a b The independent state of Croatia. In: European Review. Vol. XVIII, No. 6. Deutsche Verlags-Anstalt, Stuttgart-Berlin 1942, p. 291.
  27. ↑ Alexander Korb: In the Shadow of the World War: Mass violence of the Ustaša against Serbs, Jews and Roma in Croatia 1941–1945 . Dissertation . Ed .: Philosophical Faculty I of the Humboldt University in Berlin. Berlin September 2010, 2. The Research Framework, footnote 116, p. 35 ( serbianna.com [PDF]). In the publication in In the Shadow of the World War: Mass violence of the Ustaša against Serbs, Jews and Roma in Croatia; 1941-1945 . Hamburger Edition, Hamburg 2013, ISBN 978-3-86854-259-2 , 1941: Escalation of violence, footnote 6, p. 260 .
  28. ↑ Tomislav Dulić: Utopias of nation: Local mass killing in Bosnia and Herzegovina, 1941–42 (=  Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis, 218 ). Uppsala 2005, p. 100 .
  29. ↑ Tvrtko P. Sojčić: The 'solution' of the Croatian question between 1939 and 1945: calculi and illusions . Stuttgart 2008, p. 231 .
  30. ↑ Stevan K. Pavlowitch: Hitler's New Disorder: The Second World War in Yugoslavia . London 2008, p. 32 .
  31. ↑ Milan Ilinić: Istina u Mili Budaku (The Truth About Mile Budak). In: Zbornik radova o književniku Mili Budaku. (Collection of works about the writer Mile Budak). Volume II. Split 2000, p. 297.
  32. ↑ Milovan Đilas : Years of Power: In the Yugoslav Power Play: Memories 1945–1966 . Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, Munich 1983, p. 67.
  33. ↑ Felix Tobler, Johann Seedoch, Norbert Frank (Eds.): Archivist and Librarian: Building Blocks for Regional Studies of the Burgenland-West-Hungarian Area: Festschrift for Johann Seedoch for his 60th birthday (=  Burgenland Research . Special Volume 22). Office of the Burgenland Provincial Government, 1999, p. 520 .
  34. ↑ Sabine Palatin: Sámi in Sweden and Burgenland Croats in Austria: Identity and nationbuilding in a restructuring Europe using the example of two national minorities . GRIN Verlag, 2008, ISBN 978-3-640-17952-7 , pp. 120 .
  35. ↑ Frank-Rutger Hausmann : "Dense, poet, don't meet!": The European writers' association in Weimar 1941–1948 . Vittorio Klostermann GmbH, Frankfurt am Main 2004, p. 311 f.
  36. ^ Budak, Mile 1889-1945. In: worldcat.org. Retrieved January 2, 2015 .
  37. ↑ Hrvatsko-Bošnjački Savez: Životopis Mile Budak . MILE BUDAK ( Memento from January 6, 2010 in the Internet Archive )
  38. ↑ Oskar Maurus Fontana: The great world theater: Theatherkritiken 1909-1976 . Amalthea Verlag, Vienna 1976, p. 293.
  39. ↑ Bogdan Radica: Hrvatska 1945. Knjižnica Hrvatske revije, 1974, p. 185.
  40. ↑ Nada Kisić Kolanović: Politički procesi u Hrvatskoj neposredno nakon Drugoga svjetskoga rata (Political processes in Croatia immediately after the Second World War). In: 1945. - Razdjelnica hrvatske povijesti. Hrvatski institut za povijest, Zagreb 2006, p. 85.
  41. ↑ Branko Petranović: Politička i Ekonomska osnova narodne vlasti u Jugoslaviji za vreme obnove . Institut za savremenu istoriju, Beograd 1969, p. 201.
  42. ↑ Martina Grahek Ravančić: Bleiburg i Križni put 1945 [Bleiburg and the Cross] . Hrvatski institut za povijest, Zagreb 2009, p. 246 .
  43. ^ United States Social Security Death Index, on the FamilySearch website . Retrieved February 6, 2012 .
  44. ^ United States Social Security Death Index, on the FamilySearch website . Retrieved February 6, 2012 .
  45. ^ United States Social Security Death Index, on the FamilySearch website . Retrieved February 6, 2012 .
  46. ^ Frank M. Berger (di Zvonimir Budak) in the database of Find a Grave . Retrieved January 20, 2012 (English).
  47. ^ Ivo Frangeš: History of Croatian Literature: From the Beginnings to the Present . Böhlau Verlag, Vienna / Cologne / Weimar 1995, ISBN 3-412-08995-8 , pp. 630 .
  48. ↑ Hrvatsko-Bošnjački Savez: Životopis Mile Budak . Antun Dobronić. In: operone.de. Retrieved January 2, 2015 .

[[]]

personal data
SURNAME Budak, Mile
BRIEF DESCRIPTION Yugoslav writer, publicist and politician
DATE OF BIRTH August 30, 1889
PLACE OF BIRTH Sveti Rok
DATE OF DEATH June 7, 1945
Place of death Zagreb