Military education (Austria, 1900)

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The military education and training institutes run by the Austro-Hungarian Army had the task of training officers according to their assignment and preparing young men for the officer profession.

(The military school system of the Danube Monarchy was reformed and reorganized several times. In between locations, locations were closed, relocated or newly established. Both make a closed and clear description difficult. This overview is based primarily on the regulations of 1900 for entry into the military -Education and educational institutes. The last major reform according to the current state of knowledge took place in 1874.)

Places

According to "kuk military academies, military secondary schools and the officer's orphan institute - admission requirements" (as of February 15, 1900), there were three major categories of places in the kuk military academies and military secondary schools :

Types of places

  • Arial places (completely free and semi-free)
The costs for the “completely free arial places” were paid for by the Reich War Ministry from the army budget. Those for the "semi-free arial places" were contested in equal parts by the army budget and the relatives of the pupil .
  • Foundation places (state, state, financial guard and private foundation places; completely free or semi-free)
  • Paying places
The sons of Austrian or Hungarian citizens were entitled to pay places .

Allocation of places

The Ärarial courts ( "completely free" and "semi-free") were presentation of the Reich War Ministry, the State and the State Foundation places on presentation of the Royal Hungarian State Defense or the kk Ministry of Defense of His Majesty the Emperor and King awarded.

The financial guard foundation places were awarded by the kk or royal Hungarian (ku) finance ministry.

The costs for the other foundation places were covered in full or in half by the respective foundations in accordance with their letters .

The payment places were assigned by the Reich Ministry of War. However, preference was given to pupils with good school reports, especially the sons of officers and civil servants (military, court and civil-state officials).

Candidates for military secondary schools, whose fathers were in the sixth or a higher class (service class) or whose families were wealthy, were suggested for semi-vacant places in the district.

Board and school fees

  • Food
Annual boarding fees of 800 kroner were to be paid for attending a military secondary school and 1,600 kroner for attending one of the military academies . Pupils that a "semi-free" Ärarial - or Foundation occupied -Platz had to pay only half the amounts mentioned. Students in cadet schools did not have to pay boarding money.
  • School fees
Nationals of any aspirant for a place in a military high school or a military academy, had the obligation to School 28 crowns school fees to pay. Only completely destitute twin orphans were exempt from this payment.

Military schools

With two exceptions, all of the military education and training institutions listed here served to introduce young men and boys to the profession of officer. The war school served the further training of officers already on duty and the officers' daughters education institutes offered the female offspring of active officers of the Austro-Hungarian Army a certain social security.

kuk war school

The kuk war school founded on February 14, 1852 was the highest-ranking military school in the Danube monarchy. The only school of this type was in Vienna . In order to be accepted for the two-year training course, one had to be an officer and meet certain selection criteria.

Military academies

kuk Technical Military Academy , Mödling (1904)

In 1900 there were a total of five military academies in Austria-Hungary . Three of them belonged to the army or the navy of the entire state.

In order to be accepted into a military academy, the satisfactory completion of a middle school (for example military high school) had to be proven by means of a school report . Since the entrance exam could only be taken at the relevant academy, admission was always subject to the outcome of this exam.

After three years of successful training, the pupils were retired as lieutenants.

Cadet schools (cadet institutes)

Main building of the former artillery cadet school in Traiskirchen

The education of the cadets at the cadet schools lasted according to “The kk cadet schools as military education and training institutions. Admission Conditions (1889) “ four years (infantry, artillery and engineer cadet schools) or three years (cavalry cadet school).

After successfully completing their training, the cadets were retired as deputy cadet officers and, from 1908, as ensigns . After an average of two more years of service, he was promoted to lieutenant.

In the last few years before the outbreak of World War I , however, there was a trend towards training future officers more at the military secondary schools and the subsequent visit to the military academies. The cadet schools lost their importance. The cadet schools in Kaschau , Lobzow near Cracow , Marburg and Pozsony were converted into military high schools in 1913 , after the year 1869 had brought about a "wave of founding". (The school classes ended their training in the cadet schools, but there were no new admissions.)

Locations of the cadet schools

Imperial and Royal Infantry Cadet School Graz Liebenau (around 1900)
The artillery cadet school in Traiskirchen was founded in 1903. The older one, founded in Vienna in 1869, was closed in 1907.
From 1811 there were predecessor schools, in 1869 the pioneer cadet school was established and in 1913 it was integrated into the Technical Military Academy in Mödling as pioneer classes .

Military secondary schools

The Austro-Hungarian army had both military high schools (successors to the military high schools) and military lower schools (successors to the military lower schools). The task of these two types of school was to prepare suitable students for training in one of the military academies.

In order to be accepted into a military secondary school, the school knowledge of the previous year had to be proven by means of a certificate.

Military lower secondary schools

After successfully passing an entrance exam in your own mother tongue, the internat school time lasted four years. Students of the military lower secondary schools, who had completed the 14th year of life and completed the 4th year with only sufficient success, were transferred to the 1st year of an infantry cadet school.

  • Locations (1903/1904):
    • Fischau (location founded in 1852, from 1893 military lower secondary school)
    • Kőszeg (location founded in 1856, from 1874 military lower secondary school)
    • Sankt Pölten (location founded in 1856, military lower secondary school from 1875)
    • Kismarton (1879–1909 moved to Marosvásárhely , military high school from 1909)
    • Košice

Military high schools

After successfully passing an entrance exam in German, the internat school time lasted three years. Pupils of the military high school, who finished the 3rd year with only sufficient success, were either transferred to the 3rd year of an infantry or cavalry cadet school or to the second year of the artillery or pioneer cadet school.

kuk military elementary school

The kuk military elementary school was opened in the arsenal in Vienna in 1854 because of the secluded location as a two-class elementary school to enable the sons and daughters of the members of the kuk army living in the arsenal to attend German school. If there was enough space, other students were also accepted.

In the first 40 years of its existence documented in the Festschrift, the address was changed three times:

  • Object 19 (rifle factory, from November 6, 1854)
  • Object 5 (from May 8, 1855)
  • Object 9 (from November 24, 1861)
  • Object 14

The form of the school has also changed several times:

  • two-class trivial school (from November 6, 1854)
  • four-class normal secondary school (from November 18, 1861)
  • three-class private primary school (1869, by order of the Reich Ministry of War)
  • two-class private elementary school (from August 24, 1873)

From February 12, 1887, the school was incorporated into the kuk military elementary schools under the administration of the kuk Reich War Ministry

Civilians were employed as teachers, the positions of the assistant teachers were mostly occupied by soldiers.

Educational institute for orphaned officer's sons

The educational institute for orphaned officer's sons was founded in Fischau in 1877 as a military orphanage . After it had received the designation “kuk educational institution for orphaned officer's sons” in 1891 , it was reorganized in 1898 and moved to Hirtenberg. After another renaming in 1911 , the name was: "kuk Officer's Orphan Institute".

With appropriate mental and physical aptitude, a transfer to the 1st year of an infantry cadet school took place after the 14th year of life.

Location: Hirtenberg (from 1898)

Military boys' boarding school

The military boys' boarding school was founded in 1879 . It was reorganized twice, in 1886 and 1903 .

With appropriate mental and physical aptitude, a transfer to the 1st year of an infantry cadet school took place after the 14th year of life.

Unfortunately, further information is not available.

Location: Sarajevo

kuk officer daughter education institute

The point kuk officer daughter education institute appears rather unexpectedly in this list. Her task, of course, was not to attract women for military service, but to provide social security for the offspring of female officers. Originally, Roman Catholic daughters of active officers who had lost one or both parents or whose families were in financial need were accepted. Originally, the girls were trained as educators , later also for the teaching profession or as kindergarten teachers.

Locations: kuk officier daughters education institute Hernals - kuk officier daughters education institute Ödenburg

Private

Around 1900 there were at least two private military preparatory schools in Vienna. Further information is currently not available.

See also

literature

  • The Austro-Hungarian Cadet Schools as military educational institutions. Conditions of admission. Publishing house by LW Seidel & Sohn, kuk Hof bookseller, Vienna 1889.
  • Commemorative publication for the forty-year anniversary celebration of the kuk military elementary school in the kuk artillery arsenal in Vienna on November 5, 1894. Compiled and published by the Curatorium of this educational institution. Vienna, self-published by the Curatorium, Vienna 1895.
  • Classification list of the teaching and education staff at the kuk military education and training institutes and the kuk officer daughter education institutes. Reisner's sons u. a., Vienna 1898/99 (1899) - 1912/13 (1912), ZDB -ID 1173472-3 , (title with variants).
  • The Austro-Hungarian Military Academies, Military Realschule and the Officiers Orphan Institute. Conditions of admission. Compiled according to the ordinance sheet for the kuk army, 6th item, normal ordinances, dated February 15, 1900. Verlag von LW Seidel & Sohn, kuk Hof bookseller, Vienna 1900.
  • Gerhard Janaczek: Efficient Officirs and Righteous Men. A historical journey through pictures to the military educational institutions of the k. (U.) K. Monarchy. Vitalis, Mitterfels 2007, ISBN 978-3-89919-080-9 .

Web links

Commons : Austro-Hungarian Military Schools  - Collection of images, videos and audio files