Nikita Akinfijewitsch Demidow
Nikita Akinfijewitsch Demidow ( Russian: Никита Акинфиевич Демидов ; * 8 September July / 19 September 1724 greg. On the Tschussowaja ; † 16 December July / 27 December 1789 greg. ) Was a Russian entrepreneur and patron .
Life
Demidov parents were mining - Industrial akinfiy nikitich demidov from the noble family Demidov and his second wife Jefimija Ivanovna born Palzewa. During his parents' trip from Tula to Siberia , he was born on the Chusovaya . Already in his youth he showed an interest in family business, and by the age of 19 he had above-average business acumen and the necessary knowledge of mining and metallurgy .
His father died in 1745. After influenced by his mother Testament Demidov inherited all metallurgical plants and most of the capital of the family group's , while his older stepbrothers Prokofi Akinfijewitsch and Grigori Akinfijewitsch Demidov only salt production farms and estates in the Gouverments Kazan , Kaluga , Nizhny Novgorod , Yaroslavl and Vologda received. Prokofi Akinfijewitsch Demidow complained about the unjust distribution of the paternal property to the influential Vice Chancellor Michael Larionowitsch Voronzow , and both older brothers now applied to Empress Elisabeth to repeal the will, whereupon on behalf of the Empress General Field Marshal Alexander Buturlin in the paternal inheritance laws equal parts distributed among the three brothers.
Demidow married Natalja Jakowlewna Evrejinowa (1732-1756) in 1748. Her two children died early. Demidov's second marriage to Maria Swertschkowa remained childless.
Demidow was a successful entrepreneur and founded three new metallurgical plants. He increased productivity, so that his factories eventually produced more iron than all of his father's works put together before the division of the estate. Demidow loved science and promoted scientists and artists. He gave his father's mineral collection to the curator of Moscow University Alexei Michailowitsch Argamakow . The collection was the foundation of the Mineral Cabinet at Moscow University. Demidow corresponded with Voltaire and Denis Diderot . As the first of the Demidows, he began to collect things of artistic and historical value. In 1753 Demidow bought the country estate Almasowo ( Rajon Schcholkowo near Moscow ) with the church of Sergius von Radonezh . The manor house and the restored church have been preserved.
The heir to the throne Peter III. often borrowed money from Demidow and awarded him the Order of St. Anna , which he was only to wear after the death of Empress Elisabeth. After the accession to the throne of Peter III. Demidow lost his favor and the medal was taken from him again. Catherine II gave him back the medal and appointed him Council of State ( fifth class ), without obliging him to serve.
Demidov's third wife, Alexandra Evtichievna, née Safonowa (1745–1778), a merchant's daughter, was in poor health. Medical treatments were unsuccessful, so that in 1771 the couple traveled from St. Petersburg to foreign regions for water cures . On his travels through Europe Demidow visited artists' workshops and bought paintings that he liked. Jean-Baptiste Greuze painted a number of pictures for him. In Leiden they sought out Hieronymus David Gaub , who among other things prescribed drinking mule milk and drops to strengthen the nerves and ward off hysteria . The treatment was successful. In January 1772 , Alexander Roslin portrayed him and his wife in Paris . In September 1772 their daughter Ekaterina (1772-1832) was born in Paris, who later married the infantry general Sergei Lavrentjewitsch Lwow . In November 1772, Fedot Ivanovich Schubin , who was now traveling with them, began to make marble busts of them. They toured France , Italy , England and Germany . During their return to St. Petersburg in 1773, their son Nikolai (1773-1828) was born, who later married Yelisaveta Alexandrovna Stroganowa . In 1776 the daughter Marija (1776-1847) followed, who later married the head court master Dmitri Nikolajewitsch Durnowo .
In 1779 Demidow donated a medal for success in mechanics at the Academy of Sciences . In 1786 Demidow published the journal of a journey to foreign regions with many comments on his various observations. Demidow spent large sums of money promoting young talent. He sent many of his serfs to study in Moscow and St. Petersburg, to the Academy of Arts and abroad. As a landlord and factory owner, he was strict and even cruel.
Demidow had a classicist mansion in Petrowskoye-Alabino ( Naro-Fominsk Rajon ) near Moscow on the road to Kiev not far from Desna with a model from the Villa Rotonda by Andrea Palladio from 1776–1780 by Matwei Fyodorowitsch Kasakow or Vasily Iwanowitsch Baschenow Build a park. After the October Revolution , the mansion was used as a hospital and fell into disrepair in the 1930s. During the German-Soviet War , the mansion was badly damaged in the German attack on Moscow, so that only a ruin with a few brick walls and columns has been preserved.
Web links
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c Василий Егорович Рудаков: Демидовы, семья . In: Brockhaus-Efron . tape X , 1893, p. 363–365 ( ЭСБЕ / Демидовы, семья [accessed November 16, 2017]).
- ↑ a b c d International Demidow Fund: Никита Акинфиевич Демидов (accessed November 16, 2017).
- ↑ И. Н. Юркин: Глава 5: НЕУТОМИМЫЙ ВОЯЖИР И ХОРОШИЙ ОПИСАТЕЛЬ (Никита Акинфиевич Демидов) (accessed November 16, 2017).
- ↑ Усадьба Алмазово (accessed November 16, 2017).
- ↑ Самохина Т .: К истории строительства усадьбы Петровское-Князищево . In: Матвей Фёдорович Казаков и архитектура классицизма . 1996.
- ↑ Тихомиров Н .: Архитектура подмосковных усадеб . Государственное издательство литературы по строительству и архитектуре, Moscow 1955.
| personal data | |
|---|---|
| SURNAME | Demidow, Nikita Akinfijewitsch |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | Демидов, Никита Акинфиевич (Russian) |
| BRIEF DESCRIPTION | Russian entrepreneur and patron |
| DATE OF BIRTH | September 19, 1724 |
| DATE OF DEATH | December 27, 1789 |