List of governments in exile during World War II
In the Second World War 1939–1945, numerous governments in exile were founded. They represented partly occupied states, partly warring states as counter-government,
Their own names varied a lot: some called themselves national or liberation committees, freedom council or similar, others just representation. Only the cabinets referred to in research as the government in exile are listed here, with Ethiopia and India being controversial.
Almost all of the countries listed are in Europe . This is explained by the fact that the occupied areas in Africa and Asia were predominantly European colonies without self-government that could have fled into exile.
Countries occupied by the Axis powers
Ethiopia
- Government in exile of the Empire of Ethiopia
- Emperor
Period | Surname |
---|---|
April 3, 1930 - September 12, 1974 |
Haile Selassie I. (Ras Tafari) (May 2, 1936 - May 5, 1941 in exile briefly in Jerusalem , then Bath , England, and later in Sudan) |
- Chief Minister
Period | Surname |
---|---|
May 1, 1936–1942 | Wolde Tzaddick (in exile 1936–1941) |
Belgium
- Belgian government in exile
- king
Period | Surname |
---|---|
February 23, 1934 - July 16, 1951 |
Léopold III. (May 28, 1940 - May 8, 1945 German prisoner, May 8, 1945 - July 22, 1950 in exile in Switzerland) |
September 20, 1944 - July 18, 1950 | Charles Théodore Henri Antoine Meinrad, Prince of Belgium, Count of Flanders (Regent) |
- Prime Minister
Period | Surname | Political party |
---|---|---|
February 22, 1939 - February 12, 1945 | Herzog [from 1944] Hubert Pierlot (25 May 1940 - 8 September 1944 in exile, first in France, from 25 October 1940 in London) |
PCS-KVV |
July 5, 1940 - October 31, 1940 |
Marcel-Henri Jaspar (in exile in London, in opposition, not recognized) |
CP |
CP = Parti Catholique (Catholic Party); PCS-KVV = Parti Catholique Social - Katholieke Vlaamsche Volkspartij (Social Catholic Party - Catholic Flemish People's Party)
Denmark
- Danish Freedom Council
- Chair of the Danish Freedom Council
Period | Surname | Political party |
---|---|---|
September 30, 1940 - May 15, 1942 |
Karl Gustav Anker-Petersen (executive) (in London) |
|
May 15, 1942 - May 5, 1945 |
John Guido Leo Christmas Møller (executive) (in London) |
France
- National Committee Free France and Provisional Government
- Chair of the National Committee for Free France
Period | Surname | Political party |
---|---|---|
September 24, 1941 - June 3, 1943 |
Charles de Gaulle (in London) |
military |
June 3, 1943 - November 9, 1943 | Charles de Gaulle + Henri Honoré Giraud (in Algiers ) |
military |
November 9, 1943 - June 3, 1944 | Charles de Gaulle (in Algiers) |
military |
- Chairman of the Provisional Government
Period | Surname | Political party |
---|---|---|
June 3, 1944 - January 26, 1946 | Charles de Gaulle | independent |
Greece
- Greek government in exile
- king
Period | Surname |
---|---|
November 10, 1935 - April 1, 1947 |
Georgios II (April 22, 1941 - September 27, 1946 in exile: from April 22, 1941 - end of May 1941 in Crete , then in Cairo and Johannesburg , from September 22, 1941 in London, and from March 1943 in Cairo) |
December 30, 1944 - September 27, 1946 | Archbishop Damaskinos (Regent) |
- Prime Minister
Period | Surname | Political party |
---|---|---|
April 21, 1941 - April 29, 1941 |
Emmanouil Ioannou Tsouderos (continued to rule in exile until April 13, 1944, first in Crete, then in Cairo and Johannesburg, from September 22, 1941 in London, and from March 1943 in Cairo) |
independent |
April 13, 1944 - April 26, 1944 |
Sophoklis Eleftheriou Venizelos (in Cairo) |
Theatrical Version |
April 26, 1944 - January 3, 1945 |
Georgios Andreou Papandreou (until October 18, 1944 in Cairo) |
- Heads of the Political Committee of National Liberation (government of the resistance-controlled areas, so-called mountain government , joined the government in exile)
Period | Surname | Political party |
---|---|---|
March 10, 1944 - April 18, 1944 | Evripidis Bakirtzis | military |
April 18, 1944 - September 2, 1944 | Alexandros Svolos |
KF = Comma Fileleftheron (Liberal Party)
Yugoslavia
- Yugoslav government in exile
- king
Period | Surname |
---|---|
October 9, 1934 - November 29, 1945 |
Petar II (from April 13-14, 1941 in London, October 1943 - March 1944 in Cairo, then again in London) |
Provisional regency | |
March 2, 1945 - August 8, 1945 | Srđan "Sascha" Budisavljević |
Dušan Sernec | |
Ante Mandic |
- Prime Minister
Period | Surname | Political party |
---|---|---|
March 27, 1941 - January 12, 1942 |
Dušan T. Simović (from April 1941 in London) |
military |
January 12, 1942 - June 26, 1943 |
Slobodan Jovanović (in London) |
independent |
June 26, 1943 - August 10, 1943 |
Miloš Trifunović (in London) |
SNRS |
August 10, 1943 - July 8, 1944 |
Božidar Purić (in London; October 1943 - March 1944 in Cairo) |
independent |
July 8, 1944 - January 30, 1945 |
Ivan Šubašić (in London) |
HSS |
January 30, 1945 - March 7, 1945 |
Drago Marušić (in London) |
HSS = Hrvatska Seljačka Stranka ( Croatian Peasant Party ); SNRS = Srpska Narodna Radikalna Stranka (Serbian Radical People's Party)
Luxembourg
- Luxembourg government in exile
- Grand duchess
Period | Surname |
---|---|
January 15, 1919 - November 12, 1964 |
Charlotte (9 May 1940 - 14 April 1945 in exile: France, from August 1940 London, from 4 October 1940 New York, from November 1940 Montreal ) |
- Prime Minister
Period | Surname | Political party |
---|---|---|
November 5, 1937 - December 29, 1953 |
Pierre Dupong (May 10, 1940 - September 23, 1944 in London; according to other sources, initially in Paris, later in Canada) |
PD; 1944 CSV |
CSV = Chrëschtlech Sozial Vollekspartei / Parti Chrétien-social (Christian-Social People's Party, Christian-Democratic); PD = Parti de la Droite (right-wing party, conservative, renamed CSV in 1944)
Netherlands
- Dutch government in exile
- queen
Period | Surname |
---|---|
November 23, 1890 - September 4, 1948 |
Wilhelmina (May 13, 1940 - March 13, 1945 in London) |
- Prime Minister
Period | Surname | Political party |
---|---|---|
August 10, 1939 - September 3, 1940 |
Dirk Jan de Geer (from May 13, 1940 in London) |
CHU |
September 3, 1940 - June 24, 1945 |
Pieter Sjoerds Gerbrandy (until May 23, 1945 in London) |
ARP |
ARP = Anti-Revolutionaire Partij (Anti-Revolutionary Party, Protestant); CHU = Christelijk Historische Unie (Christian-Historical Union)
There were four 'London Cabinets' .
Norway
- Norwegian government in exile
- king
Period | Surname |
---|---|
November 25, 1905 - September 21, 1957 |
Håkon VII. (April 9 - June 7, 1940 on the run in Norway, June 7, 1940 - June 7, 1945 in London) |
- Prime Minister
Period | Surname | Political party |
---|---|---|
March 20, 1935 - June 25, 1945 |
Johan Nygaardsvold (April 9 - June 7, 1940 on the run in Norway, June 7, 1940 - May 31, 1945 in London) |
DnA |
managing for Nygaardsvold | ||
May 9, 1945 - May 14, 1945 | 8 Rådmenn | |
Alv Helland | independent | |
Carl Platou | independent | |
Sverre Iversen | independent | |
Per Preben Prebensen | independent | |
Reidar Tønnesson | independent | |
Halvdan E. Stokke | independent | |
Egil Sundt | independent | |
Nikolai Schei | independent | |
May 14, 1945 - May 31, 1945 | Oscar Fredrik Torp | DnA |
DNA = Det Norske Arbeiderparti (Norwegian Workers' Party, social democratic)
Philippines
- Government-in-exile of the Philippines
- President
Period | Surname | Political party |
---|---|---|
November 15, 1935 - August 1, 1944 |
Manuel Luis Quezón Antonio y Molina (from January 3, 1942 in Washington, DC ) |
PN |
August 1, 1944 - May 28, 1946 |
Sergio Osmeña (until October 20, 1944 in Washington, DC) |
PN |
- US High Commissioners
Period | Surname |
---|---|
1939 - September 7, 1942 |
Francis Bowes Sayers (from February 23, 1942 in the USA) |
September 7, 1942 - July 4, 1946 |
Paul Vories McNutt (until August 1945 in the USA) |
PN = Partido Nacionalista (Nationalist Party)
Poland
- Polish Republic in exile
- President
Period | Surname | Political party |
---|---|---|
June 4, 1926 - September 30, 1939 |
Ignacy Mościcki (from September 17, 1939 in Romania) |
independent |
September 30, 1939 - June 6, 1947 |
Władysław Raczkiewicz (in Paris, from June 17, 1940 in London) |
independent |
June 9, 1947 - April 7, 1972 | August Zaleski | PPS / independent |
April 9, 1972 - March 24, 1979 | Stanislaw Ostrowski | independent |
April 8, 1979 - April 8, 1986 | Count Edward Bernard Andrzej Maria Raczyński | independent |
April 8, 1986 - July 19, 1989 | Kazimierz Aleksander Sabbath | independent |
July 19, 1989 - December 22, 1990 | Ryszard Kaczorowski | independent |
August 3, 1954–1972 | Council of three (in opposition) | |
1) Edward Bernard Andrzej Maria Graf Raczyński | independent | |
2) Władysław Anders (until May 12, 1970) |
independent | |
2) Stanisław Kopański (from 1970) |
Military / non-party | |
3) Tomasz Arciszewski (until November 20, 1955) |
PPS | |
3) Count Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski (1956 - August 24, 1966) |
Military / non-party | |
3) Roman Władysław Odzierzyński (1966–1968) |
Military / non-party | |
3) Stanisław Mglej (1968–1969) |
||
3) Alfred Urbański (from 1969) |
independent |
- Prime Minister
Period | Surname | Political party |
---|---|---|
May 15, 1936 - September 30, 1939 |
Felicjan Sławoj Składkowski (from September 17, 1939 in Romania) |
Military / non-party |
September 30, 1939 - July 18, 1940 |
Władysław Eugeniusz Sikorski (in Paris, from June 17, 1940 in London) |
military |
July 18, 1940 - July 20, 1940 | August Zaleski | PPS |
July 20, 1940 - July 4, 1943 | Wladyslaw Eugeniusz Sikorski | military |
July 5, 1943 - November 29, 1944 |
Stanisław Mikołajczyk (executive until July 14, 1943) |
SL |
November 29, 1944 - July 2, 1947 | Tomasz Arciszewski | PPS |
July 2, 1947 - April 7, 1949 | Count Tadeusz Bór-Komorowski | Military / non-party |
April 7, 1949 - September 25, 1950 | Tadeusz Tomaszewski | |
September 25, 1950 - January 18, 1954 | Roman Władysław Odzierzyński | Military / non-party |
Jan. 18, 1954 - June 8, 1954 | Jerzy M. Hryniewski | LNP |
June 8, 1954 - August 8, 1955 | Stanislaw Mackiewicz | BBWR |
August 8, 1955 - September 11, 1955 | Hugon Hanke | SP |
September 11, 1955 - June 25, 1965 | Antoni Pająk | PPS |
June 25, 1965 - July 16, 1970 | Aleksander Zawisza | independent |
July 16, 1970 - July 15, 1972 | Zygmunt Muchniewski | ChD |
July 15, 1972 - July 2, 1976 | Alfred Urbański | independent |
August 5, 1976 - April 7, 1986 | Kazimierz Aleksander Sabbath | independent |
April 7, 1986 - December 22, 1990 | Edward Szczepanik | LNP |
The Polish government in exile lost diplomatic recognition from the Western Allies on July 5, 1945.
BBWR = Bezpartyjny Blok Współpracy z Rządem (impartial bloc for cooperation with the government, ruling party 1928–1935); ChD = Chrześcijańska Demokracja (Christian Democracy); LNP = Liga Niezależności Polski (League for Poland's Independence); PPS = Polska Partia Socjalistyczna ( Polish Socialist Party ); SL = Stronnictwo Ludowe (People's Party); SND = Stronnictwa Narodowo-Demokratieyczne (National Democratic Party); SP = Stronnictwo Pracy (Labor Party)
Czechoslovakia
- Government in exile
(recognized July 21, 1940)
- Acting Chairman of the Czechoslovak National Council
Period | Surname | Political party |
---|---|---|
November 17, 1939 - July 21, 1940 |
Jan Šrámek (in Paris) |
ČSL |
- president
Period | Surname | Political party |
---|---|---|
July 21, 1940 - April 2, 1945 |
Edvard Beneš (in London) |
independent |
- Prime Minister
Period | Surname | Political party |
---|---|---|
July 21, 1940 - April 2, 1945 |
Jan Šrámek (in London) |
ČSL |
ČSL = Československá Strana Lidová (Czechoslovak People's Party, nationalist, conservative, member of the National Front from 1948)
Others
India
- Free India, Azad Hind
- Head of State and Prime Minister of the Provisional Government of Free India
Period | Surname | Political party |
---|---|---|
October 21, 1943 - August 18, 1945 |
Subhash Chandra Bose (called Netaji [leader]) (In exile October 21, 1943 - August 18, 1945: until November 1943 in Singapore November 1943 - November 1944 in Rangoon , Burma November 1944 - January 10, 1945 in Singapore January 1945 - November 24 , 1944 April 1945 in Rangoon, Burma April - May 1945 in Bangkok , Thailand May - 12 August 1945 in Kuala Lumpur , Malaya then again in Singapore) |
AIFB |
AIFB = All India Forward Bloc (left Indian nationalists, founded in 1939 by Subhash Chandra Bose, represented independence, pro-Japanese); Spin-off of the INC = Indian National Congress ("Congress Party")
Spain
- Spanish republic in exile
(in Mexico)
- President
Period | Surname | Political party |
---|---|---|
1940 - August 17, 1945 | Álvaro de Albornoz (executive) | IR |
August 17, 1945 - January 1, 1962 | Diego Martínez Barrio | UR |
February 11, 1962 - November 16, 1970 | Luis Jiménez de Asúa | independent |
November 1970 - July 1, 1977 | José Antonio Maldonado | IR |
- Prime Minister
Period | Surname | Political party |
---|---|---|
March 4, 1939 - August 17, 1945 | Juan Negrín López | PSOE |
August 17, 1945 - February 9, 1947 | José Giral Pereyra | IR / independent |
February 9, 1947 - August 8, 1947 | Rodolfo Llopis Ferrándiz | PSOE |
August 8, 1947 - August 13, 1951 | Álvaro de Albornoz y Liminiana | IR / independent |
August 13, 1951 - May 9, 1960 | Félix Gordón Ordás | independent |
May 9, 1960 - February 28, 1962 | Emilio Herrera Linares | independent |
February 28, 1962 - February 28, 1971 | Claudio Sánchez-Albornoz y Menduiña | UR / independent |
February 28, 1971 - July 23, 1977 | Fernando Valera Aparicio | independent |
IR = Izquierda Republicana (Republican Left, ex-UR); PSOE = Partido Socialista Obrero Español ( Spanish Socialist Workers' Party , social democratic); UR = Unión Republicana (Republican Union)
literature
- Eliezer Yapou: Governments in Exile 1939-1945, Leadership from London and Resistance at Home
- Julia Eichenberg: Power on the run. European Governments in London (1940–1944) , in: Zeithistorische Forschungen 15 (2018), pp. 452–473.
Individual evidence
- ↑ Hans-Jürgen Schlochauer (Hrsg.): Dictionary of international law. Volume 1, Verlag de Gruyter, Berlin 1960, p. 498.
- ↑ Ethiopia at worldstatesmen.org (English)
- ↑ Belgium at worldstatesmen.org (English)
- ↑ Danish Freedom Council at worldstatesmen.org (English)
- ↑ France at worldstatesmen.org (English)
- ↑ Greece at worldstatesmen.org (English)
- ↑ Yugoslavia at worldstatesmen.org (English)
- ↑ Luxembourg at worldstatesmen.org (English)
- ↑ The Netherlands at worldstatesmen.org (English)
- ↑ Norway during the occupation at worldstatesmen.org (English)
- ↑ Philippines at worldstatesmen.org (English)
- ↑ Polish Republic in Exile at worldstatesmen.org (English)
- ↑ Czechoslovak government in exile at worldstatesmen.org (English)
- ↑ Free India at worldstatesmen.org (English)
- ↑ Spanish government in exile at worldstatesmen.org (English)