Paul Grosser

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Paul Grosser, around 1930

Paul Grosser (born February 4, 1880 in Berlin , † February 7, 1934 in Saint-Germain-en-Laye ) was a German pediatrician. He completed his habilitation in 1919 as the first pediatrician at Frankfurt University. Expelled by the National Socialists in 1933, he died shortly after the start of his exile, three days after turning 54. He is the father of the political scientist and publicist Alfred Grosser .

Life

Paul Grosser was born in Berlin as the son of Eugen Grosser, a publisher from Upper Silesia, and his wife Cécilie, née Blum, from Strasbourg . There was no deep bond with Judaism within the family. He completed his school days at the Askanisches Gymnasium on September 17, 1898 with the final examination. He then began studying medicine in Berlin , Freiburg and Munich .

Grosser received his license to practice medicine on August 13, 1903 in Munich . His dissertation on the subject of the connection between pulmonary tuberculosis and trauma, which he submitted to the University of Leipzig , was dated December 19, 1903.

education

An assistant doctor position is said to have existed in Erlangen, due to the relative proximity to Munich possibly immediately after his license to practice medicine, but there is no concrete evidence.

From 1904 to 1905 he assisted in the physico-chemical department of the first German pathological institute at the Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Berlin, which was significantly influenced by Rudolf Virchow (1821-1902), under Johannes Orth (1847-1923) and Ernst Leopold Salkowski (1844 -1923).

From 1905 to 1907 he was an assistant in the internal department of the Am Urban City Hospital in Berlin with Albert Plehn (1861-1935), shortly before Alfred Döblin also became an assistant doctor there.

Grosser took on another assistant position from 1907 to 1908 at the municipal orphanage in Alte Jacobstrasse 33–35 in Berlin-Kreuzberg with Heinrich Finkelstein (1865–1942).

Then he assisted still at the University Children's Clinic of the Berlin Charité at Otto Heubner (1843-1926) and was settled briefly in Berlin before moving to Frankfurt.

  • 1904–1905: Charité Pathology

  • 1905–1907: Innere Am Urban

  • 1907–1908: Orphanage in Kreuzberg

  • 1908: Charité Children's Hospital

Establishment and First World War

From 1908 to 1911 Grosser filled the position of senior physician at the children's clinic of the municipal hospital, the forerunner of the Frankfurt University Children's Clinic , under its director Heinrich von Mettenheim († 1944) in Frankfurt-Sachsenhausen . His scientific focus was on the metabolism in the growth phase, calcium metabolism, infant and child care and social pediatrics. In 1908 Grosser also set up his own practice in Frankfurt. During the First World War , the patriotic great fought consistently as a medical officer on the war front.

Habilitation

1921–1929: Senior doctor of the municipal children's home with infant care school in Böttgerstrasse 20–22, Frankfurt am Main
from 1923: Associate professor for paediatrics at the University of Frankfurt
1929/30: Lily , Margarethe, Alfred and Paul Grosser strolling through Neue Mainzer Straße in Frankfurt am Main
1930–1933: Medical director of the Clementine Children's Hospital in Bornheimer Landwehr 110 in Frankfurt am Main

Returned after the end of the war, he settled down again as a pediatrician with his own practice in Frankfurt am Main in 1919 and completed his habilitation on July 26, 1919 as the first pediatrician at Frankfurt University.

On March 16, 1921, Paul Grosser married Lily Emilie Rosenthal, who came from a Frankfurt family (born June 2, 1894 in Frankfurt am Main, † September 20, 1968 in Saint-Germain-en-Laye), also of Jewish origin. Karl Josephtal, residing at Bockenheimer Landstrasse 126, and Rudolf Oppenheimer , residing at Bockenheimer Anlage 8, both in Frankfurt am Main , acted as witnesses . Karl Josephtal is a private citizen, according to the registry office entry made in 1921, and formerly a member of the board of the Frankfurt pension fund for Israelites founded in 1845.

From 1921 to 1929, Gross became the head doctor of the municipal children's home with an infant care school in Böttgerstrasse 20-22 in Frankfurt's Jewish district of Ostend - known in the city as "Böttgerheim". Grosser's assistant doctor was Anna Ettlinger (born May 28, 1894 in Karlsruhe), who settled in Frankfurt am Main as a general practitioner in October 1924. Their new family name was Sondheimer after they later married, after they emigrated to the USA in 1937 and married Sondheimer-Friedmann again. Grosser kept his private practice.

The children's clinic in Böttgerstrasse was founded by Auguste and Fritz Gans , the "Kinderheim Foundation", but was taken over by the city in 1920 after the foundation's financial difficulties as a result of the First World War. The tenement house acquired by the Foundation in 1909 in the adjacent Hallgartenstrasse as a nurses' home had a back yard with a garden in which the isolation ward of the children's clinic was set up. The establishment or staffing of Grosser's pediatric doctor was probably made possible by a foundation by the doctor Arnold Baerwald, who died in 1920. From 1915 until his death, he was head of the gynecological department of the Israelite Hospital at Gagernstrasse 36.

On April 13, 1922, his wife Lily Emilie gave birth to the couple's first child, daughter Margarethe, in Frankfurt am Main.

On July 25, 1923, Paul Grosser received the extraordinary professorship for paediatrics at the Johann Wolfgang Goethe University in Frankfurt am Main .

On February 1, 1925, the couple's second child, son Alfred, was born in Frankfurt am Main.

From 1930 to May 1933, Grosser took over the medical management of the Clementine Children's Hospital in Frankfurt am Main, a creative phase that, in retrospect, is referred to as the heyday of the Clementine Children's Hospital because of the major expansion he carried out into a modern children's hospital.

The Nazis' boycott of Jews began on April 1, 1933 , uniformed members of the SA posted corresponding signs in front of the Clementine Children's Hospital in Frankfurt's Bornheim district and in front of Paul Grosser's private practice in Mendelssohnstrasse 92 in Frankfurt's upper-class Westend district .

In the same month, the exclusion was made of Jewish doctors from the private liquidation, on 29 April 1933, the Faculty of Medicine spoke through their existing as moderate dean Franz Volhard , as Paul Grosser Freemasons from a ban on teaching, "given the current attitude of the students .. . ". In the summer of 1933, Paul Grosser was dismissed as director of the clinic, which was a very hard turn for him in a beloved job.

His eight-year-old son Alfred was beaten so violently by “Aryan” classmates within the Wöhlerschule in Lessingstrasse that hospital treatment was necessary.

Handwritten termination of DGfK membership by Paul Grosser on October 25, 1933

Finally, Grosser was also excluded from the ranks of his former comrades in the war, the bearers of the Iron Cross 1st class. While many other Jewish doctors left the German Reich for the USA from 1933 to 1945 , his own considerations soon focused on emigrating to neighboring France, as he mastered French as opposed to English.

“My father took part in the war in 1914/18 as a medical officer at the front. For four years. And suddenly he was no longer supposed to be German, but only - if I may say so - a Jew. That was the decisive factor in emigration. "

- Alfred Grosser

The summer vacation with his family led to Paris and Champagne, an exploration. On October 25, 1933, Grosser resigned from the German Society for Paediatrics (DGfK) on the grounds: "As I am emigrating from Germany as a non-Aryan, I am leaving the society."

emigration

On December 16, 1933, Paul Grosser and his family emigrated to France by rail via Switzerland.

Therese Heck, a non-Jewish consultation assistant and X-ray assistant, dissolved Grosser's private apartment and practice in Frankfurt am Main at Mendelssohnstrasse 92 and followed into exile in January 1934.

Paul Grosser planned the construction of a children's sanatorium in Saint-Germain-en-Laye . He had already made all the preparations for this, bought a suitable house with a park-like garden and found willing people in charge in the French couple Hubert and Suzanne Canale. Since Grosser's German license to practice medicine was not recognized in France, he would have had to reacquire the requirements for the French equivalent there, in the fifth decade of life, despite his language skills, it was a seemingly (too) tedious undertaking.

Paul Grosser suffered a heart attack on February 7, 1934 while he was still getting used to his new environment, just seven weeks after he had emigrated , from which he died at the age of 54.

“ On February 7th, the well-known Frankfurt pediatrician Prof. Dr. med. Paul Grosser. He was born in Berlin in 1880. In Frankfurt, many years before the war, he developed a beneficial activity as a senior physician at what would later become the University Children's Clinic. In 1919 he became a private lecturer at the Frankfurt University. He had previously been a combatant in the field for the entire duration of the World War and acquired the EKI. In the following years he was one of the most successful pediatricians in Frankfurt. Its scientific importance is based essentially on his work on calcium metabolism in childhood. His organizational skills were great, and his human qualities gave him unusual confidence among doctors and the rest of the city's population. "

- Frankfurter Zeitung , February 9, 1934

After the untimely and unexpected death of her husband, his wife Lily continued to run the house as a pure children's home without the originally planned medical context. On October 1, 1937, she and her two children received French citizenship .

In 1940 their children Margarethe (18) and Alfred (15) fled by bike to unoccupied France after the Wehrmacht invaded . Daughter Margarethe suffered sepsis as a result of an injury during the flight , from which she died on April 29, 1941 at the age of nineteen.

Therese Heck's office assistant came to the French internment camps of Les Mesnuls ( Yvelines , Île-de-France ) and Gurs as “undesirable” or “hostile” Germans .

On September 21, 1942, Paul Grosser's sister Ida Landsberger (born October 1, 1881) and his brother-in-law Kurt (born July 15, 1878), also a doctor, were deported from Berlin to the Theresienstadt concentration camp . From there they were taken to Auschwitz on October 28, 1944 and murdered.

His widow Lily and his son Alfred survived the Shoah in separate hiding places. From 1948, Lily Grosser became secretary of the Comité français d'échanges avec l'Allemagne nouvelle , son Alfred, as a political scientist and professor at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (IEP), also actively advocated reconciliation with Germany.

Engagements

  • SPD - According to his son Alfred, Paul Grosser sympathized with the Social Democrats and the left-wing liberal DDP / DStP and elected their representatives at least during the Weimar Republic . Party membership cannot be proven due to membership documents no longer available from this time.
  • Freemasonry - In Berlin Paul Grosser was a member of the Freemason Lodge "Victoria" founded in 1892 . This was a subsidiary of the Great Masonic Lodge of Prussia , called " Kaiser Friedrich zur Bundestreue", and was the first lodge in Prussia to be open to men of Jewish faith. On January 19, 1911, Paul Grosser became an affiliate of the "Zur Aufstieg Morgenroete" lodge in Frankfurt am Main, Ludwig Börne's lodge .
  • DGfK - His membership in the German Society for Pediatrics was terminated by him on October 25, 1933 because of his status as a “non-Aryan” and his imminent emigration.

Honors

  • Iron Cross 2nd Class (1914)
  • Iron Cross 1st Class (March 14, 1918)
  • Bronze plaque on the area of ​​the Clementine Children's Hospital in Frankfurt am Main (1998)

Works

  • On the connection between pulmonary tuberculosis and trauma. L. Simion descendants, Berlin 1903.
  • About the behavior of added indole and skatole in the organism. In: Hoppe-Seyler's Journal for Physiological Chemistry . 44, Trübner. Strasbourg 1905, pp. 320–334.
  • Studies on the gastric juice of ruminants. In: Zentralblatt für Physiologie. 19th 1905.
  • with Carl Neuberg: A new sulphurous substance from dog's urine. In: Zentralblatt für Physiologie. 19, 1905.
  • About the behavior of quinine in the organism. In: Biochemical Journal . 8. 1908, pp. 98-117.
  • Examination of the urine in practice. In: German Medizinal-Zeitung. 24th 1908.
  • Via a milk whey obtained by colloidal flocculation. In: Berliner Klinische Wochenschrift. 13th 1909.
  • The role of protein in infant nutrition. In: Munich Medical Weekly. 39. Lehmann, Munich 1909.
  • On the treatment of nutritionally disturbed infants with a sugar-free diet: preliminary communication. In: Munich Medical Weekly. 40. Lehmann, Munich 1910.
  • with Hans Kern: The Importance of the Cammidge Reaction in Children. In: Monthly for Pediatrics. 9th 1910.
  • Investigations into the protein metabolism in children. In: Biochemical Journal. 24. Springer, Berlin 1910, pp. 346-353.
  • with Richard Betke: Mors subita infantum and epithelial bodies. In: Munich Medical Weekly. 40. Lehmann, Munich 1910.
  • Epithelial cell examinations in children. In: Negotiations of the Assembly of ... Society for Pediatrics. 27. Bergmann, Wiesbaden 1910, pp. 140-149.
  • Contribution to the evaluation of the albumin content of breast milk. In: Yearbook for Pediatrics and Physical Education. 73. Meager medicine. Verl., Berlin 1911, pp. 101-107.
  • with Richard Betke: Epithelial body examinations with special consideration of Tetania infantum. In: Journal of Pediatrics. 1. Springer, Berlin 1911, pp. 458-486.
  • with Richard Hadlich: About the amino acid content of child and infant urine. In: Yearbook for Pediatrics and Physical Education. 73. Karger Medizinischer Verlag, Berlin 1911, pp. 421-429.
  • with Paul Jungmann: Infectious myelocytosis: a contribution to the question of myeloid blood formation. In: Yearbook for Pediatrics and Physical Education. 73. Karger, Berlin 1911, pp. 586-600.
  • Spasmophilic diathesis: summary lecture on the literature of the last year. In: Yearbook for Pediatrics and Physical Education. 73. Karger, Berlin 1911, pp. 630-639.
  • Experience with protein milk. In: Work on the tenth anniversary of the children's asylum in the city of Berlin. Springer, Berlin 1911, pp. 66-77.
  • with Alfred Dessauer: About the diagnostic significance of palpable cubital glands in children. In: Munich Medical Weekly. 21. Lehmann, Munich 1911.
  • Normal and pathological anatomy of the epithelial bodies. In: Journal of Pediatrics. 1. Springer, Berlin 1911, pp. 241-246.
  • On the behavior of parenterally introduced calcium salts in the youthful organism. In: Negotiations of the Assembly of ... Society for Pediatrics. 28. Bergmann, Wiesbaden 1911, pp. 171–176, plates XIII-XIV
  • with Joseph Husler: About the occurrence of a glycerophosphotase in animal organs. In: Biochemical Journal. 39. Springer, Berlin 1912.
  • On the pathology of Banti's disease. In: Munich Medical Weekly. 2. Lehmann, Munich 1913
  • About the influence of cooking on the physico-chemical behavior of human milk, cow's milk and buttermilk. In: Biochemical Journal. 48. Springer, Berlin 1913, pp. 427-431.
  • Organic and inorganic phosphates in the metabolism. In: Results of internal medicine and paediatrics. 11. Springer, Berlin 1913, pp. 119-166.
  • Heat and cold protection, clothing and personal care. In: The health care of the child. Enke, Stuttgart 1914, pp. 204-231.
  • with Paul Selter: Caring for sick children. In: The health care of the child. Walter Kruse (ed.). Enke, Stuttgart 1914, pp. 662-722.
  • Metabolic problems of rickets. In: Medical Clinic. 14. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Berlin 1914
  • with H. Vogt: The nervous diseases of children. In: Handbook of the therapy of nervous diseases. Fischer, Jena 1916, pp. 1069-1096.
  • Metabolic studies on revenge killers. (Habilitation thesis). In: Journal of Pediatrics. 25. Springer, Berlin 1920, pp. 141-211.
  • Diagnosis of childhood tuberculosis. In: German Medical Weekly. 14/15. Thieme, Leipzig 1920.
  • Physical therapy in childhood. In: Advances in Medicine. 22/23. Pusch, Berlin 1920
  • Gender and disease. In: Monthly for Pediatrics. 22. Vogel, Leipzig 1921
  • To evaluate the Gruber-Widal reaction in infancy. In: Clinical weekly. 1. Springer, Berlin 1922.
  • with Klaus Keilmann: On the platelet question in infancy. In: Monthly for Pediatrics. 23. Vogel, Leipzig 1922, pp. 383-391.
  • with Klaus Keilmann: Circumscripts fatty sclerosis in infancy (the so-called scleroderma). In: Journal of Pediatrics. 33. Springer, Berlin 1922, pp. 298-307.
  • Physical gender differences in childhood. In: Results of internal medicine and paediatrics. 22. Springer, Berlin 1922, pp. 211-244.
  • with Klaus Keilmann: To evaluate diagnostic skin reactions in infants. In: Clinical weekly. 1. Springer, Berlin 1922, pp. 2326-2328.
  • Raising weak infants. In: Medical Clinic. 15. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Berlin 1923.
  • with Elisabeth Hoeckle: experiences with high-calorie infant nutrition. In: Archives for Pediatrics. 74. Enke, Stuttgart 1923, pp. 30-37.
  • La transfusion de sangre en pediatría. In: La medicina germano-hispano-americana. 12. Thieme, Leipzig 1926, pp. 873-877.
  • with Siegfried Levy: Scabies (Sarcoptes minor) endemic in an infant home. In: German Medical Weekly. 4. Thieme, Leipzig 1926.
  • with Siegfried Levy: Infection and Nutrition. In: Journal of Pediatrics. 41. Springer, Berlin 1926, pp. 279-286.
  • The practice of breastfeeding. In: German Medical Weekly. 23. Thieme, Leipzig 1926.
  • with A. Löwenthal: Clinical and experimental information about the blood count in infancy. In: German Medical Weekly. 5. Thieme, Leipzig 1927.
  • with A. Löwenthal: skin capillaries (currently not available)
  • with Siegfried Levy: Contribution to the problem of illegitimate mortality. In: Journal of Pediatrics. 45. Springer, Berlin 1928, pp. 675-685.
  • The overall metabolism in growth. In: Manual of normal and pathological physiology. Springer, Berlin 1928, pp. 167-198.
  • Dysentery epidemic from the Kruse-Sonne bacillus. In: German Medical Weekly. 34. Thieme, Leipzig 1929.
  • Therapeutic case report: profuse dental bleeding of a 9-year-old girl with thrombopenia was stopped by Nateina. In: Advances in Therapy. 6. Leipzig 1930, p. 541.
  • The pyloric stenosis of infants. In: Medical Practitioner. 1st 1930.
  • The treatment of circulatory weakness in infectious diseases. In: Journal for Medical Training. 28. Jena 1931, pp. 51-52.
  • About quinine therapy in childhood. In: Therapy of the Present. 34. Urban & Schwarzenberg, Berlin 1932.

See also

literature

  • Wilhelm Kallmorgen: 700 years of medicine in Frankfurt am Main. Publications of the Frankfurt Historical Commission vol. 11. Frankfurt am Main 1936.
  • Hanna Schramm : People in Gurs. Memories of a French internment camp (1940–1941). with a documentary contribution to French emigration policy (1933–1944) by Barbara Vormeier. Heintz, Worms 1977.
  • Commission for Research into the History of the Frankfurt Jews, Hans-Otto Schembs (ed.): Ernst Loewy, Rosel Andernacht: Bibliography on the History of the Frankfurt Jews, 1781–1945 . Waldemar Kramer Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1978, ISBN 3-7829-0207-6 .
  • Walter Tetzlaff: 2000 short biographies of important German Jews of the 20th century. Askania, Lindhorst 1982, ISBN 3-921730-10-4 .
  • Hans Jürgen Schultz (Hrsg.), Alfred Grosser et al. In: Mein Judentum. Kreuz Verlag, Stuttgart 1979, ISBN 3-7831-0550-1 , pp. 42-49.
  • Alfred Grosser: My Germany. Hoffmann and Campe, Hamburg 1993, ISBN 3-455-08475-3 .
  • Holger Kiehnel, Barbara Seib, Notker Hammerstein: The Jews of the Frankfurt University. Campus Judaica, Vol. 6, Campus-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 1997, ISBN 3-593-35502-7 .
  • Eduard Seidler: The fate of Jewish paediatricians during National Socialism. A preliminary report. In: Monthly Pediatrics. 146, 1998, pp. 744-753.
  • Eduard Seidler: Pediatricians 1933 - 1945. Disenfranchised - fled - murdered. Bouvier-Verlag, Bonn 2000, ISBN 3-416-02919-4 .
  • Eduard Seidler: About the share of Jewish paediatricians in the development of social pediatrics. In: Albrecht Scholz, Caris-Petra Heidel: Medicine and Judaism . Volume 5. Mabuse-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2000, ISBN 3-938304-04-9 , pp. 76-84.
  • Birgit Drexler-Gormann: Jewish doctors in Frankfurt am Main 1933–1945. Isolation, displacement, murder. Mabuse-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main 2009, ISBN 978-3-9405-2937-4 .
  • Barbara Reschke among others: Clementine von Rothschild 1845–1865. For the 125th anniversary of the Clementine Children's Hospital. Societäts-Verlag Frankfurt am Main 2000, revised. Edition 2012, ISBN 978-3-7973-0770-5 .
  • Otto Hövels, Jürgen Dippel, Ute Daub: Festschrift for the 150th anniversary of the Clementine Children's Hospital - Dr. Christian Foundation 1845–1995. Brühlsche Universitätsdruckerei, Giessen 1995.

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Medical Council Prof. Dr. med. Paul Grosser at: juedische-pflegegeschichte.de
  2. ^ Alfred Grosser: My Germany . P. 22
  3. ^ Alfred Grosser: My Germany . P. 24
  4. ^ Eduard Seidler: Paediatricians 1933 - 1945. Disenfranchised - fled - murdered. Pp. 258-259.
  5. ↑ Obituary for Prof. Dr. Paul Grosser. In: Israelitisches Familienblatt für Frankfurt. February 15, 1934.
  6. ↑ Kreuzberg Initiative buys Urban site in Berlin. In: Tip Berlin. November 27, 2008 at: tip.de
  7. ↑ Children's Hospital Charité Berlin, Otto Heubner ( memento from November 26, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) on: charite.de
  8. ↑ Obituary for Prof. Dr. med. Paul Grosser. In: Frankfurter Zeitung. February 9, 1934.
  9. ^ Family history of Mettenheim ( Memento from July 24, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) on: stadtgeschichte-ffm.de
  10. ↑ Habilitation thesis: Metabolic investigations on rickets. ( Habilitation thesis ). In: Journal of Pediatrics. 25. Springer, Berlin 1920, pp. 141-211.
  11. ↑ Written information from the registry office in Frankfurt am Main dated June 4, 2012 (the author has an e-mail)
  12. ^ Rafael M. Kirchheim: Directory of the Frankfurt Jewish associations, foundations and charities of the Freiherrlich Carl von Rothschild library . Frankfurt am Main 1911 ( PDF file, 12.6 MB) at: uni-frankfurt.de
  13. ↑ Care institution for Israelites at: juedische-pflegegeschichte.de
  14. ↑ Children's clinic with infant home, Böttgerstrasse 20–22, Frankfurt am Main at: juedische-pflegegeschichte.de
  15. ↑ Anna Ettlinger (later: Sondheimer-Friedmann) on: juedische-pflegegeschichte.de
  16. ↑ Hans-Otto Schembs: Jewish patrons and donors in Frankfurt am Main. P. 36.
  17. ↑ Head of the Clementine Children's Hospital in Frankfurt am Main 1930–1933 on: juedische-pflegegeschichte.de
  18. ↑ The heyday of the Clementine Children's Hospital under Prof. Dr. med. Paul Grosser at: ckh-stiftung.de
  19. ^ Wilhelm Kallmorgen: 700 years of medicine in Frankfurt am Main. 1936.
  20. ^ Doctors in the Third Reich: The Jewish Doctors at: thieme.de
  21. ↑ Obituary for Prof. Dr. Paul Grosser. In: Israelitisches Familienblatt für Frankfurt. February 15, 1934
  22. ^ History of the Goethe University, 5th paragraph on: uni-frankfurt.de
  23. ↑ Alfred Grosser, quotation from the 1986 essay Mein Judentum. Pp. 42-49.
  24. ↑ RMK 33, DGfK MV 33 ticked, deleted
  25. ^ Jewish paediatricians as victims of National Socialism. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. October 5, 1998.
  26. ^ Alfred Grosser: My Germany.
  27. ↑ Ida Landsberger (* October 1, 1881) ( Memento from February 10, 2013 in the web archive archive.today ) on: holocaust.cz
  28. ↑ Dr. Kurt Landsberger (* July 15, 1878) ( Memento from February 10, 2013 in the web archive archive.today )
  29. ^ Alfred Grosser: My Germany . P. 24
  30. ↑ Written information from the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung, Bonn, Archive of Social Democracy, Department of Personal Data and Collections, dated June 6, 2012 (the author has an email)
  31. ↑ History of Lodge Victoria ( Memento from October 27, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) on: freimaurerei.de
  32. ^ Reply of the Frankfurt-Loge XIX 2296 UOBB of March 16, 1976 to Prof. Dr. Alfred Grosser, Paris, signed by the President Raymond J. Levy (copy is available to the author)
  33. ↑ The return of the lodge brothers. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung. September 29, 2011 on: faz.net
  34. ↑ Deutschlandradio : In the shadow of the Shoah 'Paul Grosser Freemaurer'. Retrieved February 26, 2012 .
  35. ^ Eduard Seidler: Paediatricians 1933 - 1945. Disenfranchised - fled - murdered. Facsimile as intro before p. 1.
  36. ^ Alfred Grosser: My Germany. P. 23
  37. ↑ Prof. Dr. med. Paul Grosser, memorial plaque Clementine Children's Hospital ( Memento from December 16, 2009 in the Internet Archive ) at: stadtgeschichte-ffm.de
personal data
SURNAME Big one, Paul
BRIEF DESCRIPTION German pediatrician
DATE OF BIRTH February 4, 1880
PLACE OF BIRTH Frankfurt am Main
DATE OF DEATH February 7, 1934
Place of death Saint-Germain-en-Laye