Plaue (Brandenburg an der Havel)

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Coat of arms of the city of Plaue
Plaue Castle, Westhavelland and Plauer Bridge and the Havel in one aerial view

Plaue was originally a town in the Westhavelland district of the Prussian administrative district of Potsdam , which was incorporated into the town of Brandenburg an der Havel on July 25, 1952 together with Kirchmöser . On December 31, 2015, 2593 inhabitants lived in what is now the city and district .

geography

Plaue is located at the outflow of the Havel from the Plauer See , northeast of the confluence of the Elbe-Havel Canal and the Woltersdorfer Altkanal , the eastern end of the former Plauer Canal in the Wendsee . Plaue Castle, which was owned by the Counts of Königsmarck until 1945, housed a language school until 1993.

In addition to the old town center, the Plaue district also includes the housing development, Charlottenhof, Gartenstadt, Margaretenhof, Neu Plaue, Plauerhof, Plauer Schleuse and Roberdam.

history

In the summer of 2001, a Slavic body grave field was discovered in the course of construction work on the Plauerhof street . This find was a surprise, because the preliminary investigations had only brought about prehistoric findings. The evaluation of the excavations showed that with around 170 proven burials it was the largest burial ground discovered in the 10th to 12th centuries in the Havelland by 2001 . Most of the dead were buried in a stretched position on their backs with arms on their sides and an approximately east-west orientation. Three young women were found in a crouched position found. The graves were arranged individually in rows, mostly without overlapping, which suggested an above-ground marking. In many cases, the grave pits were provided with wooden fixtures with clear overhangs of the side and cross boards. In some graves there were traces of charring on the wooden fixtures, which indicated a fire rite. Vessels were found in around 30 percent of the graves. Other additions such as jewelry and coins were only found sporadically. The skeletons were examined by Bettina Jungklaus . However, the preservation of the skeletons was mostly poor because of the sandy-acidic soil. 40 percent of those buried were in adulthood and 35 percent in childhood. This indicates rather poor living conditions for the rural population of Plaue. There were also signs of malnutrition.

In 1197 a witness Henrycus de Plawe is mentioned in a document. In 1216 the “Feste Haus”, the castle, was first mentioned in a document in Plaue. Next to this castle, which protected an important Havel crossing, was the Kietz . To the west and a little further from the castle was a street village with no market. The town of Plaue later emerged from these two civilian settlements and was first designated as such in 1411. The castle and the town were fought over in the 13th and 14th centuries between the Mark Brandenburg and the Archbishopric of Magdeburg . In 1421 it finally came to the Mark Brandenburg. The town and castle were owned by various noble families who were vassals of the Archbishop of Magdeburg or the Margrave of Brandenburg .

The bridge over the Havel was destroyed in 1244 and only rebuilt in 1459. In 1334 Plaue was a customs place . In 1400 the castle and town fell to the robber baron Johann von Quitzow . In 1414 the castle and town were conquered by Elector Friedrich I and Archbishop of Magdeburg Günther II . The Quitzows, who had been raiding Magdeburg areas for years, were deprived of their power. A dairy and sheep farm were on the other side of the Havel. 1421 councilmen are attested. In 1447 Plaue was called a little town. In 1459 the town and castle came into pledge possession of the von Waldenfels family. In 1531 the pledges returned to the elector. In 1537 Asmus von Saldern was a bailiff in Plaue. For the year 1537 the city brewing justice is documented. In 1559 two markets were approved and the erection of a city ​​scale was approved. In 1577 two windmills were found in Plaue. In the same year the castle and town of Plaue came into the possession of the von Arnim family , who were able to claim it until 1620.

In 1620, the Magdeburg canon and finance broker Christoph von Görne († 1638) acquired the castle and town of Plaue. His tomb with a relief of his body can still be seen in the parish church of Plaue . Plaue remained in the possession of the "highly baronial noble family of the von Görne " until 1765, almost a century and a half . During the Thirty Years' War the town and Castle Plaue were destroyed to a considerable extent. Georg Christoph the Elder (1638–1680), a son of Christoph von Görne, was given the task of rebuilding the destroyed place. In doing so, he increased the property significantly. Plaue, which had the double-headed eagle in the city's coat of arms from 1637, finally included nine districts in the vicinity.

The city's heyday began with the Prussian minister Friedrich von Görne . He had taken over the castle, office and town of Plaue in 1711 from his nephew Lewin Werner von Görne . Friedrich von Görne taught about 1713 some textile factories and founded a porcelain - and stoneware factory , which, however, its existence produced throughout the time exclusively stoneware that although the Boettger stoneware the Meissen factory was not dissimilar. In addition to the palace complex, which was built directly on the Havel between 1711 and 1716, public buildings serving the common good in Plaue were also rebuilt or rebuilt at the instigation of the lord of Görne (school, old people's house and poor house ). When von Görne died on June 24, 1745, he left behind an economically prosperous town. In the period that followed, Plaue lost its former importance under Heinrich Wilhelm von Anhalt , who lived here from 1765 to 1793. In 1772 there were 680 inhabitants. In 1793 the town came to the Baron von Lauer-Münchhofen. Around 1800 Plaue was called a patch . In 1839 Plaue changed hands again: Hans Valentin Ferdinand Graf von Königsmarck (1773–1849) took over and his son Hans von Königsmarck ruled here until 1872. In 1840 140 houses were counted, in 1900 there were already 300 houses.

From 1916 to 1917, the Plaue building cooperative built the garden town of Plaue with around 300 terraced houses for employees of the Royal Prussian powder factory in Kirchmöser on a meadow on the northern outskirts on behalf of the Reich Office of the Interior . The draft settlement and standardized buildings comes from Paul Schmitthenner . The building site for the settlement - today Bredowstrasse, Lewaldstrasse, Scheidtstrasse - was about 10 hectares in size . Each of the houses had a garden of at least 180 square meters. In 1931 there were 571 houses in Plaue.

From 1912 until it was closed on September 29, 2002, Plaue was connected to the inner city of Brandenburg an der Havel by an overland tram line.

Since 1997, the 150-year-old fisherman's jakobi festival has been held annually and was frequented by around 30,000 visitors.

Plaue Castle

Plaue Castle around 1860, Alexander Duncker collection
Plaue Castle, 2009

A permanent house in Plaue was first mentioned in a document from 1216. What the house looked like back then is completely unknown. The castle of the knight Johann von Quitzow , which was formerly built on the same site, was captured in 1414 by Margrave Friedrich I and Archbishop Günther von Magdeburg in the course of fighting after a siege.

The so-called Quitzowburg was probably a building flanked by two round towers and surrounded by a moat. During the conquest, the fortifications were partly destroyed, although they were considered impregnable with their brick wall fourteen feet wide (4.5 meters). According to the Magdeburg Schöppenchronik , the walls of the castle are said to have been so thick that you could have driven on them with a car.

A very large cannon, called the " Faule Grete ", is said to have broken the wall . However, their existence has not yet been conclusively proven. After Georg von Waldenfels took over the castle in 1459, he re-fortified the castle, which had fallen into disrepair in parts, and enlarged the complex, including the remains that were still preserved. This immediate predecessor of the baroque palace, surrounded by a moat, with its fortification elements offered the image of a typical palace complex of the 16th century.

From 1711 to 1716, under Friedrich von Görne, a new three-wing complex was built using old foundations and parts of the rising masonry of the older complex. It differs from the simpler manor and manor houses of the Mark Brandenburg at the same time because of its generous dimensions, which follow the French model. The main building was two-story with two lower wings. The castle's own chapel, the spacious arbor on the central projectile and the “Chinese room” testify to the high demands of the client. Obviously, artistic suggestions from the most modern electoral building production, such as the Chinese fashion prevailing in Berlin, found their approval in this noble building project. The old castle tower was demolished in 1719.

During a visit, the soldier king Friedrich Wilhelm I is said to have knighted his son Friedrich II . The Russian Tsar Peter I also lived here on one of his trips to Europe.

Under Leopold von Görne, the pleasure garden was surrounded by a high wall in 1749, new hedges were created, a new orangery and greenhouse were built, and the castle itself was “wonderfully furnished”.

Under Wilhelm von Anhalt (from 1765) the moat was filled in, the avenue of lime trees that led to the castle was knocked down, and the northern wing of the castle was removed (not restored until 1840). In addition, von Anhalt tried to erase all traces of his predecessor Görne. He removed the stocks of "Plauer Porcellan" that were still at Schloss Plaue, a ceramic that could compete with the famous Meißner for a few years and was manufactured in a Plauer factory.

In 1839, Count Hans Valentin Ferdinand von Königsmarck acquired Castle and Gut Plaue from Baron von Lauer-Münchhofen. The property remained in the hands of the Counts of Königsmarck, an old Brandenburg family mentioned in a document as early as 1225, until 1945. In 1861 the castle was redesigned.

Plaue Castle was badly damaged in World War II. In 1945 the Counts of Königsmarck, most recently Count Hans Guido von Königsmarck (1902–1979), were expropriated by the land reform. Before the state of Brandenburg set up an administration school in the castle in April 1946, it was subject to several looting. In 1966, when the building was being repaired to accommodate an institute for intensive language training, the exterior was greatly simplified. Decorative elements such as plaster blocks , capitals and coats of arms were removed and the facades were covered with rough plaster . The interior was built, the equipment was completely lost apart from a few pieces of stucco, wood paneling and old doors. Since the institute was closed in 1993, the castle has been unused, despite a change of ownership in 2006. Since 2011 there is a new owner who is carefully renovating the castle.

Castle park / Fontaneweg

To the west and south of the palace is the palace park, which was initially created as a baroque complex in the early 18th century . From 1860 it was redesigned by the von Koenigsmarck family into a landscape park that stretches along the northwestern bank of the Plauer See. The Plauer Fontaneweg , a short cultural-historical hiking trail and dendrological educational trail with various coniferous and deciduous trees and viewpoints such as the clay pigeon shooting range , a terraced facility from the late 19th century , leads partly through the castle park View of the water surface of the Plauer See and the Kirchmöser located to the south with the old water tower and other brick buildings of the powder factory, an important ensemble of industrial monuments from the early 20th century.

church

Plaue parish church in the air

The originally late Romanesque village church from the beginning of the 13th century is located on a small hill on the outskirts of Plaues. The brick building consists of the nave with a retracted choir and a separate tower. In the 16th century the nave was converted into a two-aisled vaulted hall. In the 18th century there were several alterations and an extension by adding the northern box extension. In 1766 the tower was listed. The church is significant in terms of art history because of its restored wall paintings from the 15th and 16th centuries. Gravestones of the von Saldern, von Arnim and von Görne families as well as tombs of the von Königsmarck family, such as the tomb of Lily Countess von Koenigsmarck, have been preserved .

See also: Parish Church of Plaue

Old Havel Bridge

In the foreground the old Plauer bridge; in the background the modern Westhavelland Bridge

The old Plauer Bridge connects the western and eastern banks of the river at a narrow point where the Havel emerges from the Plauer See and flows north towards Rathenow and Havelberg . It was built at the beginning of the 20th century by a Genthin construction company under the direction of the Born Government Building Council and put into service on October 15, 1904. After it was blown up at the end of World War II, it was repaired and served through traffic on Bundesstraße 1 until 2002 . Since it was closed by the building authorities , the listed bridge is only permitted for pedestrians and cyclists. The Westhavelland Bridge was built a little further north as a new building for road traffic .

The Plauer Bridge is 130 meters long, 10.70 meters wide and is one of the few remaining steel truss bridges in the water-rich region. With its characteristic semi-parabolic girders and the railings that take up the forms of Art Nouveau , it has a special architectural and art historical significance beyond Brandenburg-Plaue.

lock

The Plaue lock is a lock in the Woltersdorfer Altkanal or the former Plauer Canal , the main course of which has been part of the Elbe-Havel Canal since the 1930s . The Plauer Canal as a connection between the Havel lakes near Brandenburg and the Elbe was built under Friedrich II . It was created between 1743 and 1745 and significantly shortened the shipping route between Berlin and Magdeburg. In order to be able to descend from the higher level of the Elbe to the level of the Havel, the Plaue lock was built alongside others along the canal. The first canal lock in Plaue was a wooden lock, which had to be replaced as early as 1781. The first massive chamber lock was built from 1821 to 1823 . In the years 1884 to 1886 a lock basin with the dimensions 67 meters chamber length and 8.60 meters chamber width was created so that ships of the Plau dimension, now defined on the basis of this structure, could pass through the lock and the canal. The lock is out of service after it has been closed and a rifle brigade is built into the head. The lock basins are still in good condition, so that renovation and recommissioning of the system for water tourism and pleasure craft traffic would be basically possible. The lock is now a listed building.

Personalities

literature

  • Lieselott Enders : Historical local dictionary for Brandenburg. Part III Havelland . Hermann Böhlaus successor, Weimar 1972.
  • Franz Horn: History of the city of Plaue ad Havel from 1620 to 1793. A lecture in the historical association of Brandenburg . Müller, Brandenburg an der Havel 1871 ( digitized ).
  • Theodor Fontane : Walks through the Mark Brandenburg . Five locks . Construction Publishing House, Berlin 1987.

Web links

Commons : Plaue (Havel)  - Collection of images, videos and audio files

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Municipalities 1994 and their changes since January 1st, 1948 in the new federal states , Metzler-Poeschel publishing house, Stuttgart 1995, ISBN 3-8246-0321-7 , publisher: Federal Statistical Office
  2. ↑ Brandenburg an der Havel in figures - population - districts , accessed on July 9, 2017.
  3. ↑ berliner-zeitung.de
  4. ^ Service portal of the state administration: City of Brandenburg an der Havel
  5. ^ Project Plaue, Middle to late Slavic burial ground. In: anthropologie-jungklaus.de. Retrieved June 4, 2017 .
  6. ^ A Slavic cemetery in Plaue (Brandenburg an der Havel) - results of the anthropological investigation . In: Annual report on the Historic Association of Brandenburg a. H. Band 13 . Historischer Verein Brandenburg (Havel), Brandenburg an der Havel 2003, OCLC 183369573 , p. 14-19 .
  7. ^ Bettina Jungklaus, Wolfgang Niemeyer: Graves between way and water. The Slavic burial ground Plauerhof 23 near Plaue, Brandenburg an der Havel . In: Archaeological Society in Berlin and Brandenburg e. V. in Zsarb. with the Brandenburg State Office for the Preservation of Monuments and the State Archaeological Museum and the State Monument Authority Berlin (ed.): Archeology in Berlin and Brandenburg . Theiss, 2002, ISSN  0948-311X , p. 102-104 .
  8. ^ Anthropological results on the living conditions of rural populations from the 10th to 14th centuries in Brandenburg . In: Felix Paul Biermann, Günter Mangelsdorf (Hrsg.): The rural eastern settlement of the Middle Ages in northeast Germany: Investigations into the development of the country in the 12th to 14th centuries in rural areas; Contributions to an interdisciplinary conference of the Chair for Prehistory and Protohistory at the University of Greifswald, April 16 and 17, 2004 . Frankfurt am Main 2005, ISBN 3-631-54117-1 , p. 167-173 .
  9. ↑ New anthropological research on Slavic burial fields in Brandenburg . In: Felix Paul Biermann, Thomas Kersting (Hrsg.): Settlement, Communication and Economy in West Slavonic Area: Contributions of the Section on Early Slavic History of the 5th German Archaeological Congress in Frankfurt an der Oder, April 4th to 7th, 2005 . 2007, ISBN 978-3-937517-65-0 , pp. 399-408 .
  10. ^ Friedrich Beck: Regest of the documents Kurmärkische Stands (Rep. 23A) of the Brandenburg State Main Archives. Peter Lad, European Science Publishing House, Frankfurt a. M. u. a., 2006 ISBN 3-631-54807-9 , p. 167.
  11. ↑ wiwei.de ( Memento of the original from October 4, 2012 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF) @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / www.wiwei.de
  12. ↑ Paul Schmitthenner: The Plaue settlement near Brandenburg aH In: Wasmuths monthly books for architecture . Vol. 4 (1919), No. 5/6, urn : nbn: de: kobv: 109-opus-9281 , pp. 161-173.
  13. ↑ See: Erik Lorenz , Robert Rauh : Plaue. The morbid castle , in: Fontane's five castles. Old and new stories from the Mark Brandenburg. be.bra verlag 2017, pp. 132–179.

Coordinates: 52 ° 24 '  N , 12 ° 25'  E