Porthmadog
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Porthmadog Port |
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| Coordinates | 52 ° 56 ′ N , 4 ° 8 ′ W | ||
| OS National Grid | SH565385 | ||
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| Residents | 4187 (as of 2001) | ||
| administration | |||
| Post town | PORTHMADOG | ||
| ZIP code section | LL49 | ||
| prefix | 01766 | ||
| Part of the country | Wales | ||
| Preserved County | Gwynedd | ||
| Unitary authority | Gwynedd | ||
| British Parliament | Dwyfor Meirionnydd | ||
| Welsh Parliament | Dwyfor Meirionnydd | ||
Porthmadog is a small town and municipality in the region Eifionydd in Gwynedd , Wales . It is also known colloquially as "Port", a shortened form of the English name Portmadoc, which was official until 1974 . Before the Local Government Act 1972 came into force , it was part of County Caernarfonshire . The town is located 8 km east of Criccieth , 18 km southwest of Blaenau Ffestiniog , 40 km north of Dolgellau and 32 km south of Caernarfon . It has 4107 inhabitants (2018).
Porthmadog developed in the 19th century as a port city from which slate was exported to England. Since the decline of the slate industry, it has become an important shopping town for the surrounding area and a popular destination for vacationers. It offers easy access to Snowdonia National Park and is the starting point for the Ffestiniog Railway and the Welsh Highland Railway . In 1987 the National Eisteddfod was held in Porthmadog.
history
Porthmadog came into being after William Madocks had a dike built in 1811, the Cob , to wrest a large part of Traeth Mawr from the sea for agricultural use. The diversion of the Afon Glaslyn resulted in a new natural harbor with sufficient draft for small ocean going sailing ships, and the first public quays were built in 1825. Individual quarry companies followed and built a series of quays along the coast almost as far as Borth-y- Gest. Slate was carried from Ffestiniog down to the quays on Afon Dwyrid , transported by boat to Porthmadog and loaded onto larger ships there.
Porthmadog was a prosperous port city in the second half of the 19th century. Their population rose from 885 in 1821 to over 3,000 in 1861. The rapidly growing cities of England needed high quality slate for roofing, the light railways , in British parlance consistently referred to as Tramways , from the quarries in Ffestiniog and Llanfrothen to the new port was brought. The Ffestiniog Railway opened in 1836, followed by the Gorseddau Tramway in 1856 and the Croesor Tramway in 1864. In the 1870s, it is estimated that more than a thousand ships used the port annually, and in the peak of 1873, Porthmadog shipped around 118,000 tons of slate to all parts of the world exported.
After that, exports via the port steadily decreased. In 1867 the Aberystwith and Welsh Coast Railway had reached Porthmadog. In 1879 the London and North Western Railway opened its Llandudno-Blaenau Ffestioniog line, and from 1883 the Bala and Festiniog Railway was continuously passable, so that the slate from Blaenau Ffestiniog could be transported to other parts of the country by rail. The First World War ended the lucrative export of slate to Germany. In 1925, less than five percent of Ffestiniog's slate production was transported by ship. The last shipment of slate transported by sea left Porthmadog in 1946. Two months later, freight traffic on the Ffestionog Railway ended. The 19th century wharves still exist, but the slate warehouses have been replaced by holiday homes and there are recreational yachts in the harbor today.
Before the Cob was built in 1812, ships had been built in several places around Traeth Mawr. As the city developed, some shipbuilders moved their shipyard from Meirionnydd to the new port and built brigs , schooners , schooner boats and brigantines there . After the arrival of the railroad, maritime trade declined, but a new type of ship, the Western Ocean Yacht , was developed for fishing in Newfoundland and Labrador . Shipbuilding ended in 1913 with the construction of the Gestiana , which was lost on its maiden voyage.
By 1841 the road had been straightened over the freshly reclaimed land and was then developed as the Stryd Fawr to become the town's main shopping street . There were a number of shops and pubs along this street, as well as a post office. A light railway to Tremadog was where Madog Street now runs. In the north there was an industrial area where foundries, sawmills, slate workshops, a flour mill, a lemonade factory and the gas works were built.
In the 19th century there were at least three iron foundries in Porthmadog. The Glaslyn Foundry opened in 1848 and the Union Iron Works in 1869. The Britannia Foundry , across from Porthmadog Harbor Station, was founded in 1851 and grew rapidly as the city's prosperity increased. This company manufactured machines for slate processing and parts for railways; Customers were all but one slate mine in England and Wales. A lucrative business was the production of a large number of pipes and manhole covers for street drainage.
The oldest documented mention of the name "Port Madoc" dates from the 1830s and coincides with the opening of the Ffestiniog Railway and the subsequent growth of the city. The name goes back to William Madocks as the founder of the city, although there is also a suspicion that the place is named after legendary Prince Madoc . The city was officially called "Portmadog" until 1974 and was then renamed according to the Welsh spelling and pronunciation.
geography
Porthmadog is located at the confluence of the Afon Glaslyn and Tremadog Bay . The estuary is a base for migratory birds. Oystercatchers , redshank and curlew are common, and there are flocks of sandwich terns in summer . In the west, the 262 m high Moel-y-Gest rises above the place.
climate
The city has a temperate maritime climate that is influenced by the Gulf Stream .
| month | Mean peak | Middle low | Average rainfall |
| January | 7 ° C | 3 ° C | 8.4 cm |
| February | 7 ° C | 2 ° C | 5.6 cm |
| March | 9 ° C | 3 ° C | 6.6 cm |
| April | 11 ° C | 5 ° C | 5.3 cm |
| May | 14 ° C | 7 ° C | 4.8 cm |
| June | 17 ° C | 10 ° C | 5.3 cm |
| July | 18 ° C | 12 ° C | 5.3 cm |
| August | 18 ° C | 12 ° C | 7.4 cm |
| September | 17 ° C | 11 ° C | 7.4 cm |
| October | 14 ° C | 9 ° C | 9.1 cm |
| November | 11 ° C | 6 ° C | 9.9 cm |
| December | 8 ° C | 4 ° C | 9.4 cm |
Districts
In addition to the main town, the municipality includes the nearby villages of Borth-y-Gest, Morfa Bychan and Tremadog .
Borth-y-Gest
Bort-y-Gest is 1.6 km south of Porthmadog in a low depression that leads to a sheltered bay with hidden small sandy bulges and cliffs. Before Porthmadog was founded, ships were built here. At the entrance to the port there are houses that are still called “pilot houses” today. Here the pilots kept an eye out for ships that needed their support. The village has retained much of its Victorian architecture and charm. Particularly appealing is Mersey Street, which leads up from the bay and is flanked by row houses.
Before Porthmadog was formed, this was the starting point for the crossing of the wide and dangerous Glaslyn estuary. The residents made some money by taking travelers across the treacherous sands of the Traeth Mawr to Harlech at low tide .
Parc y Borth is a local nature reserve in a deciduous forest dominated by old sessile oaks . Green woodpeckers , tawny owls and pied flycatchers can be seen here .
There is another nature reserve on the coast, Pen y Banc, which consists of rocky coastline, secluded sandy coves and mixed forest. It was created in 1996 and is a good place to spot wading birds. The beaches attract numerous visitors. As a result of the mild climate, there are a wide variety of vegetation, gorse and heather to Blackthorn , Apel trees and birches .
Morfa Bychan
Morfa Bychan is 3.4 km southwest of Porthmadog. There is a popular wide sandy beach, Black Rock Sands (Welsh: Traeth Morfa Bychan), with Graig Ddu, a rocky headland, at its western end. When the tide is low, tide pools and caves become visible. The beach is popular with windsurfers.
Behind the beach rise sand dunes that form part of the Morfa Bychan and Greenacres Nature Reserve . The Dolmen Cist Cerrig stands in a field, near which there are rocks with cup markings .
In 1996 there were violent protests, supported by Cymdeithas yr Iaith Gymraeg , against the building of 800 houses in Morfa Bychan. These followed a decision by the High Court that declared the 1964 development plan to remain in effect. The owners of the site later reached a settlement with Cyngor Gwynedd , who allowed the establishment of a caravan facility and placed parts of the site under nature protection. The plans of 1964 could no longer be pursued; In return, the property developers received financial compensation.
Tremadog
Tremadog, an exceptional example of a planned city , is 1.4 km north of Porthmadog. The place was built on land that was created by draining parts of the Traeth Mawr. In 1805 the first houses were built in the so-called Pentre Gwaelod (German: Unterdorf ), which was supposed to give the impression of a borough , with a town hall and dance hall in the center. The plan also included the settlement of industry, with a weaving mill, fulling mill and flour mill , all powered by water power.
North of the village is Tan-yr-Allt, a property that Madocks acquired in 1798 and converted into the first Regency house in Gwynedd. The garden, situated on a steep slope, consists mainly of lawns with trees and bushes on top and contains a monument to Percy Bysshe Shelley .
population
In 2018 Porthmadog had 4107 inhabitants. Of these, 707 people (17.7 percent) were younger than 16 years and 1227 people (29.9 percent) were older than 64 years.
| year | 1801 | 1811 | 1821 | 1831 | 1841 | 1851 | 1861 | 1871 | 1881 |
| Residents | 525 | 889 | 885 | 1075 | 1888 | 2347 | 3138 | 4367 | 5506 |
| year | 1891 | 1901 | 1911 | 1921 | 1931 | 1939 | 1951 | 1961 | 2001 |
| Residents | 5224 | 4883 | 4445 | 4184 | 3986 | 4618 | 4061 | 3960 | 4187 |
politics
The Porthmadog parish council is scheduled to have 16 members. In the 2008 election, 12 council members were elected unopposed: seven non- party members , four for Plaid Cymru and one representative from Llais Gwynedd . Four seats are currently vacant. The city is divided into six constituencies: Gest, Morfa Bychan, Porthmadog East, Porthmadog West, Tremadog and Ynys Galch.
The city now forms three constituencies of Cyngor Gwynedd, in each of which one member is elected. In 2012, Jason Humphreys was elected to Porthmadog East by Llais Gwynedd, while Plaid Cymru's Selwyn Griffiths kept his seat for Porthmadog West unopposed. Tremadog belongs to the constituency of Porthmadog-Tremadog, which also includes Beddgelert and part of Dolbenmaen . Alwyn Gruffydd, for Llais Gwynedd, kept his seat here in 2012.
For the election to the House of Commons , Porthmadog has belonged to the constituency of Dwyfor Meirionnydd since 2010; Elfyn Llwyd from Plaid Cymru was chosen. For the election to the National Assembly for Wales , the place also belongs to the constituency of Dwyfor Meirionnydd and is currently represented by Dafydd Elis-Thomas (Plaid Cymru).
traffic
Porthmadog is on the A487 from Fishguard to Bangor . In 2008 the Welsh regional government published plans for a bypass road for the towns of Minffordd, Porthmadog and Tremadog, which opened on October 17, 2011.
From Porthmadog, the A497 runs west through the southern part of the Lleyn Peninsula to Criccieth and Pwllheli . The A498 runs north to Beddgelert and Snowdonia .
There are three train stations in the city. The Porthmadog (station Porthmadog Railway Station ) is located on the Cambrian Coast Line from Pwllheli to Aberystwyth and Machynlleth . The trains are operated by Transport for Wales / Trafnidiaeth Cymru .
The port station ( Porthmadog Harbor Railway Station ) at the southern end of the main road has been the terminus of the Ffestiniog Railway from Blaenau Ffestiniog since passenger traffic began in 1865. Since 2011 it has also been the southern terminus of the rebuilt Welsh Highland Railway from Caernarfon.
The Welsh Highland Heritage Railway station and visitor center are located near the mainline station on the site of the former Cambrian Railways sidings . Trains run a short distance from here to Pen-y-Mount.
Regional buses connect Porthmadog with Aberystwyth, Bangor, Beddgelert, Blaenau Ffestiniog, Pwllheli and many other orders in North West Wales. National Express operates a line from Pwllheli via Porthmadog to Chester, Liverpool and Manchester with connections to Leeds and Newcastle upon Tyne.
The cob
The cob is a solid dam across the mouth of the Afon Glaslyn. Its opening was marked with a four-day festival and Eisteddfod to celebrate the road link between Caernarfonshire and Meirionnydd, which was part of Madocks' plans for a road from London to his proposed port in Porthdinllaen . However, three weeks later the dam broke in high water, and Madocks' supporters were forced to raise money and workers from across Caernarfonshire to repair the break and strengthen the entire dam. In 1814 it was restored, but Madocks' finances were in ruins. In 1836 the Ffestiniog Railway opened over the dam and it became the main route for slate from Ffestiniog to the new port in Porthmadog. In 1927 the cob broke again and the repair work took several months. In 2012, the dam was widened over a length of 260 meters on the lake side in order to be able to build a second platform in the port station of Porthmadog.
The former customs house at the northwest end of the Cob has slate-clad walls and is one of the few buildings that has preserved the interlocking ridge tiles invented by Moses Kellow, manager of Croesor Quarry . The toll was abolished in 2003 after the Welsh regional government bought the Cob.
Culture and sights
Y Ganolfan on Main Street, built in 1975, is a venue for concerts, exhibitions, sporting events, and other social events.
The Porthmadog Maritime Museum on Oakley Wharf is housed in a former slate warehouse and features exhibits related to the city-built schooners and the men who sailed on them.
Pen Cei , to the west of the port, was the center of his business activities. Ships were built and repaired here, every quarry company had its slate quay here with sidings to the railroad. Bron Guallt , built in 1895, was the residential and commercial building for the shipping agent of the Oakeley Quarry. Grisiau Mawr (German: Large steps ), connected the quay with Garth and the houses of the shipowners and captains; the nautical school was built here.
Kerfoots , in a Victorian building on Main Street, is a small department store founded in 1874 with a unique spiral staircase, chandeliers and slender cast iron pillars that support the upper floors. The Millennium Dome, built by local craftsmen in 1999 to celebrate the home's 125th anniversary, is made of stained glass and depicts scenes from the Porthmadog of 1874.
The Royal Sportsman Hotel (Welsh: Gwesty'r Heliwr ) on Stryd Fawr was built in 1862 as a stopover on the toll road to Porthdinllaen. The arrival of the railroad five years later brought increasing tourist flows and the hotel soon became famous for its carriage and liveried horses that were used to take guests to local attractions. The building was constructed using Ffestiniog slate, and the original stone and slate open fireplaces are still in place.
The War Memorial stands on top of the Ynys Galch, one of the earlier islands in the Traeth Mawr. It has the shape of a five meter high granite Celtic cross and was unveiled in 1922 "in memory of 97 war heroes who fell from Madoc Vale".
There is an Iron Age hill fort on the Moel-y-Gest .
education
There are primary schools in the village
- Ysgol Eifion Wyn in Porthmadog
- Ysgol Borthygest in Borth-y-Gest
- Ysgol y Gorlan in Tremadog
as well as secondary school
- Ysgol Eifionydd .
Personalities
Thomas Edward Lawrence , better known as Lawrence of Arabia , was born in Tremadog in 1888 in what is now known as the Lawrence House. He became an object of fascination all over the world, famous for his role in the Arab Revolt of 1916 and for the vivid descriptions of his experiences.
To finance the construction and repairs of the Cob, William Madocks rented his own house in Tremadog. Its first tenant was the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley , who turned the locals against him by criticizing them for keeping sheep for consumption and owing to local merchants. After an alleged attack on his life by a night intruder, he rushed to leave without paying his rent or participating in the rally in support of Maddocks. During his stay in Tremadog he wrote the poem Queen Mab .
The ashes of the poet Ronald Stuart Thomas are buried in the cemetery of St John's Church on Penamser Road.
The wrestler Mason Ryan (actually Barri Griffiths) comes from Porthmadog.
Individual evidence
- ^ A b British Broadcasting Corporation: What's in a Name: Porthmadog . Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ a b Whispernet: Gateway to Snowdonia . Porthmadog. February 14, 2008. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ Eisteddfod Genedlaethol Cymru: Eisteddfod Locations . Eisteddfod.org.uk. Archived from the original on May 23, 2011. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ a b c d e John Dobson and Roy Woods, Ffestiniog Railway Traveller's Guide , Festiniog Railway Company , Porthmadog, 2004
- ^ A b c Gwynedd Archaeological Trust: Porthmadog: Historic Background . Heneb.co.uk. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ Whispernet: Gateway to Snowdonia: Heritage . Porthmadog. February 14, 2008. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ a b Gwynedd Ships: Porthmadog: The Port and the Ships . Freespace.virgin.net. December 31, 1945. Archived from the original on September 11, 2013. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ^ The Industrial Railway Record: The Britannia Foundry . Irsociety.co.uk. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ a b Snowdonia: Borth-y-Gest . Snowdoniaguide.com. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ^ Monthly Averages for Porthmadog, United Kingdom . The Weather Channel. Retrieved on July 6, 2013. (Original temperature data in degrees Fahrenheit , here converted to degrees Celsius and rounded to whole numbers.)
- ↑ a b Whispernet: Gateway to Snowdonia: Places to Visit . Porthmadog. February 14, 2008. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ^ Borth-y-Gest . North Wales. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ Cyngor Gwynedd: Parc y Borth Local Nature Reserve . Gwynedd.gov.uk. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ Cyngor Gwynedd: Pen y Banc Local Nature Reserve . Gwynedd.gov.uk. October 25, 2007. Archived from the original on February 18, 2012. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ Cyngor Gwynedd: Beach Guide (PDF; 972 kB) Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ^ Morfa Bychan . Wales Directory. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ UK Windsurfers Online Community: Black Rock Sands . Iwindsurf.co.uk. November 19, 2003. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ^ Morfa Bychan and Greenacres . North Wales Wildlife Trust. Archived from the original on November 15, 2011. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
- ↑ Peter Fenn, George Nash and Laurie Waite: Cist Cerrig: A reassessment of a ritual landscape . Retrieved July 20, 2013.
- ^ British Broadcasting Corporation: Remember 1996 (in Welsh) . Bbc.co.uk. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ —News Wales: 25 Year Legal Case Ends as Welsh Council Pay £ 1.9 million . Newswales.co.uk. June 15, 2001. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ a b c Cyfeillion Cadw Tremadog: A Brief History of Tremadog . Tremadog.org.uk. Archived from the original on October 18, 2014. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ^ A b Gwynedd Archaeological Trust: Tan-yr-Allt . Heneb.co.uk. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ a b citypopulation.de/ population statistics for states, administrative areas, cities and agglomerations. Retrieved January 15, 2020
- ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time: Total Population: Ynyscynhaiarn Civil Parish . Visionofbritain.org.uk. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time: Total Population: Ynyscynhaiarn Urban District . Visionofbritain.org.uk. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ A Vision of Britain Through Time: Total Population: Porthmadog Urban District . Visionofbritain.org.uk. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ Cyngor Gwynedd: Community Council Election: May 1, 2008 ( MS Excel ; 40 kB) Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ Cyngor Gwynedd: Statement of Persons Nominated: May 1, 2008 ( MS Word ; 2.4 MB) Archived from the original on October 14, 2012. Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ a b 3 May 2012 Election . Gwynedd Council. Archived from the original on November 5, 2012. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
- ↑ National Assembly for Wales: 'The County of Gwynedd (Electoral Changes) Order 2002 (PDF; 70 kB) Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ Election 2010: Dwyfor Meirionnydd ( English ) BBC. Retrieved July 20, 2013.
- ^ Welsh assembly election 2007: Dwyfor Meirionnydd . BBC News. May 4, 2007. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ Welsh Assembly Government: A487 Porthmadog, Minffordd and Tremadog Bypass ( Welsh / English , PDF, 2 MB) Retrieved on July 20, 2013. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ BBC News - Bypass opens . Bbc.co.uk. October 17, 2011. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ Welsh Highland Heritage Railway (English)
- ↑ Local bus service timetables ( English ) Gwynedd Council. January 22, 2013. Archived from the original on September 27, 2013. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
- ↑ Coaches between North Wales to Manchester, Leeds and Newcastle upon Tyne (PDF; 1.7 MB) National Express. June 2012. Archived from the original on March 5, 2016. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
- ^ A b Gwynedd Archaeological Trust: The Vale of Ffestiniog . Heneb.co.uk. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ End of line for historic toll ( English ) BBC. March 28, 2003. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
- ↑ About Us . Y Ganolfan. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ Gwefan Tremadog: Porthmadog Maritime Museum . Tremadog.org.uk. Archived from the original on June 17, 2013. Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ^ Gwynedd Archaeological Trust: Porthmadog Harbor . Heneb.co.uk. Archived from the original on October 18, 2012. Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ^ Royal Sportsman Hotel . Royalsportsman.co.uk. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ^ War Memorial . Geographer. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ↑ Welsh Stone Forum, Newsletter Number 5, February 2008 ( English , PDF, 3.6 MB) Department of Geology, National Museum Wales. Retrieved July 8, 2013.
- ^ Royal Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales: Moel-y-Gest Hillfort . Coflein.gov.uk. October 20, 2003. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
- ^ Porthmadog Catchment Area . Cyngor Gwynedd Council. Retrieved on July 2, 2013. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ↑ Ysgol Eifionydd . Cyngor Gwynedd Council. Retrieved on July 2, 2013. ( Page no longer available , search in web archives ) Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.
- ^ TE Lawrence . Snowdon Lodge. Retrieved April 17, 2013.
