Richard Heuberger the Younger

Richard Heuberger the Younger (born March 30, 1884 in Vienna , † November 18, 1968 in Innsbruck ) was an Austrian historian and son of the composer Richard Heuberger the Elder .

career

Heuberger's history studies were followed by a doctorate and habilitation . He was then entrusted with a teaching position at the University of Innsbruck . A short career as archivist at the Lieutenancy Archives was followed by an academic career at the Institute for History at the University of Innsbruck. In addition to Harold Steinacker , Heuberger was Ao there. Professor of Medieval History . In 1946, Heuberger was at least temporarily retired because of membership in the NSDAP , and finally in 1949. The reasons for retiring because of previous misconduct had been controversial, most recently instead referring to his visual impairment (Heuberger suffered from a detached retina and had been completely blind since around 1920).

Teaching and research focus

The focus of Heuberger's research and teaching activities was initially on documents ( diplomacy ), with questions relating to general document theory as well as special problems in the Tyrolean sources, particularly in connection with the " Tyrolean document book ", being dealt with. As a result of a fall on the Italian front in World War I , he suffered severe visual impairment and turned to historical areas that he was able to cope with with the help of readers. These topics were grouped around the history of Tyrol in antiquity and in the Middle Ages and thus also covered

• the Roman provinces of Raetia and Noricum and the administrative units (civil, military, ecclesiastical) that later emerged from them;
• the inhabitants and ethnic groups of corresponding areas in the Alps or in their neighborhood, especially the Raetians of ancient sources, after which the province of Raetia was named.

Nazi accusation

In the denazification process and vis-à-vis a review commission from the University of Innsbruck, Heuberger held on to a Greater German attitude and his outrage over the division of Austria and Germany after the First World War, which in his opinion disregarded “historical references” such as the togetherness of Tyroleans and Bavaria . He even expressed this attitude in a footnote to his publication on Osträtien und Grafschaft Tirol , which earned him criticism from an academic perspective. He defended himself by having always thought and acted as a historian , hence his (presumably, not fully clarified) membership in the NSDAP between 1934 and 1938, when the NSDAP was banned in Austria . Heuberger stated that he had turned against the policies of the Third Reich because of the occupation of Czechoslovakia and that he had always been a democrat. In the last months of the war he made his apartment available to the resistance group O5 (in which his godchild Fritz Molden was active) and two camouflaged French officers. For the early retirement, earlier misconduct seems to have been less decisive than his continued Greater German confession.

"Germanness" and today's meaning

A preference for certain ethnic groups, such as a “ master race ”, cannot actually be recognized in Heuberger's work. At the beginning of his → contribution about the Raetians , he rather regrets that the earlier Raetian settlement of the central Alps is only thought of in Switzerland ( Rhaetian Railway , Rhaetian Museum in Chur ), and less so in Tyrol - here he caricatures one that may have ruled Tyrol earlier “Historically forgotten” idea that Tyrol was populated by Germans immediately after the Flood .

However, his choice of words arouses suspicion in " folk " terms, especially when he speaks of the "nationality" and the "morality" of the Raetians . Here, however, Heuberger only shows himself to be an enemy of foreign-language technical terms , even if such terms have long been naturalized in the language of his subject. When he writes about the "morality" of the Rhaetians, it is obviously simply about their level of civilization or the type of culture. Their “nationality” probably simply relates to their ethnic composition or relationship. He always speaks of the "Roman Free State" when it is obviously about the Roman Republic (its constitution up to the Principate , " res publica libera ").

Heuberger's astute and profound reviews and analyzes of ancient sources about the Raetians and the province of Raetia are captivating, and here his work is still to be observed today. However, these sources are extremely poor (with regard to the Raetians and the administrative organization of the province) (Heuberger always clearly points out). Their interpretations (including the Heuberger's) must therefore be understood more as contributions to research and discussion, not as representations of the state of research. It even happened that Heuberger changed his mind.

The ancient sources are now supplemented by archaeological research. Heuberger also took this into account at the time. However, this too is subject to “fashions” and opinions. Since the end of the 19th century it became popular to regard the Raetians and their Venetian neighbors as " Illyrians " - Heuberger joined them. These ideas have since been rejected.

Publications (selection)

Own volumes

• Richard Heuberger: General doctrine of documents for Germany and Italy (outline of historical science 1 / 2a). Teubner, Leipzig / Berlin 1921. (67 pages)
• Richard Heuberger: Raetia in antiquity and the early Middle Ages. Research and Representation. Volume I. Wagner, Innsbruck 1932. (Schlern-Schriften Vol. 20; Newprints Scientia, Aalen 1971 and 1981; XIII, 328 pages, 4 plate pages.)
• Richard Heuberger: The burgrave office in antiquity . Wagner, Innsbruck 1935. (Schlern-Schriften Vol. 28, IIX, 112 pages, 2 table pages;  PDF; 14.68 MB .)
• Richard Heuberger: From the Alpine East Trietia to the County of Tyrol. The spatial development of a medieval German border landscape. Wagner, Innsbruck 1935. (Schlern-Schriften Vol. 29, 35 pages;  PDF; 7.24 MB .)

Contributions to magazines and compilations

• ethnicities
  • Richard Heuberger: Natio Noricorum et Pregnariorum. Contributions to the early history of the Bavarians and the Alpine romance of the Eisack Valley and the Vinschgau Valley. In: Publications of the Museum Ferdinandeum in Innsbruck. Booklet X, Wagner, Innsbruck 1930, pp. 1–52 ( PDF; 5.99 MB ).
  • Richard Heuberger: Räterwein and Etschland. In: The Sciliar . Vol. 16, 1935, pp. 422-424 ( PDF; 393 kB ).
  • Richard Heuberger: The Raetians. In: Journal of the German Alpine Club. Born in 1939, pp. 186-193 ( PDF; 5.89 MB ).

• Raetia Province
  • Richard Heuberger: Raetia prima and Raetia secunda. In: Klio. Contributions to ancient history. Vol. 24 (New Series Volume VI), 1931, pp. 348–366 ( PDF; 1.54 MB ). (Cf. From the Alpine East Era to the County of Tyrol .)
  • Richard Heuberger: The Ostrogoth Raetia. In: Klio. Contributions to ancient history. Vol. 30, 1937, pp. 77-109. ( PDF; 2.71 MB ).
  • Richard Heuberger: When did Raetia become a province? In: Klio. Contributions to ancient history. Vol. 34 (New Series Volume XVI), 1942, pp. 290–292 ( PDF; 321 kB ).
  • Richard Heuberger: The western border of Raetia. In: Prehistoric Journal XXXIV / Volume V, 1949/1950, second half, pp. 47–57 ( PDF; 4.25 MB ).

• Relation to Tyrol
  • Richard Heuberger: The Vinschgau in antiquity and the early Middle Ages. In: The Sciliar. Vol. 13, 1932, pp. 132-137. ( PDF; 11.2 MB ).
  • Richard Heuberger: Tyrol in Roman times. In: Hermann Wopfner and Franz Huter (eds.): Tiroler Heimat. Yearbook of History and Folklore. Vol. 20 (1956). Tyrolia, Innsbruck 1957, pp. 133-138 ( PDF; 1.38 MB ).
  • Richard Heuberger: Oldest views on the indigenous population of Tyrol. In: Ernest Troger and Georg Zwanowetz (eds.): Contributions to the historical regional studies of Tyrol. Festschrift for Franz Huter. Wagner, Innsbruck 1959, pp. 145–147. (Schlern-Schriften Vol. 207;  PDF; 2.81 MB .)

literature

• R. Heuberger: Richard Heuberger. In: Nikolaus Grass (Hrsg.): Austrian historical science of the present in self-portrayals. Vol. 1, Innsbruck 1950, pp. 17-44. (= Schlern writings , Volume 68 PDF; 4.95 MB .)
• Wilhelm Fischer (Ed.): Festschrift in honor of Richard Heuberger (Schlern-Schriften, Volume 206). Innsbruck: Wagner 1960.
• Julia Hörmann-Thurn and Taxis, Roland Steinacher : Richard Heuberger (1884–1968). Medievalist and ancient historian in Innsbruck. In: Karel Hruza (ed.): Austrian historians 1900–1945. CVs and careers in Austria, Germany and Czechoslovakia in portraits of the history of science. in the Google book search Böhlau, Vienna 2008. ISBN 978-3-205-77813-4 , pp. 531-568.
• Hannes Obermair : Nation-Building facendo edizioni? Il "Tiroler Urkundenbuch", Richard Heuberger, Franz Huter e Otto Stolz . In: Giuseppe Albertoni et al. (Ed.): La storia va alla guerra. Storici dell'area trentino-tirolese tra polemiche nazionali e primo conflitto mondiale (=  Studi e Ricerche 18 ). Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento 2018, ISBN 978-88-8443-825-6 , p. 285-300 (Italian).
• Harald Kofler: Richard Heuberger (1884–1968): Historian between politics and science . Innsbruck: Wagner 2018 (Schlern-Schriften 369), ISBN 978-3-7030-0994-5 .
• Harald Kofler: Richard Heuberger (1884–1968). Reports from the front and death in the Dolomites . In: Michael Kasper u. a. (Ed.): Dying in the mountains. Reality - staging - processing. Vienna u. a .: Böhlau 2018 (Montafon Summit 3), pp. 189–204.

Web links

• Literature by and about Richard Heuberger the Younger in the catalog of the German National Library
• Entry on Richard Heuberger the Younger in the Austria Forum  (in the AEIOU Austria Lexicon )
• Critical biography and digitized work - project at the Institute for Ancient History and Ancient Near Eastern Studies at the University of Innsbruck until 2007

Individual evidence

1. ↑ ^{a b} Roland Steinacher: Heuberger and National Socialism (PDF; 237 kB)  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
2. ^ Hannes Obermair: Nation-Building facendo edizioni? Il "Tiroler Urkundenbuch", Richard Heuberger, Franz Huter e Otto Stolz . In: Giuseppe Albertoni et al. (Ed.): La storia va alla guerra. Storici dell'area trentino-tirolese tra polemiche nazionali e primo conflitto mondiale (=  Studi e Ricerche 18 ). Università degli Studi di Trento, Trento 2018, ISBN 978-88-8443-825-6 , p. 293-295 .
3. ↑ Die Raeter (1939), p. 1; Indigenous population of Tyrol (1959)
4. ↑ Heuberger, Räter , p. 191, 5th line above section 3, “advanced”; first line of Section 3, “Ascent”.
5. ↑ Heuberger, Räter , p. 192, line 7f., “Adjustment”.
6. ↑ Heuberger, Räter , p. 189, section 2, " Much has been written and argued about the origin and ethnicity of the Raetians "; P. 192, line 7, "Adjustment". - In historical studies the term ethnography was used for areas of this kind for some time , cf. Raeti in the New Pauly ; this importance apparently faded into the background.
7. ↑ In footnote 7 on p. 351f. From Raetia I / II ( Klio 1931), Heuberger revised his view, which was also expressed in Klio in 1929, about the original location of a milestone that was walled up in the meantime and the course of the Roman road in the Eisack Valley . - A page before, he argues, the Venosta had to Raetia I have heard. In the addendum on p. 366 he deviates from this again. On page 134 of The Vinschgau (1932, shortly before his appearing Rätien - book ) he expects the Vinschgau to Raetia II . On page 4 of 1935b he identifies the same view as a presumption; that the Vinschgau probably from the early Middle Ages to the Diocese of Chur (and also among the Franks still Raetia prima was one named entity) has no longer the same meaning as in 1931. On page 137 of 1957a fact remains. - But after he had declared here that Trient z. B. is only from 25 BC. When he came to the Roman Empire, he announced in an addendum that he would argue “soon” for an assertion made by Theodor Mommsen in 1861, according to which Trento was a Roman city as early as 89 BC through the Lex Pompeiana de Transpadanis (see Alliance War (Rome) ) has become. However, a corresponding publication cannot be found in the list of publications. - Finally, just take note of the section Supplements / Corrections , pp. 304–326, from Rätien .
8. ↑ " But the Illyrian hypothesis has long since been abandoned even by its most ardent advocates " with reference more to the Venetians and to: H. Krahe: The language of the Illyrians , Part 2, Wiesbaden 1964; S. 676–678 by: Ernst Risch : The Raetians as a linguistic problem . In: I. Metzger u. P. Gleirscher (Ed.): Die Räter , Athesia, Bozen 1992. For more details on the Rätern p. 726 in the same volume by: Ludwig Pauli: On the search for a people. Old and new on the Raetian question , pp. 725–740.