School garden

from Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Schoolchildren, section from the monument to Johann Julius Hecker .

A school garden is a garden created for training and further education purposes. It is an educational tool to impart knowledge about horticulture and agriculture as well as about nature and the environment .

history

Antiquity

In ancient times, Plato , Socrates and Epicurus are said to have laid out gardens together with their students in order to create an inspiring environment for philosophy, poetry and science.

The Persian King Cyrus II is said to have set up teaching gardens to instruct students in fruit growing and horticulture.

middle Ages

The monastery gardens of the Middle Ages , especially those of the Benedictines , served - in addition to supplying the monastery residents with vegetables, medicinal herbs, fruit and flowers - to impart knowledge about the cultivation and care of garden plants. On behalf of Charlemagne , Ansegis wrote the Capitulare de villis vel curtis imperii in 812 . He names 73 useful plants, 16 types of fruit trees and among other things hemp . The St. Gallen monastery plan , possibly an ideal plan from the early 9th century , provides for herb, vegetable and fruit gardens. Walahfrid Strabo , the abbot of the Reichenau monastery , described the care of the gardens in the Liber de cultura hortorum around 840 in 444 Latin hexameters , including 24 medicinal plants.

In addition to the beds of medicinal plants for the medieval medicine and herbs for the kitchen of the Middle Ages was also known dye plants , plants for cosmetic purposes, magical plants ( love herbs , plants with hallucinogenic substances, poisonous plants ) and ornamental plants . The Benedictine Hildegard von Bingen , founder of the Rupertsberg Monastery , describes more than 500 plants, including wild ones , in her work Physica ("Natural History") around 1155 . Today's herbal spirals , at the same time also an example of permaculture design , refer, among other things, to their herbalism .

Furttenbach's "Paradise Garden"

Joseph Furttenbach , draft for a school garden, floor plan and supervision, copper engraving, 1663

The versatile Joseph Furttenbach , who in his architecture books also devoted himself with great interest to the horticultural facilities of public and semi-public buildings, recommended in both the Architectura Universalis (1635) and the Mannheimer Kunstspiegel (1663) that school buildings should be supplemented with gardens. His school-Paradeiss-Gärtlin , a hedge garden subdivided into many compartments, was supposed to serve “amusement”, recreation, instruction and upbringing, in his words “to arouse good thoughts in the children, to walk into paradise, there their Christianity and others to drill good and useful and glorious arts ”. In the middle was a domed room as an examination room, where disputations were held and the children's works were exhibited. In the flowering beds, the children should be allowed to pick flowers as a reward.

Johann Julius Hecker

The Protestant theologian and educator Johann Julius Hecker had the first school garden in Berlin and probably also in Prussia laid out around 1750 . Hecker incorporated the school garden into the first practice-oriented “Economic and Mathematical Realschule ”, which he also founded . The school garden played an important role in Hecker's concept of the new educational reform approach of combining school and vocational training content. The site was on what is now called the Lenné triangle .

In 1750, the economic newspaper Leipzig Collections reported that “... a very special institution had been set up for lively instruction in plantation matters. For one has acquired a piece of land for a long lease, and in fact lets the young people themselves show in recreational lessons what is involved in creating hedges, sowing, planting, grafting, oculating, etc., and especially in maintaining and planting the mulberry trees Be careful with silk construction. "

The silk culture was at the time of Frederick the Great promoted with the aim, if possible, regardless of the import to satisfy the growing demand for silk.

After Hecker's death in 1768, the botanist Johann Gottlieb Gleditsch compiled an inventory list of the school garden and found, in addition to “... several greenhouses and hotbeds, a small orangery, pineapple, cyprus, laurel, myrtle, grenade, aloe, pisang, even agaves and Coffee trees ... "

Further pioneers

Among the pioneers are Johann Amos Comenius , August Hermann Francke , Friedrich Eberhard von Rochow , Christian Gotthilf Salzmann , Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi , Friedrich Fröbel , Georg Kerschensteiner and Rudolf Steiner .

School gardens in the country

Section of a school garden at the Schopfheim Free Waldorf School .

Even in rural areas, e.g. B. in South Westphalia , there were the first school gardens at the end of the 18th century, initiated here by Pastor Friedrich Adolf Sauer . In the Duchy of Westphalia, the “ industrial school ” was the new type of primary school at that time, shaped by the reform ideas of the Enlightenment. The desired holistic teaching method included the promotion of various manual skills, but above all practical lessons in fruit growing and horticulture. Grafted fruit trees from the school gardens of the industrial schools were sold in the region and planted along the roads, for example. In 1810, the Landeskultur-Gesellschaft zu Arnsberg offered a premium for particularly committed schools for the first time. The prize went to Olpe , where there is evidence that 30,000 apple and pear stones were planted, 4,500 trees were raised and 700 were grafted.

In Bavaria there was a decree in 1753 that fruit trees had to be planted along the country roads. From 1790 industrial gardens were set up , in which the students should be taught soil cultivation, botany and fruit tree cultivation. In the 19th century, the industrial gardens were then called school gardens. They are probably the reason that most of the fruit and horticultural associations were founded by teachers and pastors and were initially also led.

School garden lessons in the GDR

In the GDR, teaching was compulsory from the first to the fourth grade. There were also relevant textbooks. Each school had an area (mostly outside the school premises) in which each school class planted some flower beds. The harvest was either fed to the school, offered to local retailers through regular purchases or sold on site. The money raised often went to the class fund . The students were also able to take some of them home with them. The school garden lessons were part of the polytechnic lessons in addition to the handicraft lessons .

Situation today

The school garden movement in Germany is currently experiencing a renaissance, albeit a slow one. The Federal School Garden Working Group, or BAG Schulgarten (BAGS) for short , was founded in Fulda in 2002 . This wants to promote the topic nationwide and anchor it in the curricula. According to a representative survey, almost 40% of all schools in Baden-Württemberg have a school garden. In many Montessori educational institutions there is a school garden in order to be able to work practically. Horticulture is taught in grades 6–8 at Waldorf schools.

A school garden is an important teaching tool in primary schools . The children learn both basic theoretical knowledge about plants (in addition to subject lessons ) and practical work in the garden. However, Thuringia is the only federal state from the former GDR that has not removed school garden lessons from the curriculum.

Concepts

The suggestions for practical work include planning, laying out and maintaining a vegetable patch.

Other topics that can be taught are:

See also

literature

  • Jeanette Maria Alisch: School gardens in Baden-Württemberg - taking into account structural, organizational and personal influencing factors - a state-wide empirical study . Pro-Business-Verlag, Berlin 2008, ISBN 978-3-86805-973-1 (Dissertation ... 2008, 180 pages excerpt online PDF, free of charge, 7 pages, 64.6 kB, table of contents ; content text ).
  • Helmut Birkenbeil (ed.): School gardens. Ulmer-Verlag, 1999, ISBN 3-8001-5298-3 .
  • AID (Ed.): School garden as a place of learning - project ideas from practice. Bonn 2005, ISBN 3-8308-0550-0 .
  • AID, Reinhard Marquardt: School garden in the classroom - From mathematics to art. Bonn 2010, ISBN 978-3-8308-0927-2 .
  • Cornelia Jäger: From Hortus Medicus to modern environmental education. The history of the school gardens in the Francke Foundations. Verlag der Francke Foundations, 2013, ISBN 978-3-939922-41-4 .
  • Ursula Kilger: School and teaching gardens: their development under importance, the current situation as well as requirements and possibilities of their arrangement and teaching use , Wolfgang Hartung-Gorre, Konstanz 1982, ISBN 3-923200-14-5 .
  • Eva Klawitter: The eco school garden. Lesson suggestions and information for school gardening. Klett, Stuttgart 1992, ISBN 3-12-258660-6 .
  • Hans-Joachim Lehnert, Karlheinz Köhler, Dorothee Benkowitz (eds.): School gardens. Create, maintain, use . Ulmer Verlag 2016. ISBN 978-3-8001-1258-6 .
  • Alex Oberholzer, Lore Lässer: Gardens for children . 2003, ISBN 3-8001-4138-8 .
  • Norbert Pütz and Steffen Wittkowske (eds.): School garden and outdoor work. Learn, study and research. klinkhardt Verlag, 2012, ISBN 978-3-7815-1852-0
  • Hainer Weißpflug: "On the way to the Thiergarten on the right hand ...". Berlin's first school garden and its founder Julius Hecker. In: Berlin monthly journal. Edition Luisenstadt, 1997.

Web links

Commons : School Gardens  - collection of pictures, videos and audio files
Wiktionary: School garden  - explanations of meanings, word origins, synonyms, translations

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Johannes Gottfried Mayer , Konrad Goehl : Herbal Book of Monastery Medicine. Reprint-Verlag Leipzig 2013, p. 29. ISBN 978-3-8262-3057-8
  2. ↑ Hans-Dieter Stoffler: The Hortulus of Walahfrid Strabo. From the herb garden of the Reichenau monastery. Stuttgart 2002, ISBN 3-7995-3506-3 .
  3. ^ Marie Luise Gothein: History of garden art , Vol. 2, 1923, pp. 102-103
  4. ↑ Leipzig collections of economic, policey, Cammer, and financial things. Volume 7. Leipzig by Carl Ludwig Jacobi 1751, p. 722.
  5. ↑ GW v. Raumer: The Thiergarten near Berlin, its creation and its fate according to proven news. Berlin 1840, p. 57.
  6. ↑ Fernande Walder: The school garden in its meaning education. Klinkhardt, Rieden 2002, ISBN 3-7815-1242-8 .
  7. ↑ Roswitha Kirsch-Stracke: 'They are happy and cheered when their attempts succeed' - On the history of the first school gardens in the Sauerland with examples from the Olpe district . In: Voices from the Olpe district. Vol. 62, 1991, H. 4, pp. 218-233, ISSN  0177-2899
  8. ↑ Joseph Hager: The emergence of the fruit and horticultural associations in Bavaria ( Memento from February 7, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) (accessed on February 7, 2015)
  9. ^ GDR school system of the 80s. ( Memento from November 21, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
  10. ↑ Homepage of the Bundesarbeitsgemeinschaft Schulgarten eV, accessed on January 28, 2020
  11. ↑ (red.): The school garden is only on the curriculum in Thuringia . In: Thüringer Allgemeine , Senftenberg edition, April 18, 2014, accessed on November 16, 2017
  12. ^ Ines Binder: The school garden: history - concepts - goals. Seminar paper. (online) ( Memento from February 2, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) (PDF; 3.5 MB)
  13. ↑ Annette Upmeier zu Belzen, Barbara Wieder, Armin Lude: The school garden in the primary school. Plan and create a vegetable patch in the 3rd school year. In: IDB Münster, Ber. Inst. Didaktik Biologie, 13 (2004), pp. 41–53. (online) (PDF; 513 kB)