Education system in Sweden

The education system in Sweden is laid down in a school law ( Swedish Skollagen ) and is structured in a single-part and decentralized manner. There is compulsory schooling from 7 to 16 years of age, which, according to the law, also enables teaching in free schools or home tuition . However, the latter is subject to such strict restrictions that it is not possible in practice. The illiteracy rate in Sweden is well below 1% and is not officially recorded because of its low rate. It is estimated that there are around 25,000 illiterate people in Sweden, most of whom immigrated to Sweden from other countries and who had no education in their countries of origin.

history

School types

The first organized educational establishments were monasteries, which taught in medieval monastery schools . The language of instruction was Latin , and it was only with the Reformation that Swedish found its way into the classrooms.

The Katedralskolan in Lund , founded in 1085, is the oldest educational institution in Scandinavia.

Already during the High Middle Ages there was a cathedral school near every cathedral , which had the task of training priests and preparing them for university education. The cathedral schools were divided into four classes and subordinated to the respective cathedral chapter ; they are considered the origin of the Swedish educational institutions. The first cathedral school of this kind was founded in 1085 in Lund, then Danish, by a donation from Canute the Holy .

At the beginning of the 1620s grammar schools were established in the bishopric and the cathedral schools were converted into trivial schools. The first high school of its kind was founded in Västerås in 1623 . The trivial school was a lower secondary school which, after attending, qualified for teaching at a four-year high school. In 1807, the old school rules were replaced, with the result that Latin was no longer taught. French and German took its place . The trivial school existed until 1905 and was replaced by the six-year secondary school.

The first ordinance of the Swedish folkskola , 1842

In 1842, the Swedish Reichstag passed the resolution to introduce a four-year elementary school called folkskola ( elementary school ). In 1858 the first two classes became a småskola (small school, for example), to which the children started school at the age of seven. In 1882 two more school years were added to folkskola, the fifth and sixth grade. In some schools there was a so-called continuation school ( fortsättningsskola ), which consisted of grades 7 and 8.

In 1949, the nine-year elementary school was introduced as a unitary school in some parts of Sweden . This was to replace the existing elementary school and was divided into three levels until 1994:

• long stage (years 1–3)
• mellan stage (years 4-6)
• and high stage (years 7-9)

The existing school forms were integrated into these areas of the primary school: the småskola in the lågstadium, the folkskola in the mellanstadium and the Realschule in the Högstadium. It was not until 1972 that the school system was introduced across Sweden.

The current school form of the grammar school was introduced in 1971 with the entry into force of the Lgy 70 curriculum. It has been regulated since 1964 that these are run by the municipality.

Universities

Uppsala University, founded in 1477

The University of Uppsala was the first university in Sweden and Scandinavia to be founded in 1477 by Archbishop Jakob Ulfsson and Imperial Administrator Sten Sture the Elder . A Studium generale was set up in Lund , Denmark , as early as 1425 , but it did not exist for long. Under the Swedish great power , universities were founded in conquered areas, mainly to promote so-called Swedishization there: the University of Tartu in 1632 , the Academy of Turku in 1640 and the University of Lund in 1666 . The University of Greifswald came into Swedish hands through the Peace of Westphalia in 1648 .

After the end of the coalition wars in 1815 and the ensuing territorial losses, only the universities of Lund and Uppsala remained in addition to the Karolinska Institutet Medical University, founded in 1810 . To date, new universities and colleges have been added , especially in the large cities of Gothenburg and Stockholm . Today there are 14 state universities and 24 state universities. For an overview, see the list of universities and colleges in Sweden .

State actors

The Swedish education system is coordinated by the Ministry of Education. It has been headed by three ministers since 2014 : Gustav Fridolin as education minister , Helene Hellmark Knutsson as minister for higher education and research (Minister för högre utbildning och forskning) and Anna Ekström (until 2016 this post was occupied by Aida Hadžialić ) as minister for high school and the further development of adult education (Gymnasie- och kunskapslyftsminister). The Ministry of Education acts as the mouthpiece of the government and provides the political framework in the form of curricula and guidelines. The Skolverket , which works in parallel , is responsible for, literally, “further follow-up, evaluation and inspection of the training” to control and improve the quality of the training. It also works out proposals for course plans and sets the grade criteria. Skolin inspections are responsible for the supervision of the individual schools, complaints and the approval of the establishment of a school .

The municipalities are responsible for running the school within the framework prescribed by the state through the School Act, the curricula and ordinances. They have full independence within the school organization and in the procurement of resources. They are also the first point of contact for questions about administration or equivalent.

In addition, there is the school development authority ( Myndighet för skolutvecklingen ), which works for the communities and is aimed primarily at school principals and teachers and strives to improve quality, as well as the Specialpedagogiska institutet , which supports children, young people and adults with disabilities.

school-system

The public school system that exists today for children and young people consists of general education consisting of pre-school education ( förskoleverksamhet ), elementary school education ( grundskoleutbildning ) and grammar school education ( gymnasieutbildning ). The school system is structured as a single unit.

Preschool

The term pre-school system stands for three facilities aimed at children who have not yet attended school: pre-school ( förskola ), family day care center ( familjedaghem ) and open pre-school ( öppen förskola ). The aim of the pre-school system is both to promote child development and to make it easier for parents to combine work or study and family.

The care of toddlers and toddlers from birth to school entry (1–5 years) is known as preschool ( förskola , colloquially dagis ). 396,231 children attended this type of school in 2006. This is voluntary, but subject to tax, and can be equated with day care . From August of the year in which a child turns three , the municipalities must offer this child a pre-school place for at least 525 hours per year free of charge ( allmän förskola ).

school

The school consists of the nine-year, compulsory elementary school and the three-year grammar school . The school authority is the municipality that determines how the school is organized. The schools are free of charge , and the learning materials for the students are also free. School meals and school transport are also free in elementary school, and in most municipalities this also applies to high school.

Preschool class

From the autumn semester ( maximum date ) of the year in which a child turns six , the municipalities must offer this child a place in a preschool class ( förskoleklass , colloquially nollan after the previous designation 0th grade ). Teaching in the pre-school class is regulated by the Lpo 94 curriculum, which also regulates teaching in the primary school. The preschool class is tax-free and must include at least 525 hours of lessons per year.

Today around 95% of all six-year-olds go to preschool class. The lessons are supposed to literally “stimulate the development and learning of the child” and serve as preparation for primary school. The focus here is on learning through play in order to ensure a seamless transition to school later on.

Within the framework of the curriculum, the municipalities determine how teaching should look like. Many communities have geographically integrated the preschool class into a primary school. In addition, one third of the municipalities study together with primary school students.

primary school

English classes begin in the first year of school (in a third of the municipalities in the first year of school). Another foreign language (German, French or Spanish) will be offered later. From the sixth school year onwards, grades are given according to a six-point scale (A to F, with A to E being considered passed).

The current form of elementary school does not require an exam; So, similar to the situation in Germany, you do not have to take an exam to complete primary school. Instead, in the third, sixth and ninth year , uniform national exams ( nationella prov ) in the basic subjects are used to measure the extent to which the student fulfills the minimum requirements according to the curriculum ( läroplan - Lgr 11) and the course plans.

For pupils with learning difficulties there is the possibility of special lessons ( specialundervisning ). Pupils with disabilities are taught together with non-handicapped pupils in schools equipped for the disabled. But there is also the possibility of attending a special school.

At the end of elementary school there is a leaving certificate on which the application for a place at a grammar school is based. 962,349 children went to primary school in 2006. With the end of primary school, compulsory school attendance ends .

high school

Further education at a grammar school is free and voluntary; almost all students switch to one after elementary school. The grammar schools offer training programs, a distinction being made between practical and theoretical training. Theoretical training directly prepares students for studies, while practical training prepares them for a job. So-called core subject courses ( kärnämneskurser ) such as Swedish or mathematics must be attended by all students, regardless of the chosen program.

A high school program consists of a point system with a total of 2,500 points, which are distributed over the courses included. In addition, the students can freely choose subjects with a total of 350 points. In some programs this score is even higher. Each course is usually 50 or 100 points, but a few courses are 150 points. 50 points means that the course usually has a length of one semester and 100 points accordingly two semesters, while courses with 150 points extend over 3 semesters. All courses are graded on a six-degree scale ( F unsatisfactory and the grades E , roughly equivalent to a four, to A , roughly equivalent to a one). In order to receive a diploma, a student needs the full 2500 points. Of these 250 points are allowed a maximum of tips have been graded.

Pupils who have not completed a theoretical program at a grammar school can only start university education if they have taken courses that are required for the basic university entrance qualification, for example advanced courses in Swedish and English. Therefore, students who go to a vocational high school must also choose the corresponding courses if they want to obtain the basic higher education entrance qualification after high school. The higher education entrance qualification can also be achieved after high school through municipal adult education (Komvux). In 2006, 376,087 students went to high school.

Controversies in the Swedish school debate

Since 1992 it has been allowed to found private schools (so-called “free schools”). The main idea was that competing schools (i.e. public schools as well as independent schools) should raise overall performance levels. So that the system of free choice of schools and competition could work, a system was created in which the schools (both municipal and independent schools) receive money from the municipality for each student (“skolpeng”). The skolpeng is intended to cover the running costs (rent, teachers' salaries, teaching material). Currently (as of October 2013) private school companies are allowed to establish themselves relatively freely and they are also allowed to make profits that can be freely used (e.g. profit distribution to shareholders). However, only about 25% of all applications to establish a private school are approved. 10% of all primary school students and 20% of all high school students currently attend a free school. Two thirds of all free schools are run by public limited companies. (Status 2011)

Proponents of this development emphasize above all the possibility of free school choice and thus the chance of choosing a better school for students in socially disadvantaged areas.

However, the free choice of schools is also criticized. On the one hand, it is said that it contributed to greater segregation. A report on the program Uppdrag Granskning showed that students with poorer qualifications are rejected by many free schools contrary to the law. On the other hand, there is research that suggests that competition between schools has led to an increase in the level of grades across the country; That is, schools give higher grades to attract students. This suspicion is reinforced by the fact that Swedish students do worse and worse in the PISA studies. It is also criticized that fewer teachers work in free schools compared to public schools and that the proportion of teachers with teacher training in free schools is significantly lower than in public schools.

This criticism of the free schools intensified in the summer of 2013 when one of the largest school companies, John Bauer Education, went bankrupt. One of the reasons given was the falling number of students. Proponents of the competition saw themselves confirmed: The bankruptcy of John Bauer had only proven that the system worked, since John Bauer was obviously a bad school that was eliminated from the market. In the course of the bankruptcy, however, it was critically noted that part of the “skolpeng” (see above) was used to settle the company's interest debts. In other words, money that had actually been budgeted to cover teaching costs was used elsewhere. The Swedish government has announced that the rules will be changed in order to ensure that the schools will remain in place for longer.

To avoid dubious actors such as B. To prevent John Bauer and to generally ensure the quality of Swedish schools, the bourgeois government decided in 2007 to set up a school inspection. Since then, the School Inspectorate has been inspecting schools across the country at regular intervals. In some cases, such as B. the school company Praktiska Sverige AB, it was decided to close schools immediately because of serious educational deficiencies.

The possibility of making a profit is rejected by the majority of the Swedish population. Nevertheless, there is currently (as of April 2019) no majority among the eight parties in the Swedish Reichstag to abolish the pursuit of profit in the school system. A legislative initiative submitted by the Social Democrats, the Greens and the Left Party in June 2018 did not find a majority and was rejected in the Reichstag with votes from the bourgeois parties (Moderate Collection Party, Center Party, Liberals and Christian Democrats) and the Sweden Democrats. Instead, Parliament recommends developing national criteria to ensure quality, a proposal that is viewed with skepticism by the red-green parties, as they believe that it is difficult to measure quality in the welfare sector and warn against a higher one administrative burden for the employees in the corresponding areas.

Universities and colleges

Around 30% of a year begins studying within five years of graduating from high school . In order to be admitted to a course of study, the general and uniform university entrance qualification must be proven, but also the additional special qualifications that are determined for individual courses and courses by the universities in Sweden . The number of places for study programs and courses is limited; if the number of applicants is higher, a selection process is carried out that is very similar to the German numerus clausus .

All higher education is carried out in the form of courses. The courses can be put together by the students into courses that lead to an academic examination . The colleges and universities can make proposals for such courses in the form of programs . Apart from professional exams ( e.g. teacher exams) there are six academic exams : Diploma ( Högskoleexamen ) after a two-year course, Bachelor ( candidate exam ) after a three-year course with certain specific requirements, Magister ( magister examination , corresponds to the one-year Master ) after a four-year course, and Master ( masterexamen , corresponds to the two-year master's degree) after a five-year course with certain specific requirements, licentiate ( licentiatsexamen ) after a shorter researcher training including a licentiate dissertation and the doctorate ( doctoral examination ) after a four-year researcher training including a dissertation .

Various universities offer one-year preparatory courses ( basår ) in which applicants can complete their high school education and thus acquire the right to access certain fields of study at a later date.

The scope of a course or degree program is measured using a point system, with 60 points corresponding to an academic year (= 40 study weeks ), which is divided into a spring and autumn semester ( vår or maximum date ). Forms of teaching and examinations are determined by the universities. Several scales with two, three, four or five grades are used for grades - if the European system is not used.

Training at universities (since July 1, 2007)

Type of training	step	year		Academic degree				year
Forskarutbildning Postgraduate studies	Forskarnivå graduate level				Doctoral examination doctor 240 points			4: e året
								3: e året
					Licentiate exam Licentiate 120 points			2: a året
								1: a året
Grundläggande högskoleutbildning Undergraduate studies	Avancerad nivå advanced level	2: on	År course 2			Master's examination Master (two years) 120 points	Yrkesexamina state examination (3–5 years)	5: on	År course 5
		1: on	År course 1		Master's degree (one year) 60 points			4: on	År course 4
	Basic level Basic level	3: on	År course 3		Candidate exam Bachelor 180 points			3: on	År course 3
		2: on	År course 2	Högskole exam University exam 120 points				2: on	År course 2
		1: on	År course 1					1: on	År course 1

Study support

Anyone up to the age of 54 can apply for study support ( studiestöd ) regardless of their income (including their parents) and place of residence . This consists of a study grant ( studiebidrag ) and a student loan ( studielån ) and is granted for a maximum of 240 study weeks . The allowance for full-time study is SEK 2572 per month, the loan can be up to SEK 4920 per month. For certain training courses, higher amounts apply. In contrast to the allowance, the loan ( annuity loan ) must be repaid within 25 years or at the latest when reaching the age of 60.

Adult education

Want to adults who have not purchased a complete basic education or high school degree or its gymnasiale diploma with courses, the requirement for certain studies, complement or improve, there is in every community facilities of the municipal adult (off) education ( municipal vuxenutbildning , in short: Komvux ). These were established in 1968 and have their own curriculum. The adult education facilities also include the so-called Särvux ( Särskild vuxenutbildning ), which is aimed at adults aged 20 and over with intellectual disabilities . A total of 227,682 people took up the offer for further training in the 2005/06 training year.

In addition, there are 148 adult education centers that offer courses and study groups and are considered a separate type of school. These facilities are intended as an alternative to Komvux and certify the student's knowledge at high school level. While at Komvux you are taught according to courses and within varying groups, the adult education center follows the class scheme in which, similar to a school class, you learn together permanently.

Many Swedish municipalities have also de-established so-called study centers (lärcentra) in order to strengthen higher education in the municipalities. These study centers offer, among other things, a variety of services for residents of the communities concerned who take part in distance learning courses.

financing

School and higher education

The tax revenues of the municipalities and the state form the basis for the financing of the public school system. In addition to the municipalities' expenditure financed from tax revenue, there is a so-called state contribution, which takes account of the differently numerously large municipalities through a compensation system (similar to the German state financial equalization ). In 2006 the expenditures for preschool, school and adult education amounted to the equivalent of 16.1 billion euros. In contrast, the municipalities had a total budget of EUR 47.3 billion, of which the municipalities' tax revenues accounted for 68% and the state contribution 16%.

For the training year 2008, the government has earmarked a budget of the equivalent of 7.1 billion euros, of which 2.1 billion will be for student support.

research

Research and development spending in Sweden in 2006 was 3.83% of gross national income . 75% of the expenditure was paid for by the economy and 20% by the universities. The state budget for 2008 provides the equivalent of 804 million euros. The share of expenditure in gross national income is to increase by one percentage point during the ongoing legislative period (until 2010).

For comparison: In Germany the share of the GNP was 2.48% (most recent figures from 2004), 67% of which came from the economy. The aim here is to increase the quota to 3% of GDP by 2009.

Most publicly funded research in Sweden takes place at universities and colleges, about half of which is financed by direct government grants and the other half by third-party funding. Most of the research and development carried out by industry takes place in the transportation, electrical engineering and pharmaceutical industries.

statistics

According to the OECD , in 2005 38% of a year graduated from university. In Germany the rate was 20% in the same period. The age at which the first university degree is achieved is between 23 and 26 years in Sweden and between 25 and 26 years in Germany. However, with regard to the numbers of university graduates mentioned, it must be taken into account that some professions that do not have academic status in Germany require a university degree in Sweden, e.g. B. the training to become a nurse.

PISA 2012

In the 2012 PISA study , Sweden was below the OECD average in all three disciplines:

Result of the PISA study 2012
	mathematics	Reading comprehension	Natural sciences
OECD average	494	496	501
Sweden	478	483	485
Germany	514	508	524

In terms of equal opportunities, Sweden was well above the OECD average, ranking fourth overall in the study. The following percentage indicates the total variance in student performance due to differences between schools:

Variance in student performance between schools on the overall science scale
	Variance between schools, in percent
OECD average	33
Sweden	11.5
Germany	66.2

When it comes to gender-specific differences in performance, a comparatively homogeneous picture emerges in Sweden. The following table shows the difference in points between boys and girls in the respective test area. If the result was positive, the boys did better; if the result was negative, the girls. The numbers that the OECD describes as significant differences are marked with *:

Differences between boys and girls
	mathematics	Reading comprehension	Natural sciences
OECD average	11 *	−38 *	1
Sweden	−3	−51 *	−7 *
Germany	14 *	−44 *	−1

See also

• List of universities and colleges in Sweden
• Nobel Prize

Web links

• Regeringskansliet - Utbildningsdepartementet (English and Swedish)
• Swedish School Act - Skollagen (Swedish)
• Child Care in Sweden Official homepage of the National Agency for Education of Sweden (PDF; 682 kB)
• Swedish curriculum for preschool (PDF; 164 kB, translation of LPFÖ 98)
• Swedish curriculum for comprehensive schools (PDF; 159 kB, translation of LPO 94)
• Starting Strong II - Comparative Country Study on Early Childhood Education

Remarks

1. ↑ with the option of starting school voluntarily at the age of six. regeringen.se ( Memento of the original from June 1, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Swedish) 
2. ↑ All Swedish citizens. For EU citizens and citizens from Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway and Switzerland with an unlimited right of residence (PUR) or work or family connections to Sweden. csn.se ( Memento of the original from May 5, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. For citizens outside the EU with permanent residence permit (PUT) and refugee status or permanent residence in Sweden. (Swedish) 

Individual evidence

1. ↑ Skollag (2010: 800) (Swedish)
2. ↑ Preparatory work / commentary on the School Act (Swedish), p. 885
3. ↑ Economic data and statistics on Sweden ( Memento of the original from February 12, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
4. ↑ Myndighet för skolutvecklingen - om oss ( Memento of the original from October 20, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Swedish)  
5. ↑ Utbildningsdepartementet: Ansvaret för skolan i Sverige ( Memento of the original from June 1, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Swedish)  
6. ↑ ^{a b c d e} Finansiering av det svenska skolväsendet  ( Page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Swedish)  
7. ↑ Press release of the Swedish Reichstag  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Swedish)  
8. ↑ Förskole classes ( Memento of the original from March 26, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Swedish)  
9. ↑ Grading in primary school ( memento of the original from November 3, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Swedish)  
10. ↑ Skolverket: Om nationella prov ( Memento of the original of July 13, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Swedish)  
11. ↑ Utbildningsdepartementet: Gymnasieskola ( Memento of the original from June 1, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Swedish)  
12. ↑ List of examples of core subject courses at Umeå Gymnasieskola : umea.se ( Memento of the original from January 21, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Swedish) 
13. ↑ Example: Catalog of the freely selectable courses of Umeå Gymnasieskola : PDF  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Swedish)  
14. ↑ Authorities efter government programs. Retrieved April 11, 2019 (Swedish). 
15. ↑ lararnasnyheter.se ( memento of the original from October 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
16. ↑ ekonomifakta.se
17. ↑ gp.se
18. ↑ friskola.se ( Memento of the original from November 1, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
19. ↑ sverigesradio.se
20. ↑ svt.se
21. ↑ sverigesradio.se
22. ↑ skolverket.se ( Memento of the original from July 1, 2014 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
23. ↑ lararnasnyheter.se ( memento of the original from October 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
24. ↑ aftonbladet.se
25. ↑ lararnasnyheter.se ( memento of the original from October 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was automatically inserted and not yet checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. 
26. ↑ Minister Anders Borg is in favor of tougher regulations for venture capital companies in the school system (Swedish).
27. ↑ regeringen.se ( Memento of the original from October 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
28. ↑ svt.se
29. ↑ aftonbladet.se
30. ↑ Strid om välfärdsvinster inte över. Retrieved April 11, 2019 . 
31. ↑ Högskoleverket (Swedish)
32. ↑ Centrala studiestödsnämnden: Hur mycket kan du få? ( Memento of the original from April 25, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Swedish)  
33. ↑ Högskoleverket: Studiestöd (Swedish)
34. ↑ Särvux  ( page no longer available , search in web archives )  Info: The link was automatically marked as defective. Please check the link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Swedish)  
35. ↑ Om folkhögskolan som skolform ( Memento of the original from May 5, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Swedish)  
36. ↑ Kommunala lärcentra (Swedish) ( Memento of the original from March 7, 2016 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
37. ↑ ^{a b} Mål och budget för utbildnings- och forskningspolitiken ( Memento of the original dated December 6, 2007 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Swedish)  
38. ↑ Forskning och utveckling (FoU) i Sverige 2006 ( Memento of the original from December 30, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (Swedish)  
39. ↑ Federal Ministry of Education and Research - Research and Innovation in Germany ( Memento of the original from February 24, 2008 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link has been inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  
40. ↑ OECD Factbook 2008: Economic, Environmental and Social Statistics - Tertiary graduation rates (first-time graduations) doi: 10.1787 / 275033578078 .
41. ^ Deutscher Ärzteverlag GmbH, editorial office of Deutsches Ärzteblatt: Sweden: Where nurses become professors. November 5, 2004, accessed April 11, 2019 . 
42. ↑ dn.se
43. ↑ expressen.se
44. ↑ sueddeutsche.de
45. ↑ PISA 2006 - Executive Summary
46. ↑ skolverket.se