Sender Mühlacker
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Sender Mühlacker
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| Basic data | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Place: | Mühlacker | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Country: | Baden-Württemberg | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Country: | Germany | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Altitude : | 304 m above sea level NHN | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Coordinates: 48 ° 56 '27.6 " N , 8 ° 51' 7.2" E | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Use: | Telecommunication system , radio transmitter | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Accessibility: | Transmission system not accessible to the public | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Owner : | Südwestrundfunk | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Data on the transmission system | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Waveband : | FM transmitter | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Radio : | VHF broadcasting | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| Send types: | Cellular radio , directional radio | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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The Mühlacker transmitter is a broadcasting device for radio at Mühlacker in Enzkreis , which consists of a tubular steel mast insulated from earth and a free-standing steel lattice tower. It is used by the SWR , which is the owner of the system, to broadcast radio programs on VHF as well as for directional radio . A broadcast in DAB + mode was recorded on November 25, 2019. The short-wave transmitter belonging to this system, via which the SWR3 program was last broadcast , was shut down on October 19, 2004.
The medium-wave transmitter, through which the program of Südfunk 1 and most recently that of SWR cont.ra was broadcast for decades , was switched off and shut down by SWR on January 8, 2012.
description
Mühlacker has been the location of a large broadcasting station since 1930 . The inauguration of the first major German transmitter with a transmission power of 60 kW took place on November 21, 1930. The seven-stage transmitter built by Telefunken ran in trial operation until December 20, 1930 and began operation on December 20, 1930 on 833 kHz. This transmission power required a tube power of 360 kW, which was provided by 18 water-cooled 20 kW tubes (type RS255).
The costs for the first transmitter in Mühlacker amounted to almost 450,000 RM. The entire transmitter was owned by the Deutsche Reichspost, which rented the transmitter to the Süddeutsche Rundfunk AG ( SÜRAG ) or operated it for them.
On December 20, 1933, the transmitters in Berlin, Mühlacker and Munich swapped the transmission frequency to make it easier to adapt the technology to the Lucerne wave plan .
In 1934, the transmitter had to be completely modernized for the first time. Instead of the 18 small transmitter tubes, the output stage was replaced by two 300 kW tubes (type RS300), which now produced a total transmission power of 100 kW. The converted transmitter was put into operation on January 15, 1934 at the same time as the Lucerne Wave Plan came into effect on 524 kHz.
Until 1934 , the antenna system was a T-antenna , which was mounted on two 100-meter-high wooden towers made of pitch pine , which were located 310 meters apart. In 1933/34 this antenna was replaced by a transmitting antenna, which consisted of a wire that was suspended in a 190 meter high wooden tower . One of the dismantled towers was later rebuilt in Koblenz . This transmission antenna had the advantage over its predecessor that it produced less steep radiation , which resulted in a larger area of fading-free reception in the evening hours. On April 6, 1945, this tower, which was probably the tallest wooden structure of all time, was blown up by Wehrmacht pioneers.
The Mühlacker transmitter was a fixed frequency transmitter, i. H. its output frequency could not be changed at will. Even before the war began, a consistent frequency setting was required over the entire medium wave range. Therefore, from September 1939 to March 1940, the mobile transmitter IV of the Deutsche Reichspost in Gundelsheim near Bad Wimpfen was used to take over transmission for Mühlacker in the event of air raids.
In March 1940, Mühlacker then received a second so-called "conversion transmitter". This 100 kW Telefunken transmitter could be changed within a short time in the frequency range from 500 kHz to 1350 kHz and later also up to 1500 kHz. During the day this transmitter was operated as a jamming and propaganda transmitter, in the evening it was switched to the single-frequency network of the Reichsrundfunk.
Today the main antenna support of the system is a 273 meter high tubular steel mast, insulated from earth, at 48 ° 56 ′ 31 ″ north latitude and 8 ° 51 ′ 14 ″ east long with 1.67 meters diameter, which was erected in 1950. It served as a self-radiating transmission mast for medium waves (frequency: 576 kHz, power: 100 kilowatts) and carries a superturnstile antenna for VHF radio on its top . The large transmission mast is divided into two sections by a separating insulator . This measure enables double feeding, which enlarges the area of near fading-free reception ( fading-reducing transmitting antenna ). On the outermost guy foundations of the transmitter mast there are flight safety lights to better mark the span of the guy ropes.
Until 1993, at 8 ° 51 '2 "east longitude and 48 ° 56' 33" north latitude on the area of the transmitter, there was still a 110-meter-high guyed steel lattice mast, isolated from earth, with a VHF antenna on the top. It was built in 1948 and served to distribute AFN's program until 1963 . From 1963 it was part of the directional antenna of the SDR for the medium wave transmitter described above. In 1993 it was blown up because it was in disrepair. An originally planned new building has not yet been realized.
There were also two other transmission masts 130 meters and 80 meters high and two transmission antennas for shortwave. The 130 meter high transmission mast, located at 48 ° 56 '36 "north latitude and 8 ° 51' 21" east longitude, which, like the 273 meter high transmission mast, was designed as a self-radiating tubular steel mast isolated from earth, was used up to the for EMC reasons The output of the MW transmitter was reduced from 300 kW to 100 kW at the beginning of 1996 in connection with the 273 meter high transmission mast to implement an MW directional antenna with a minimum radiation in a south-westerly direction during the night. This masking is no longer necessary since the power reduction; the transmitter mast only served as a reserve antenna.
The former 80 meter high lattice mast, located at 8 ° 51 ′ 10 ″ east longitude and 48 ° 56 ′ 29 ″ north latitude, was a steel truss mast with a triangular cross section, insulated from earth. It was built in 1977 to improve the transmission of the medium wave transmitter in a southerly direction, and also served as a carrier for cell phone antennas . This mast was almost in line with the 273 meter high main transmission mast in the immediate vicinity and the 130 meter high mast. This transmission mast was dismantled on January 23, 2006 because the free-standing steel lattice tower built in 2004 took over its functions (except for medium wave).
A T-antenna with omnidirectional characteristics, which was mounted on two guyed steel lattice masts, was available as a short-wave transmission antenna . In addition, there was a shortwave reserve antenna in the form of a small, approximately 10-meter-high self-radiating transmission mast. The shortwave transmission was stopped on October 19, 2004 and the antennas dismantled.
Furthermore, until 2004, at 8 ° 51 ′ 5 ″ east longitude and 48 ° 5 6 ′ 30 ″ north latitude, there was a gray transmitter mast isolated from the earth, which originally together with the 110 meter high transmitter mast, which was demolished in 1993, was a directional antenna for the distribution of the AFN Program. This mast served from 1963 until its demolition in early 2004 as a transmitting antenna for a radio beacon and as a support mast for antennas for the station's internal radio service. Somewhat away from this, a 93 meter high freestanding steel lattice tower was erected in August 2004 to accommodate directional radio antennas as well as mobile radio and VHF antennas. Today he also carries antennas for DAB + .
From May 4th to 5th, 2008 there was a transmitter failure lasting several hours due to a heating fire. In the summer of 2010, a new 100 kW medium wave transmitter from Transradio Sendersysteme Berlin was installed, which replaced an older NA100 transmitter from Nautel , which from then on served as a reserve transmitter . Previously, a 300-kilowatt tube transmitter of the type Telefunken S4004 from 1982 was used as a reserve transmitter , which was scrapped in 2010.
Shutdown and shutdown of the transmitter for medium wave
The medium-wave transmitter Mühlacker was finally switched off on January 8, 2012 at 11 p.m., because the SWR gave up the very cost-intensive broadcast of its information program SWR cont.ra on medium-wave transmitters in Baden-Württemberg and Rhineland-Palatinate. After the transmitter's modulation had been switched off in the evening, the SWR cont.ra program was switched on again at around 10:45 p.m. At 11:00 p.m. the station finally ceased broadcasting without moderation, and other stations broadcasting on the frequency could be heard (the Spanish broadcaster Radio 5). Instead of the medium-wave transmitter, the SWR wanted to concentrate on building a comprehensive coverage of its programs via DAB + .
Since the system is historically significant and was not modernized until the summer of 2010 by installing a new transmitter and was used to broadcast a program (SWR cont.ra) that cannot be received via VHF except in the city center of Stuttgart, there were protests against this measure .
The non-functional 130-meter-high tubular steel mast, which last served as a reserve antenna for medium waves, was torn down on November 5, 2013. For this purpose, the holding ropes were separated in one direction so that the remaining holding ropes pulled the mast in the desired direction and made it fall.
The dismantling of the also unused 273 meter high main transmission mast should take place by 2017, as the necessary financial means for its maintenance were not available at both the SWR and the city of Mühlacker . The background to the delayed demolition time was the garden show in 2015. The future broadcast of the DAB digital radio was to take place from the 93 meter high steel lattice mast from which VHF was already broadcast.
In 2016, the transmitter mast was again assessed by the Baden-Württemberg State Office for Monument Preservation and classified as a "technical cultural monument". The authority therefore insisted on receiving it. Nevertheless, the SWR stuck to its demolition plans.
In the city of Mühlacker, a citizens' initiative to maintain the station had also formed. This wanted to contribute funds to the maintenance of the mast and also submitted plans for the further use of the transmitter site. For many citizens of Mühlacker, the transmitter mast is the city's landmark.
The responsible regional council of Karlsruhe decided on the cancellation request on March 5, 2020. On the one hand, the authority confirmed the status of a monument, but at the same time granted the demolition permit, since the preservation of the SWR was not economically reasonable. The sale and further negotiations remain as a means of obtaining it. A group of investors was willing to purchase the property to maintain the mast. However, the SWR announced that the demolition will be completed shortly. For the acquisition of the station and the surrounding area, which the city of Mühlacker was considering, the SWR had previously set 550,000 euros. In addition, there would be proportionate renovation costs of currently estimated around 200,000 euros (the rest should be covered by subsidies) and any follow-up costs.
On March 20, 2020, it became known that the demolition of the transmitter mast was averted and that it and the area would be taken over by a group of investors led by the former SPD parliamentary group leader in Mühlacker's local council, Thomas Knapp. This pays 550,000 euros to the SWR and has also committed to renew the turnbuckles. The investors signed a declaration of liability on March 23, 2020. For this purpose, a transmitter Mühlacker GmbH & Co. KG is founded.
The exchange of the turnbuckles on the transmission mast began at the beginning of May 2020. By July 3, they were replaced for 70,000 euros.
The notary appointment for the purchase agreement was postponed to July 28th. The German post office has a right of first refusal for the plant.
Frequencies and Programs
Analog radio (VHF)
In the case of directed radiation, the main radiation directions are given in degrees in the antenna diagram.
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Frequency (MHz) |
program | RDS PS | RDS PI | Regionalization |
ERP (kW) |
Antenna pattern round (ND) / directional (D) |
Polarization horizontal (H) / vertical (V) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 95.7 | SWR 4 Baden-Württemberg | SWR4_KA_ | D804 | Karlsruhe | 2 | ND | H |
Digital radio (DAB +)
On November 25, 2019, the broadcast of digital radio in the DAB + standard was started on the Mühlacker transmitter with the multiplex of Südwestrundfunk . DAB + is broadcast in vertical polarization and in single- frequency mode (SFN) with other transmitters.
| block | Programs (data services) |
ERP (kW) |
Antenna diagram round (ND), directional (D) |
Polarization horizontal (H) / vertical (V) |
Single frequency network (SFN) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 9D SWR BW N (D__00234) |
DAB + block of the SWR
|
5 | ND | V |
Aalen , Baden-Baden (Merkur) , Bad Mergentheim (Am Kettenwald) , Buchen (Odenwald) , Heidelberg-Königstuhl , Heilbronn-Weinsberg , Langenbrand , Mühlacker , Murgtal (Draberg) , Oberböhringen , Stuttgart-Degerloch , Stuttgart (Funkhaus) , Waldenburg -Friedrichsberg , Wattkopf (Ettlingen) , Wertheim
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Analog radio (MW) (switched off)
The Süddeutscher Rundfunk broadcast its radio program SDR 1 via its powerful medium wave transmitter , for years with an evening separation for the guest worker programs from 7 pm (“La Radio Bavarese presenta un programma italiano ...”). Most recently, the following program was broadcast on medium wave via the Mühlacker transmitter until January 8, 2012:
| Station name | Regional program | frequency | ERP | comment |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| SWR cont.ra | - | 576 kHz | 100 kW | Shut down on January 8, 2012 at 11 p.m. |
The medium wave transmitter was sold to Kazakhstan.
photos
The 273 meter high main broadcast mast
Foundation of the main broadcast tower
Base of the main broadcast mast
Main broadcast base base isolator
Top of the main broadcast mast
Main broadcast mast isolator
Guy isolator in the top guy level of the main transmitter set
The 130 meter high masking mast
Foot of the masking mast
Base point insulator of the masking mast
Directional radio tower
Transmitter building
Protest sign for the receipt of the transmitter
literature
- Heinrich Brunswig, Eberhard Klumpp, Dietrich Schwarze: Großsender Mühlacker; On the history of technology and broadcasting . Südfunk-Hefte: Published by Süddeutscher Rundfunk Stuttgart, 1980, ISBN 3-922308-04-X .
Web links
- Photos from the transmitter Mühlacker
- Information on the former Mühlacker 576 kHz medium wave transmitter ( Memento from September 3, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- Information on the former Mühlacker 6030 kHz shortwave transmitter ( Memento from September 3, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- Sender Mühlacker. In: Structurae
- Chronicle of the station Mühlacker
- [1]
- Photos, etc. a. from the 80 m lattice mast
Individual evidence
- ↑ a b c d e to Brunswig, Klumpp, Schwarze: Großsender Mühlacker; On the history of technology and broadcasting , SR Stuttgart, 1980.
- ↑ 75 years of frequency wrangling ( memento of August 27, 2011 in the Internet Archive ) on members.aon.at
- ↑ Johannes Prinz zu Löwenstein: Just got away. In: Werner Filmer / Heribert Schwan (eds.): Defeated, liberated ... Contemporary witnesses remember the end of the war in 1945 , page 205.
- ↑ http://www.asamnet.de/~bienerhj/0576.html ( Memento from September 3, 2011 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ New 100 kW transmitters 2 years before decommissioning ( Memento from February 22, 2014 in the Internet Archive )
- ↑ DXaktuell: Message about the shutdown
- ↑ senderfotos-bw.de: SWR gives up medium wave
- ^ Citizens' initiative MagischesAuge
- ↑ Hans-Ulrich Rülke: SWR is planning no further use of the Mühlacker transmission mast - dismantling is expected in 2017. May 7, 2014, accessed on August 23, 2014 .
- ^ Mühlacker Tagblatt: The quiet death of the little brother. (No longer available online.) November 5, 2013, archived from the original on November 7, 2013 ; Retrieved April 5, 2014 .
- ↑ Südwest Presse Online-Dienst GmbH: Mühlacker fights against the demolition of the SWR transmitter mast . In: swp.de . ( swp.de [accessed on May 24, 2017]).
- ↑ “Receipt cannot be expected”: The regional council grants the SWR a demolition permit for the transmitter in Mühlacker. In: pz-news.de , March 5, 2020.
- ↑ Sender: Investor group is ready - SWR takes a stand. In: muehlacker-tagblatt.de , March 19, 2020.
- ↑ SWR is allowed to tear down landmarks. In: stuttgarter-zeitung.de , March 6, 2020.
- ^ Sender: Demolition on March 24th ?. In: muehlacker-tagblatt.de , March 14, 2020.
- ↑ Mühlacker station soon to be a thing of the past? In: muehlacker-tagblatt.de , March 16, 2020.
- ↑ Receiving channels in Mühlacker will, according to the Lord Mayor, "certainly not be a zero number". In: pz-News.de , January 29, 2020.
- ↑ Investor group acquires area: Rescue of the transmitter in Mühlacker succeeds at the very last attempt. In: pz-news , March 20, 2020.
- ↑ Thomas Sadler: No explosion: The station remains - SWR wants to sell the area to a group of investors. In: muehlacker-tagblatt.de , March 21, 2020.
- ↑ SWR exempts itself from liability for Mühlacker transmitters. Günter Bächle's weblog, accessed on March 25, 2020 .
- ↑ Peter Lauber: Transmitter rescuers in Mühlacker begin with maintenance. In: swr.de. May 7, 2020, accessed May 21, 2020 .
- ↑ a b Sender: The purchase should be perfect by the end of July. In: Mühlacker Tagblatt. July 2, 2020, accessed July 25, 2020 .
- ↑ The slow death of the medium wave. In: dl4no.de , March 7, 2016.