Marsh goose thistle

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Marsh goose thistle
SonchusPalustris1.jpg

Marsh goose thistle ( Sonchus palustris )

Systematics
Order : Astern-like (Asterales)
Family : Daisy family (Asteraceae)
Subfamily : Cichorioideae
Tribe : Cichorieae
Genre : Goose thistles ( Sonchus )
Type : Marsh goose thistle
Scientific name
Sonchus palustris
L.

The sump Sowthistle ( Sonchus palustris ) is a plant from the genus of the sow thistles ( Sonchus ) within the family of Compositae (Asteraceae). It is widespread in temperate Eurasia .

description

Illustration from Carl Axel Magnus Lindman: Bilder ur Nordens Flora
Whole inflorescence with cups in different stages of development
Sessile, pinnate leaves with auricles
Section of a whole inflorescence with cups in different stages of development
Infructescence with achenes and pappus

Appearance and leaf

The swamp goose thistle grows as a deciduous, perennial herbaceous plant and reaches stature heights of rarely only 0.3 to, mostly 1 to 1.5, rarely up to 3.5 or more meters, of up to 4.25 meters, there are reports . The relatively short and 4 to 5 centimeters thick rhizome is not creeping and forms thread roots. The hollow stem is square in the lower and middle area; its base has a diameter of 1.5 to 3 centimeters and is grooved, often hard to sometimes more or less lignified, branching often only takes place in the upper area and it is usually covered with long glandular hairs, only rarely more or less bald.

The alternate arranged on the stem leaves are always sitting, bluish-green and have the arrow-shaped base pointed, protruding ears. The size of the leaves decreases significantly towards the top. The lowest foliage leaves are bare, 15 to 35 centimeters long and 5 to 20 centimeters wide and in outline, obverse-lanceolate to lanceolate with an arrow-shaped stem encompassing the blade base and a pointed upper end, simple to pinnate with a large, triangular to triangular-lanceolate end section; the leaf margins are often toothed spiky, if there are lateral (one to three pairs) leaf sections, then they are lanceolate with a pointed upper end. The middle leaves have a mostly 15 to over 20 cm long and usually 2 to 3, rarely more than 8 cm wide leaf blade, which is elongated to lanceolate or linear with auricles that are more or less straight, lanceolate to linear with a pointed top end; they are usually simple, sometimes lobed with often spiky toothed to more or less smooth leaf margins. The upper leaves are relatively small, undivided and lanceolate, and the uppermost leaves are reduced to linear-lanceolate to linear.

Inflorescence and flower

The flowering period in Austria extends from July to September. Many cup-shaped partial inflorescences stand together in compact, umbelliferous total inflorescences . The relatively thin cup stalks are mostly covered with bristly to stalked, mostly black glandular hairs. The 9 to 13 millimeter high cup shell (involucre) is narrow to wide, bell-shaped with two or three rows of bracts. The dirty-dark green, linear-lanceolate bracts have a pointed to pointed upper end and are dense to mostly sparsely covered with bristly to stalked, black glandular hairs on the outside. The inner bracts are 1 to 2 millimeters wide. The flower heads have a diameter of about 3 centimeters.

The flower heads only contain ray-flowers, there are usually 70 to 90. In the yellow and about 1.2 cm long ray-flowers , the tongues are about the same length as the corolla tubes. The stylus has two branches.

Fruit and pappus

The straw-colored to yellowish, or brownish achenes are elongated to narrow ellipsoidal with a length of 3.5 to 4, rarely up to 5 millimeters and a diameter of about 1 millimeter, somewhat flattened, more or less square in cross section (prismatic) and possesses four to five relatively thick longitudinal ribs on each side. On and between the longitudinal ribs, the surface of the achenes is transversely wrinkled to bumpy and on each of the four surfaces between the longitudinal ribs there is a strongly raised main rib and some secondary ribs. The fruits ripen in Xinjiang between June and September.

The Pappus is provided with a length of 7 to 9 mm is about twice as long as the achene. The pappus consists of white or sometimes yellowish-white, thin, soft, very brittle bristles and more or less falls off as a whole after a while.

Chromosome set

The number of chromosomes is 2n = 18; based on the basic chromosome number of the genus Sonchus of x = 9, diploidy is present.

Illustration from Johann Georg Sturm: Germany's flora in illustrations

ecology

The swamp goose thistle is a hemicryptophyte .

There is insect pollination and self-pollination. Wind spread, Velcro spread and ants spread.

The Sonchus palustris serves following insects as a food: the two leaf miner (Agromyzidae) Liriomyza Sonchi and Phytomyza horticola , the gall midge (Cecidomyiidae) Cystiphora Sonchi , the two tube aphids (Aphididae) Hyperomyzus lactucae and Hyperomyzus pallidus and the shadow Monk ( Cucullia umbratica ) .

Occurrence and endangerment

The swamp goose thistle is a Euro-Siberian temperate floral element . The main distribution to Oberdorfer is subcontinental, so its focus is in Eastern European deciduous forest areas and it is absent on the coasts as well as in the Asian deciduous forest areas.

The swamp goose thistle occurs naturally in Germany , Austria , Italy , Poland , France , Belgium , the Netherlands , the United Kingdom (mainly in England ), Denmark , Norway, Sweden , the Baltic States, and the European part of Russia , in Ukraine , in Crimea , in Moldova , Hungary , the Czech Republic , in Slovakia , in Croatia , Serbia , Romania , Altai, Kazakhstan , Kyrgyzstan , North Caucasus ( Chechnya , Karachay-Cherkessia, Krasnodar, Stavropol), Tajikistan , Transcaucasus ( Abkhazia , Ajaria , Armenia , Azerbaijan , Georgia ), Turkey , Iran , Turkmenistan , Uzbekistan , Western Siberia and Xinjiang .

In Spain , Greece , Corsica , Sardinia and Canada is Sonchus palustris a neophyte . In Canada there are only two populations in Ontario , discovered in Cambridge in 1972 and Ottawa in 1992.

The swamp goose thistle thrives in alluvial forests , wet, nutrient-rich herbaceous vegetation , bog meadows, reed beds and swamps. It is also salt bearing. It thrives in Austria in the colline level . It is rare in Austria and occurs in the Pannonian region of Burgenland , Vienna and Lower Austria . In Austria, the swamp goose thistle is considered to be endangered.

In Germany the swamp goose thistle inhabits ditches, banks and swamp meadows. It often forms stocks with few individuals at its locations. In Germany it occurs scattered in the lowlands east of the Elbe and in the lower elevations of the low mountain ranges, especially in the catchment area of ​​the Main, it is found sporadically. In Germany it is included in the 1996 red list of endangered species in the warning list, as stocks are declining. In Bavaria it is considered endangered.

In the autonomous region of Xinjiang , in the far west of the People's Republic of China , Sonchus palustris occurs in waters at altitudes between 400 and 900 meters.

The main occurrences are in nutrient-rich perennial and perennial weed fields, there are secondary occurrences in wet meadows. The swamp goose thistle needs moist, wet, nitrogen-rich, sandy or rocky, loose loam or clay soils . It is a character species of the Angelico-Sonchetum palustris from the association Convolvulion.

The pointer values ​​according to Ellenberg are: L7 = half-light plant, T6 = moderately warm to warmth pointer, K6 = subcontinental, F8w = humidity to wetness pointer, variable moisture pointer, R7 = weak acid to weakly base pointer, N7 = more frequent in nitrogen-rich locations, S1 = weakly salt-bearing.

Taxonomy

The first publication of Sonchus palustris was in 1753 by Carl von Linné in Species Plantarum . Synonyms for Sonchus palustris L. are Sonchus inundatus Popov , Sonchus sespedalis Gilib. , Sonchus paludosus Gueldenst. ex Ledeb. , Sonchidium palustre (L.) Pomel and Sonchus sagittatus Moench . The specific epithet palustris means "swamp" and refers to the location.

The Sonchus palustris subsp. sosnowskyi (Schchian) Boulos is today mostly considered a separate species Sonchus sosnowskyi Schchian .

swell

literature

  • Siegmund Seybold : The flora of Germany and the neighboring countries. A book for identifying all wild and frequently cultivated vascular plants . Founded by Otto Schmeil , Jost Fitschen . 95th completely revised and expanded edition. Quelle & Meyer, Wiebelsheim 2011, ISBN 978-3-494-01498-2 .
  • Henning Haeupler, Thomas Muer: picture atlas of the fern and flowering plants of Germany . Published by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (=  The fern and flowering plants of Germany . Volume 2 ). 2nd corrected and enlarged edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2007, ISBN 978-3-8001-4990-2 .
  • Dietmar Aichele, Heinz-Werner Schwegler: The flowering plants of Central Europe . 2nd Edition. tape 4 : Nightshade plants to daisy plants . Franckh-Kosmos, Stuttgart 2000, ISBN 3-440-08048-X .
  • Philip E. Hyatt: Sonchus. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , Sonchus palustris , p. 275 (English). (Section description)
  • Zhu Shi, Norbert Kilian: Sonchus. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 20-21: Asteraceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 , Sonchus palustris , p. 241 (English). (Section description)
  • ME Kirpicznikov: Sonchus. In: EG Bobrov, NN Tzvelev (ed.): Flora of the USSR. Founded by Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov. Volume XXIX: Compositae. Tribe Cichorieae , Amerind / Smithsonian Institution Libraries, New Delhi / Washington DC 2001, pp. 246–247 (English, translated by BR Sharma; Russian original: Botanicheskii institut, Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow / Leningrad 1964), digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F95127%23page%2F285%2Fmode%2F1up~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D .

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ a b c d e f g h i swamp goose thistle. In: FloraWeb.de. Retrieved November 24, 2013.
  2. ↑ a b c d e data sheet at Botanik im Bild - Flora von Österreich , April 24, 2008 . Retrieved November 24, 2013.
  3. ↑ a b c d e f Philip E. Hyatt: Sonchus. In: Flora of North America Editorial Committee (Ed.): Flora of North America North of Mexico . Volume 19: Magnoliophyta: Asteridae, part 6: Asteraceae, part 1 (Mutisieae – Anthemideae). Oxford University Press, New York / Oxford a. a. 2006, ISBN 0-19-530563-9 , Sonchus palustris , p. 275 (English).
  4. ↑ a b c d e f g h Zhu Shi, Norbert Kilian: Sonchus. In: Wu Zheng-yi, Peter H. Raven, Deyuan Hong (Eds.): Flora of China . Volume 20-21: Asteraceae . Science Press / Missouri Botanical Garden Press, Beijing / St. Louis 2011, ISBN 978-1-935641-07-0 , Sonchus palustris , p. 241 (English).
  5. ↑ a b c d e f ME Kirpicznikov: Sonchus. In: EG Bobrov, NN Tzvelev (ed.): Flora of the USSR. Founded by Vladimir Leontyevich Komarov. Volume XXIX: Compositae. Tribe Cichorieae , Amerind / Smithsonian Institution Libraries, New Delhi / Washington DC 2001, pp. 246–247 (English, translated by BR Sharma; Russian original: Botanicheskii institut, Izdatel'stvo Akademii Nauk SSSR, Moscow / Leningrad 1964), digitizedhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F95127%23page%2F285%2Fmode%2F1up~GB%3D~IA%3D~MDZ%3D%0A~SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D .
  6. ^ Datasheet at Database of Insects and their Food Plants of the UK National Biodiversity Network . Retrieved November 29, 2013.
  7. ↑ a b data sheet at the Online Atlas of the British and Irish flora . Retrieved November 24, 2013.
  8. ↑ a b c Profile and distribution map for Bavaria . In: Botanical Information Hub of Bavaria . Retrieved November 28, 2013
  9. ↑ a b data sheet at the Cichorieae portal . Retrieved November 28, 2013.
  10. ↑ Stephen Darbyshire: Sonchus palustris L. - Marsh sow-thistle - laiteron des marais at Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada , Ottawa, Ontario, Canada - full text PDF. ( Memento of the original from December 18, 2010 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice.  @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / mipn.org
  11. ^ Erich Oberdorfer : Plant-sociological excursion flora for Germany and neighboring areas . With the collaboration of Angelika Schwabe and Theo Müller. 8th, heavily revised and expanded edition. Eugen Ulmer, Stuttgart (Hohenheim) 2001, ISBN 3-8001-3131-5 , pp.  990 .
  12. ↑ Carl von Linné: Species Plantarum. Volume 2, Lars Salvius, Stockholm 1753, p. 793 ( digitized versionhttp: //vorlage_digitalisat.test/1%3Dhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fopenurl%3Fpid%3Dtitle%3A669%26volume%3D2%26issue%3D%26spage%3D793%26date%3D1753~GB%3D~ IA% 3D ~ MDZ% 3D% 0A ~ SZ% 3D ~ double-sided% 3D ~ LT% 3D ~ PUR% 3D ).
  13. ↑ Sonchus palustris at Tropicos.org. Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, accessed November 25, 2013.
  14. ^ Werner Greuter : Compositae (pro parte majore). Sonchus palustris . In: Werner Greuter, Eckhard von Raab-Straube (ed.): Compositae. Euro + Med Plantbase - the information resource for Euro-Mediterranean plant diversity. Berlin 2006+. Retrieved November 25, 2013.
  15. ↑ a b data sheet at Global Compositae Checklist . Retrieved November 25, 2013.
  16. ↑ Helmut Genaust: Etymological dictionary of botanical plant names. 3rd, completely revised and expanded edition. Nikol, Hamburg 2005, ISBN 3-937872-16-7 , p. 452 (reprint from 1996).

Web links

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