Starčevo culture

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Spread of the Starčevo-Körös-Criș complex, Moldova is missing in the east, the upper Tisza region in the north

The early Neolithic Starčevo culture dates between approx. 6000 and 5400 BC. It was named after the Starčevo site near Pančevo ( Serbia ). It extended over southwest Hungary , Serbia, northern Croatia , northern Macedonia and parts of Bosnia . The Starčevo culture in south-west Hungary and Serbia, the Körös culture in eastern Hungary and its Romanian counterpart, the Criş culture , appeared uniformly across the region before 6000 and embodied the first wave of Neolithization. After 6000 a differentiation of the ceramic style began, which resulted in the expression of the Starčevo-Körös-Criș complex .

V. Milojčić (1949) divided the Starčevo culture into levels I – IV.

Find history

The village of Starčevo became of scientific interest in 1912, when archaeological material was found during clay mining for a brick factory. In 1928 the actual systematic research began. The Starčevo culture was established in 1931 to 1932 by the University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archeology and Anthropology ( Philadelphia ), the Peabody Museum of Archeology and Ethnology at Harvard University ( Massachusetts ), the Fogg Art Museum , also Harvard University, and the American School of Prehistoric Research under the direction of Vladimir J. Fewkes (1901–1941), Robert W. Ehrich (* 1908) and Miodrag Grbić (1901–1969) excavated site of Starčevo- ”Grad” near Pančevo eight kilometers southeast of Named Belgrade . Later excavations were carried out from 1969 to 1970 under the direction of Drage Garašanin of New York City University. Other sites are the settlements of Divostin, Donja Branjevina, Obre I and Vinkovci.

Way of life

Holm and other authors assume that the northern expansion of the agricultural way of life to Europe, i.e. the early Neolithic, was favored by the climatic optimum of the Atlantic , whose temperatures were significantly higher than today.

With the appearance of the Starčevo-Körös-Criș-Complex , agriculture and livestock farming can be established for the first time in the Transdanubian region. The farmers kept sheep, goats, cattle, pigs and dogs and also cultivated emmer, einkorn, wheat, lentils and peas. The complementary hunt had not yet faded into the background.

Related cultures

Related cultures are the Macedonian group Anzabegovo-Vrsnik and the group Veluška Tumba-Porodin . There are also connections to the Bulgarian Early Neolithic , especially with regard to the house forms. The ceramics, on the other hand, are mostly organically thickened in the later phase and are less often painted. The Starčevo culture is considered to be the forerunner of line ceramic .

Settlement

In the southeast of the distribution area, tell settlements are mainly known, further to the west, especially in Transdanubia, flat settlements. The state of research in the former Yugoslavia is rather poor, so that only a few house floor plans of the Starčevo culture are known. These are small buildings with walls made of posts, the spaces between which were covered with wickerwork and clay. The floors were made of rammed earth, flat pebbles or roll bars covered with clay. The walls were mostly made of wattle. Possibly there were also so-called half- pit houses , that is, sunken houses. The houses of the Starčevo layers in Lepenski Vir were trapezoidal and had stone floors. They were laid out in straight rows. In Amzabegovo the houses had stone foundations, and adobe and rammed earth were used. Naumov (2013) attributes this to influences from Northern Greece. The houses from Veluška Tumba are 11–12 m long, but mostly they are smaller. Clay structures are known from Veluška Tumba, Porodin and Dobromiri, which are interpreted as house models. After that, the houses would have had ridge or pointed roofs, presumably made of straw that was fastened with ropes. If the idols of Majdari and Govrlevo are actually house models, they could be used as evidence for flat roofs. Topolčani's model may also represent a door.

Stone and bone tools

At tools are flint tools, mostly from blades and strip-like polished stone axes known. Fish hooks and harpoons , spatulae and polishing discs for pottery were made from bones .

Ceramics

The spectrum of shapes of the Starčevo culture includes hemispherical to three-quarter spherical vessels, bowls and bowls that sometimes rest on feet, bottles and large storage vessels. While the coarse ceramics often have silt roughening ( barbotine ), finger nicks or finger nicks, warts, etc. as decoration, a small percentage (approx. 2-3%) of the fine ceramics is painted. On the basis of this painting, the Starčevo culture is divided into several stages. According to Garašanin, the oldest ceramic is monochrome. This is followed by a step painted in white-on-red. The motifs include polka dots, net patterns, rectilinear and curvilinear shapes (floral patterns, spirals, etc.). The steps with monochrome and white-on-red painted ceramics are summarized as Proto-Starčevo. The classic Starčevo finally shows painting in dark-on-light. Here, too, there are curvilinear and rectilinear motifs.

Cult objects

The people of the Starčevo culture made anthropomorphic sculptures out of clay . Some are undivided and columnar in shape; others appear closer to nature, they have a long rod-like neck, a reduced upper body and a strongly accentuated buttocks with expansive hips ( steatopygia ). Almost all of these little statuettes are broken, probably on purpose. Three- or four-legged objects, reminiscent of stools or “ altars ”, whose purpose is unclear, are often interpreted as cult objects .

Musical instruments

At the excavation site in Brunn am Gebirge in Lower Austria one of the oldest was vessel flutes made of clay secured. The musical instrument dated to the 6th millennium BC. BC and belonged to the Starčevo culture.

Ritual of the dead

Real grave fields are not known from the Starčevo culture. The few burials that we know are buried in stool positions in settlement pits. Seldom were additions placed in the graves, for example in the form of coarse and fine painted vessels, which we became aware of through the excavations in Tečić near Kragujevac and which points to the belief in life after death. In Golokut, two burials were found in a so-called pit house. The skeleton of an elderly woman was accompanied by the skull of an aurochs and a scapula lay in the leg area.

Important sites

The eponymous site of Starčevo has not yet been published in detail. Most of the settlements are only known from brief preliminary reports. The sources Divostin and, in several, albeit difficult to access, articles, Donja Branjevina are well published . Other important sites are

  • Amzabegovo (Macedonia)
  • Blagotine
  • Crnokalačka Bara
  • Gornja Tuzla, about 10 km from Tuzla away
  • Grivac
  • Lepenski Vir
  • Ostrovu Golu
  • Slavonski Brod
  • Tečić
  • Veluška Tumba (Macedonia)

origin

Archaeological theses

It is generally accepted that the Neolithic (agricultural) way of life spread along ancient, Mesolithic trade routes. Usually the spread of the Neolithic from Anatolia to the Balkans and further to Central Europe was interpreted as the result of migration. However, there are also authors who argue for a cultural transfer without migration. Robin Dennell , for example, argued in favor of a neolithic process that was largely supported by the local hunters and gatherers. The influential book “The Domestication of Europe” by Ian Hodder also emphasized above all social changes that go hand in hand with a sedentary way of life and hardly discussed migration. Douglas Bailey's handbook “Balkan Prehistory” largely ignores the issue of migration and instead discusses the Balkans and Greece “before and after 6500 BC”. Archaeobotanical studies show that the majority of domestics come from Southeastern Europe. Few potential early domestics such as einkorn and various wild legumes also grew in Greece and the western Mediterranean. Sandor Bökönyi discussed a possible European domestication of wild cattle. However, genetic studies have shown that the domestics came predominantly from the Near East, even if, as in the case of domestic pigs, native wild animals could be crossed. In the English-speaking world, it was above all Colin Renfrew with his thesis of the spread of the Indo-European languages in connection with the Neolithization ( Anatolia hypothesis ) who again propagated migration. In Central and Eastern Europe, the migration model has almost never been questioned.

Genetic Studies

Paleo- genetics uses preserved DNA to determine the origin of the carriers of the Starčevo culture. As part of a project by the German Research Foundation , more than 600 samples for aDNA analyzes from Transdanubia, Croatia and Slovakia were obtained in 2008–2009 . In order to arrive at statistically evaluable data, at least 50 samples (burials) from each culture of the Neolithic Transdanubia were used. In her dissertation on the evaluation of this project, Anna Szécsényi-Nagy, based on the analysis of 44 burials of the Starcevo culture from western Hungary, comes to the conclusion that the people of this culture are related to today's peoples of Asia Minor, in particular Anatolia and the adjacent Near East were - mainly Y-DNA haplogroup G2a on the father's side , mtDNA haplogroups K , N 1a, T 2, J on the mother's side , to a lesser extent also X and H , V and only a very small proportion of the U - but not with the prehistoric hunters and resident in Europe Collectors (mainly mtDNA haplogroup U ). The greatest genetic proximity (Y-chromosomal genetic distance F ST) of the Starčevo linear ceramic group was found to the present-day Ossetians , Abkhazians and other peoples of the North Caucasus and Georgia . From around 6200 BC, farmers then spread from the southeastern Balkans. BC ( Blagotin-Poljna site ) as the bearer of the Starčevo culture very quickly moved towards the north-west (Hungary).

In addition to the majority of haplogroup G2a , there were carriers of old-established haplotypes such as in the Hungarian region of Alföld ( Tiszaszőlős-Domaháza ), a man from the Körös culture (individual KO1, 5650–5780 cal BC), who had the Y-DNA -Haplogroup I2a ( R3 mtDNA ), which can be associated with original hunter-gatherer cultures. This man KO1 was dark brown haired and blue-eyed.

An individual from the Körös Berettyóújfalu-Morotva-liget (KO2, 5570–5710 cal BC, haplogroup K1 of the mtDNA ) fits well with other Neolithic individuals from Anatolia, Central and Western Europe. Eszter Bánffy assumes that the bearers of the Starcevo culture immigrated to Central Europe via the Morava valley . According to Szécsényi-Nagy, there is genetic continuity between the Starčevo culture and its archaeological successor culture, the linear ceramics that spread across Central Europe . Both were among the first Central European farming societies.

The numerous skeletal finds of the Neolithic Carpathian Basin have been intensively examined osteologically , especially craniometrically . As a result, the examinations of 56 Starcevo skeletons showed graceful, Mediterranean-looking people.

The maternal gene pool of the Starčevo farmers as well as the subsequent linear ceramicists was strongly mixed, whereas the paternal gene pool (Y-haplogroup G) was not. This indicates a patrilocal and patrilineal social structure in which the female marriage partners came from elsewhere and moved towards the men.

Hiking trails of Neolithic farmers

The directions of migration of the first early farmers in Europe ran from southeast to northwest. To this extent, this result of genetics coincides with only archaeological findings. It is now clear that Neolithic genomes from Hungary (such as the Starcevo culture), Germany (such as the lineage ceramicist), Spain, and Scandinavia largely coincide with the early farmers from the south. Their genome can be traced in the early Neolithic, as here in the Starcevo culture and the subsequent line ceramic in Central Europe, but also in Spain and illustrates different routes of propagation. In the middle Neolithic and the Neolithic we find it as far as Scandinavia and Ireland.

literature

  • Vladimir Milojčić : Chronology of the Younger Stone Age of Central and Southeastern Europe. Mann, Berlin 1949.
  • Draga Arandjelović-Garašanin: Starčevačka kultura. Ljubljana 1954.
  • Allan McPherron, Dragoslav Srejović: Divostin and the Neolithic of Central Serbia. Department of Anthropology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 1988. ISBN 0-945428-00-6 .
  • Raiko Krauss: New thoughts on the regional structure of the Balkan early Neolithic. Comenius University, Archeologické Centrum Olomouc ,. Bratislava Olomouc 2010, pp. 35–58 ( PDF 1.5 KB, 24 pages at www.ufg-db.uni-tuebingen.de)
  • Kornelija Minichreiter, Starčevačka kultura u sjevernoj hrvatskoj . Dizertacije i monografije 1. Zagreb, Arheološki Zavod Filozofskog Fakteta Sveučilišta u Zagrebu 1992.
  • Holger Schubert: The painted ceramics of the Early Neolithic in Southeast Europe, Italy and Western Anatolia. Leidorf, Rahden / Westf. 1999, ISBN 3-89646-319-5 .
  • Vladimir J. Fewkes: Neolithic sites in the Moravo-Danubian area (eastern Yugoslavia). Bull. Am. School Prehist. Research 12, (1936) 5-81.
  • Vladimir Fewkes, H. Goldman, Robert W. Ehrich: Excavations at Starčevo, Yugoslavia, seasons 1931 and 1932. A preliminary report. Bull. Am. School Prehist. Research 9, (1933) 33-54.

Web links

Individual evidence

  1. ↑ Nándor Kalicz: to limit "two worlds" - Transdanubia (Hungary) in the early Neolithic. In: Detlev Gronenborn, Jörg Petrasch (Hrsg.): The Neolithisierung Mitteleuropas. The Spread of Neolithic to Central Europe. International Conference, 24-26th June 2005. Verlag Römisch-Germanisches Zentralmuseum , Mainz 2010, pp. 235-254.
  2. ↑ Kornelija Minichreiter, Ines Krajcar Bronić: New radiocarbon dates for the Early Starčevo Culture in Croatia. Pril. Inst. Arh. Zagreb (2006) 23: 5-16.
  3. ↑ Wolfgang Haak: Population genetics of the first farmers in Central Europe. An aDNA study on Neolithic skeletal material. ( Memento of the original from October 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Dissertation, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (2006), p. 195, p. 9. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de
  4. ↑ Vladimir Milojčić : Chronology of the Younger Stone Age of Central and Southern Europe. German Archaeological Institute, Verlag Gebr. Mann, Berlin 1949, pp. 70–81
  5. ↑ Vladimir Fewkes papers 1058, University of Pennsylvania [1]
  6. ↑ Hans J. Holm: Archaeoclimatology of the Holocene: A thorough comparison of the growth homogeneity with the solar activity and other climate indicators ("proxies"). In: Archäologisches Korrespondenzblatt 41/1 (2011), pp. 119–132.
  7. ↑ Wolfgang Haak: Population genetics of the first farmers in Central Europe. An aDNA study on neolithic skeletal material ( memento of the original from October 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. (PDF). Dissertation, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (2006), p. 195, p. 10. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de
  8. ^ Elisabeth Hamel: The development of the peoples in Europe. Tenea, Bristol / Berlin 2007, ISBN 978-3-86504-126-5 , p. 77
  9. ↑ Jens Lüning : Birth from contradiction. The emergence of ribbon ceramics from its mother culture Starčevo. In: Ünsal Yalçin (ed.): Anatolia and its neighbors 10,000 years ago. Anatolian Metal VII. Publ. Deutsches Bergbaumus. Bochum 214. The cut, Beih. 31 (Bochum 2016) 273-289. [2]
  10. ↑ For the general distribution of tells see Eva Rosenstock, Environmental Factors in Tell Formation: An Archaeometric Attempt. In: Robert Hofmann / Fevzi-Kemal Mötz / Johannes Müller (eds.), Tells: Social and Environmental Space (International Workshop 2011 Kiel) . University research on prehistoric archeology. Bonn, Habelt 2012, 33-46
  11. ↑ Goce Naumov, Embodied houses. The social and symbolic agency of Neolithic architecture in Neolithic Macedonia . In: Daniela Hofmann, Jessica Smyth (eds.): Tracking the neolithic house in Europe: sedentism, architecture and practice. One world archeology Springer, New York 2013, p. 69
  12. ↑ Goce Naumov, Embodied houses. The social and symbolic agency of Neolithic architecture in Neolithic Macedonia. In: Daniela Hofmann, Jessica Smyth (eds.): Tracking the Neolithic house in Europe: sedentism, architecture and practice. One world archeology Springer, New York 2013, p. 69
  13. ↑ M. Korkuti: Neolithic and Chalcolithic in Albania. Philipp von Zabern, Mainz 1996.
  14. ↑ Goce Naumov, Embodied houses. The social and symbolic agency of Neolithic architecture in Neolithic Macedonia. In: Daniela Hofmann, Jessica Smyth (eds.): Tracking the neolithic house in Europe: sedentism, architecture and practice. One world archeology. Springer, New York 2013, p. 70.
  15. ↑ Goce Naumov: Embodied houses. The social and symbolic agency of Neolithic architecture in Neolithic Macedonia . In: Daniela Hofmann, Jessica Smyth (eds.): Tracking the neolithic house in Europe: sedentism, architecture and practice. One world archeology. Springer, New York 2013, p. 71.
  16. ↑ Goce Naumov: Embodied houses. The social and symbolic agency of Neolithic architecture in Neolithic Macedonia. In: Daniela Hofmann, Jessica Smyth (eds.): Tracking the neolithic house in Europe: sedentism, architecture and practice. One world archeology. Springer, New York 2013, p. 71.
  17. ^ Valeska Becker: The Starčevo culture. donau-archaeologie.de
  18. ↑ Beate Maria Pomberger: An early Neolithic vessel flute from Brunn am Gebirge. Archeology of Austria 20/2, 2009, 55–58.
  19. ↑ Beate Maria Pomberger: Rediscovered sounds. Musical instruments and sound objects from the Neolithic, Bronze Age, Iron Age and Roman Empire in the area between the Salzach and the Danube Bend - frequency analyzes, sound level measurements, ranges. Dissertation, University of Vienna 2014, pp. 44-51, 318-319, plate 1, photo table 1.
  20. ↑ Beate Maria Pomberger, Jörg Helmut Mühlhans, Christoph Reuter: Attempt to analyze room and instrument acoustics of prehistoric buildings and instruments. Archaeologia Austriaca 01/2014; 97-98 (2013-2014): 97-114. doi: 10.1553 / archaeologia97-98s97
  21. ↑ Peter Stadler: The early Neolithic settlement of Brunn am Gebirge, Flur Wolfholz, 5650–5150 BC. And the emergence of linear ceramics. Archeology of Austria 20/2, 2009, 48–54.
  22. ^ Douglas Bailey, Balkan Prehistory, Exclusion, incorporation and Identity . London Routledge 2000, p. 123
  23. ↑ Wolfgang Haak: Population genetics of the first farmers in Central Europe. An aDNA study on Neolithic skeletal material. ( Memento of the original from October 29, 2013 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Dissertation, Johannes Gutenberg University Mainz (2006), p. 195, p. 199 according to D.Gronenborn (1999), A variation of the basic theme: The transition to farming in southern central Europe, J. World Prehistory 13: 123-210 . @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de
  24. ↑ Vladimir Milojčić, Chronology of the Younger Stone Age in Central and Southeastern Europe. Berlin, husband 1949
  25. ^ V. Gordon Childe, The Danube in prehistory. Oxford, Clarendon Press 1929
  26. ↑ Robin Dennell 1983. European Economic Prehistory . London, Academic Press. Especially chapter 8, "The expansion of novel resources: the development of food production in south-east Europe" and Chapter 9, "The expansion of novel resources over Europe: Neolithic colonization and Mesolithic assimilation"
  27. ^ Ian Hodder 1990. The Domestication of Europe. Oxford, Basil Blackwell
  28. ^ Dougas Bailey, Balkan Prehistory, London Routledge 2000
  29. ^ Sue Colledge et al., The origins and spread of domestic animals in southwest Asia and Europe. Publications of the Institute of Archeology, University College London 59. Walnut Creek, Left Coast Press
  30. ↑ László Bartosiewicz, Plain Talk: Animals, Environment and Culture in the Neolithic of the Carpathian Basin. In: Douglass W. Bailey, Alasdair Whittle, Vicki Cummings, (un) settling the Neolithic . Oxford, Oxbow 2005, 57
  31. ↑ Larson, Greger; Liu, Ranran; Zhao, Xingbo; Yuan, Jing; Fuller, Dorian; Barton, Loukas; Dobney, Keith; Fan, qipeng; Gu, Zhiliang; Liu, Xiao-Hui; Luo, Yunbing; Lv, Peng; Andersson, Leif; Li, Ning, Patterns of East Asian pig domestication, migration, and turnover revealed by modern and ancient DNA. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107/17, 2010, pp. 7686-791
  32. ^ Colin Renfrew, Archeology and Language, the puzzle of Indo-European origins. Hammondsworth 1989
  33. ↑ In the meantime expanded to "Farming / language dispersal hypothesis", Peter Bellwood, Colin Renfrew (Ed.) 2002. Examining the farming / language dispersal hypothesis.
  34. ↑ Anna Szécsényi-Nagy: Molecular genetic investigation of the Neolithic population history in the western Carpathian Basin. Molecular genetic studies on the population history of the Carpathian Basin. ( Memento of the original from July 21, 2015 in the Internet Archive ) Info: The archive link was inserted automatically and has not yet been checked. Please check the original and archive link according to the instructions and then remove this notice. Dissertation, University of Mainz 2015, p. 69. @1@ 2Template: Webachiv / IABot / ubm.opus.hbz-nrw.de
  35. ↑ Anna Szécsényi-Nagy: Molecular genetic studies on the population history of the Carpathian basin. Mainz 2015.
  36. ↑ Anna Szécsényi-Nagy: Molecular genetic studies on the population history of the Carpathian basin. Mainz 2015, tab. 39
  37. ↑ Anna Szécsényi-Nagy: Molecular genetic studies on the population history of the Carpathian basin. Mainz 2015, p. 98 Figure 12.
  38. ↑ Anna Szécsényi-Nagy: Molecular genetic studies on the population history of the Carpathian basin. Mainz 2015, p. 145 and map (Fig. 37) p. 148.
  39. ↑ Anna Szécsényi-Nagy: Molecular genetic studies on the population history of the Carpathian basin. Mainz 2015, p. 20 based on Paolo Biagi et al .: Rapid Rivers or slow seas? New data for the radiocarbon chronology of the balkan peninsula. In: Lolita Nikolova et al .: Prehistoric Archeology & Anthropological Theory and Education. Reports of Prehistoric Research Projects 2005, 6. – 7. Pp. 31-34. Paolo Biagi et al., 2005, Rapid Rivers or slow seas? New data for the radiocarbon chronology of the Balkan Peninsula.
  40. ↑ Anna Szécsényi-Nagy: Molecular genetic studies on the population history of the Carpathian basin. Mainz 2015, p. 48, p. 138 f.
  41. ↑ Cristina Gamba, Eppie R. Jones, Matthew D. Teasdale, Russell L. McLaughlin, Gloria Gonzalez-Fortes, Valeria Mattiangeli, László Domboróczki, Ivett Kővári, Ildiko Pap, Alexandra Anders, Alasdair Whittle, János Dani, Pál Raczky, Thomas FG Higham , Michael Hofreiter, Daniel G. Bradley, Ron Pinhasi: Genome flux and stasis in a five millennium transect of European prehistory. Nature Communications (2014) 5, 5257, p. 3. doi: 10.1038 / ncomms6257 , Anna Szécsényi-Nagy: Molecular genetic investigation of the Neolithic population history in the western Carpathian Basin. Molecular genetic studies on the population history of the Carpathian Basin. Dissertation, University of Mainz 2015, p. 48.
  42. ↑ Cristina Gamba, Eppie R. Jones, Matthew D. Teasdale, Russell L. McLaughlin, Gloria Gonzalez-Fortes, Valeria Mattiangeli, László Domboróczki, Ivett Kővári, Ildiko Pap, Alexandra Anders, Alasdair Whittle, János Dani, Pál Raczky, Thomas FG Higham, Michael Hofreiter, Daniel G. Bradley, Ron Pinhasi: Genome flux and stasis in a five millennium transect of European prehistory. Nature Communications (2014) 5, 5257, p. 3. doi: 10.1038 / ncomms6257 , Figure 3
  43. ↑ Cristina Gamba, Eppie R. Jones, Matthew D. Teasdale, Russell L. McLaughlin, Gloria Gonzalez-Fortes, Valeria Mattiangeli, László Domboróczki, Ivett Kővári, Ildiko Pap, Alexandra Anders, Alasdair Whittle, János Dani, Pál Raczky, Thomas FG Higham, Michael Hofreiter, Daniel G. Bradley, Ron Pinhasi: Genome flux and stasis in a five millennium transect of European prehistory. Nature Communications, (2014) 5, 5257, fig. 2. doi: 10.1038 / ncomms6257
  44. ^ Eszter Bánffy, Eastern, Central and Western Hungary - variations of Neolithization models. Documenta Praehistorica 33, 2006, 127.
  45. ↑ Zsuzsanna K. Zoffmann: Anthropological data to the biological and historical reconstruction of the Neolithic of the southern part of the Great Hungarian Plain. In: L. Bende, G. Lörinczy (eds.): Hétköznapok Vénuszai. Hódmezővásárhely 2005, pp. 145–157.
  46. ↑ Investigation of Zoff man, here represented by: Anna Szécsényi-Nagy: Molecular genetic studies on the population history of Karpathenbeckens. Mainz 2015, p. 49 with references to the need to interpret the results of craniometric methods cautiously, because z. B. In addition to genetic causes, climatic reasons can also lead to different types of morphology.
  47. ↑ Anna Szécsényi-Nagy: Molecular genetic studies on the population history of the Carpathian basin. Mainz 2015, p. 176.
  48. ↑ Lara M. Cassidy et al., Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome , 2015. The above sentence is quoted from the appendix on p. 48 .
  49. ↑ Lara M. Cassidy et al., Neolithic and Bronze Age migration to Ireland and establishment of the insular Atlantic genome , 2015, Figure 1; the mtDNA of a woman from Ireland (locality Ballynahatty, 3343-3020 v. Chr.) in Appendix P. 25 .
  50. ↑ Irish DNA originated in Middle East and eastern Europe . Guardian News & Media Limited. Retrieved November 8, 2019.